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Abstract: Lead (Pb) contamination in the black paper that recovers intraoral films (BKP) has been investigated. BKP samples were collected from the Radiology Clinics of the Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. For sake of comparison, four different methods were used. The results revealed the presence of high lead levels, well above the maximum limit allowed by the legislation. Pb contamination levels achieved after the following treatments: paper digestion in nitric acid, microwave treatment, DIN38414-54 method and TCLP method were 997μgg−1, 189μgg−1, 20.8μgg−1, and 54.0μgg−1, respectively. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were employed for lead determination according to the protocols of the applied methods. Lead contamination in used BKP was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS). All the SEM imaging was carried out in the secondary electron mode (SE) and backscattered-electron mode (QBSD) following punctual X-ray fluorescence spectra. Soil contamination derived from this product revealed the urgent need of addressing this problem. These elevated Pb levels, show that a preliminary treatment of BKP is mandatory before it is disposed into the common trash. The high lead content of this material makes its direct dumping into the environment unwise. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: This paper argues that when incumbent firms counter disruptive threats head-on, they may fail to develop the required new skills. This paper aims to propose an adjacent strategy which proved useful to Fujifilm to counter disruption of its core business of manufacturing photographic film. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses an inductive methodology. Based on a detailed case study of Fujifilm, the study proposes two frameworks: for the conditions under which an adjacent strategy is likely to be fruitful and how firms can make the strategy work in their organizations. Findings: The study finds that an adjacent strategy can be useful to firms under specific circumstances. Not only will the strategy help to counter decline in the core business, but it will also open up new avenues of growth. The success of the strategy requires significant efforts in aligning the leadership and the organization, however. Practical implications: The frameworks proposed in the study can be useful to incumbent firms in many industries as they battle new disruptive business models and players. Originality/value: The study's key argument that incumbent firms can leverage skills from their core business is novel. The study also proposes frameworks that can help firms decide whether an adjacent strategy is appropriate for them and how they can implement it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the causes of deterioration in various types of archival materials and makes recommendations for their storage and preservation. It discusses the key elements for storage and preservation integral to a good archival program. The materials focused on in this article are paper, film, photographs, microforms, and three-dimensional objects. Certain preventative measures, taken in an effort to avert future problems, are also discussed. Such processes and measures for paper include deacidification, humidification, and encapsulation. The benefits of using archival quality boxes and FIVAC systems are given, as are some techniques for handling deteriorating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although one of the most popular practices in photography since the end of the 19th century, an increase in scholarly interest in family photo albums dates back to the early 1980s. Such collections of photos may reveal sociological and historical insights regarding specific cultures and times. They are, however, in most cases scattered among private homes and only available on paper or photographic film, thus making their collection and analysis by historians, socio-cultural anthropologists, and cultural theorists very cumbersome. Computer-based methodologies could aid such a process in various ways, speeding up the cataloging step, for example, with the use of modern computer vision techniques. We here investigate such an approach, introducing the design and development of a multimedia application that may automatically catalog vernacular pictures drawn from family photo albums. To this aim, we introduce the IMAGO dataset, which is composed of photos belonging to family albums assembled at the University of Bologna's Rimini campus since 2004. Exploiting the proposed application, IMAGO has offered the opportunity of experimenting with photos taken between the years 1845 and 2009. In particular, it has been possible to estimate their socio-historical content, i.e., the dates and contexts of the images, without resorting to any other sources of information. Exceeding our initial expectations, such an approach has revealed its merit not only in terms of performance but also in terms of the foreseeable implications for the benefit of socio-historical research. To the best of our knowledge, this contribution is among the few that move along this path at the intersection of socio-historical studies, multimedia computing, and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three dimensional dunes of crescentic shape, called barchans, are commonly found on Earth and other planetary environments. In the great majority of cases, barchans are organized in large fields in which corridors of size‐selected barchans are observed, and where barchan‐barchan interactions play an important role in size regulation. Previous studies shed light on the interactions between barchans by making use of monodisperse particles, but dunes in nature consist, however, of polydisperse grains. In this paper, we investigate the binary interactions of barchans consisting of (a) bidisperse mixtures of grains and (b) different monodisperse grains (one type for each barchan). We performed experiments in a water channel where grains of different sizes were poured inside forming two barchans that interacted with each other while filmed by a camera, and we obtained their morphology from image processing. We observed that a transient stripe appears over the dunes in cases of bidisperse mixtures, that interaction patterns vary with concentrations, and that different interactions exist when each barchan consists of different monodisperse grains. Interestingly, we found the conditions for a collision in which the upstream barchan is larger than the downstream one, and we propose a timescale for the interactions of both monodisperse and bidisperse barchans. Our results represent a new step toward understanding complex barchanoid structures found on Earth, Mars, and other celestial bodies. Plain Language Summary: Barchans are crescent‐shaped dunes commonly found in dune fields on Earth and other planetary environments, and it has been shown that their sizes are highly influenced by barchan‐barchan interactions. The composition of the granular bed can affect the observed patterns and sizes, but had not been investigated until now. Because those interactions take long times to be completed in gaseous environments (estimated in decades and millennia for dunes on terrestrial and Martian deserts, respectively) when compared with the aquatic case (of the order of minutes), we performed experiments in a water channel where two species of grains (in terms of size) were poured inside, forming two barchans that interacted with each other. We found different structures, including a collision in which the upstream barchan is the largest, and propose a timescale for the interactions of barchans. The identification of such timescale represents a new step for predicting the duration of barchan‐barchan interactions and, more generally, scaling the evolution of dune fields on Earth, Mars, and other planetary environments. Key Points: Two‐species barchan‐barchan interactions vary with the relative concentrations of each speciesWe found configurations distinct from the one‐species case, including a collision in which the upstream barchan is the largestWe propose a timescale for the interactions of both monodisperse and bidisperse barchans [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory video research methods were applied to engage members from two flood-impacted Indigenous communities to tell their film stories. The process and product outcomes for three films were assessed by eight indicators of community participation in the filming process as well as by seven measures regarding the films outreach for social change. These fifteen indicators are not limited to First Nations or displacement but are broad general categories that can be easily applied to any film story and can be objectively checked by viewing the credits in the film for director, videographer, editor, narrator, etc., as well as YouTube views and publication dates. The indicators show that community members were able to engage in all the film-making process, except for hands-on editing, with the resulting film showing compelling visible evidence of their suffering due to the long displacement and flood. Digital stories from elders, youth and women over the seven years of displacement created awareness about the injustice of targeting their Indigenous communities with diverted flood waters and provoked social change. Each successive film documenting another few years of displacement will be continued into the future as they have requested we train youth to film the issues that arise as they resettle. These indicators signal that the process and product outcomes are better than that for journal paper writing and meet the benchmark for qualitative academic research and participatory action research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even in a world that is saturated with the digital, we still seek out analogue objects. Drawing on concepts of postdigital aesthetics, we examine the use of analogue objects to escape the omnipresence of the digital realm. Based on consumer narratives from interview, archival, and netnographic data involving the use of analogue notebooks and film cameras, we derive the notion of postdigital consumption and analyse the 'digital' as a background object foregrounding the analogue. Our findings reveal ways in which consumers use these analogue objects to escape controlled consumption, to enchant their consumption with their labour, and to seek continuity and permanence, in navigating paradoxical relationships with the digital world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The histories of New Zealand and Australian film production, distribution and exhibition have been characterized by significant exchanges in terms of culture, technology, creative personnel and policy approaches. Despite forming a persistent characteristic of the film industries of both countries, these connections have so far been either ignored or under-examined. This article investigates the technological, industrial, economic and cultural factors that influenced the relationship between Australian and New Zealand filmmaking during the early period of cinema until the 1930s. During this period, film production and distribution in New Zealand and Australia was conceived as an Australasian initiative characterized by both extensive labour mobility and an integrated film market. Early Australasian filmmakers moved seamlessly across the Tasman, producing films both in Australia and in New Zealand and contributing to both national cinematic traditions. This article argues that to fully grasp the histories of Australian and New Zealand film, it is essential to consider the contribution that these Australasian filmmakers made to the cultural, technological and industrial development of both national cinemas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Elementary Education / Revija za Elementarno Izobraževanje is the property of University of Maribor, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This introductory paper is designed to explain the basics of slit lamp photography with the use of illustrations and sample images. The two primary methods of illumination are described with reference to positioning and magnification, as well as the use of background illumination. Filters and dye usage are described along with a brief explanation of associated imaging techniques. Further explanation of techniques will be looked at in subsequent articles, this paper aims to give an over view rather than an in-depth discussion of techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the oblique and multi-view, large-overlap aerial photography and airborne LiDAR are the main sources to build the 3D scene model. However, most of our archived aerial photos are acquired by non-oblique, normal photography. Because of low resolution, low overlay and poor model texture, there were less relative research and application. With the development of pixel-level matching technology, especially the application of Semi-Global Matching (SGM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithm, the normal (non-oblique, non-large overlap) aerial photos could also be explored to restore the dense Digital Surface Model (DSM) and 3D scene model. In this paper, the method of the 3D scene modelling with the non-oblique aerial photos are summarized into 4 steps consisting of Data preprocessing, Ground Control Points (GCPs) collection and aerial triangulation (AT), DSM extraction and editing, 3D modelling and visualization. For the archived non-oblique aerial photos, including the aerial photographic films, digital frame photos and push-broom aerial data, the key steps of the 3D modelling method with these non-oblique aerial photos are discussed. Based on the experiments, the method can effectively explore the archived normal aerial data for large range restoration, 3D restoration, time series change detection and etc., providing new valuable spatio-temporal data for the urban historical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolution of the book, better known as the disseminated information, coincides with the stages of history. That's why research and direct knowledge of the documentary sources, print and information used on the computer give us a diverse and complex form of documentary support. The fruitful achievements of bibliological research on this aspect of the information media dynamics have contributed over time to the prosperity of the cultural heritage and the unification of the people. Over time, the material support of the information storage has known a wide variety of environments: sand, clay, stone, tree bark, wood, ivory, animal bones and skins, parchment, papyrus, silk, wax tablets, paper, photographic or magnetic film, banchelite (patch board), fabric, film, magnetic, electric, optical support, etc. This is, in short, the enumeration thread of information carriers. But what is the information? It is found that even the meaning of the definition of information has undergone changes over time. It went from sound, writing, printing, to electrical signal, sound waves, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple-exposure approaches for high dynamic range (HDR) image generation share a set of building assumptions: that color channels are independent and that the camera response function (CRF) remains constant while changing the exposure. The first contribution of this paper is to highlight how these assumptions, which were correct for film photography, do not hold in general for digital cameras. As a consequence, results of multiexposure HDR methods are less accurate, and when tonemapped they often present problems like hue shifts and color artifacts. The second contribution is to propose a method to stabilize the CRF while coupling all color channels, which can be applied to both static and dynamic scenes, and yield artifact-free results that are more accurate than those obtained with state-of-the-art methods according to several image metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes practical design guidelines for roll-to-roll (R2R) slot-die coating equipment with a precision mechanism enabling high-accuracy coating performance. The equipment is developed for specially fabricating organic photovoltaic devices. An R2R transportation module (capable of unwinding, in-feeding, out-feeding, and rewinding), a slot-die coating module, a far-infrared drying module, and a cleanliness control module are incorporated into the equipment. When used to apply an organic solution, the developed equipment can provide an operating tension of 2.3%–11.3%, a coating velocity of 2–7 m/min, a coating thickness of 28–95 nm, a uniformity of 8%–23%, and a roughness of 2.86–7.71 nm. A review of this equipment on the basis of theoretical and experimental approaches is included in the detailed equipment specifications and design guidelines for R2R slot-die coating machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexographic printing has received tremendous attention in the printing field due to the advantages of short preparation processes and high printing efficiency. Its printing quality heavily depends on the preparation of the printing plate. However, plate clarity and plate softness are contradictory. This paper reports the development of a clear and soft self-plasticizing modified polyvinyl alcohol (m-PVA) coating that can be UV-cured at room temperature. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was used to prepare unsaturated m-PVA (m-PVA-GMA) in an aqueous system. Meanwhile, the effects of acidic and alkaline environments on the grafted products have been further investigated, suggesting that they differ from those obtained via the dimethyl sulfoxide system. The structural comparison has demonstrated that the reactivity of GMA and m-PVA is higher in alkaline aqueous than in acidic conditions. When the unsaturation degree increases, the crystallization of PVA chain segments will be effectively destroyed. The photographic film, which can be directly photo-crosslinked, was prepared by m-PVA-GMA and washed away the uncrosslinked portion with water. The glass transition temperature (31.4 °C) of the photographic m-PVA-GMA film prepared under alkaline conditions is close to room temperature, and the crosslink density is as high as 3.01 × 103 mol m−3. More importantly, the elongation at break after water washing and the elastic recovery are 110.8 ± 5.3 % and 99 %, respectively. In addition, irradiating selected areas and then removing the non-irradiated portions with water could produce patterns. The m-PVA-GMA film prepared under alkaline conditions has outstanding development accuracy, much higher than the commercially available product nyloprint®. This direct UV-curable film with water-soluble and water-developable properties enables it to be a promising candidate in the fine flexographic printing industry, such as photoresists, electronic devices, and sensors. • Glycidyl methacrylate was grafted onto self-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol molecular chain. • After washing, the elastic recovery rate of the photosensitive film can be up to 99 %. • The modified UV curing film has clearer images than the commercial product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiographic images are generally of high volume. These images when stored occupy a lot of storage space and the transmission of them is also difficult due their large size. So reduction of size plays an important role in storage and transmission of images. To achieve this reduction, compression techniques are being widely used. This paper focuses on the process of welding, Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding in specific, the generation and development of photographic film of weldments and also a novel method is presented, which is intended to reduce the size of the radiographic image developed, by applying lossless compression technique on the crucial regions of the image. The crucial regions of the image are automatically detected by using segmentation technique in the proposed method. After the detection of crucial regions, lossless compression technique is applied on them. The compressed data obtained along with some information of the image is transmitted to the other validated user for reconstruction of the original image. Apparently, the original image data can't be understood by the third party during transmission, which makes this method to be used for secure transmission of data. The image reconstructed by this method will not have any loss of data in the crucial regions of the image but certain loss is present in the non-crucial regions. This method is tested on some images and their results are shown in the paper along with the compression rates. The results are also compared with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of re-entry space vehicles, thermal protection systems (TPS), which protect the vehicle from the high thermal environments during re-entry, constitute one of the most critical systems. Both metallic and non-metallic materials are candidates for TPS. Generally, the TPS materials are bonded to the structure in vacuum under load. For the successful performance of the vehicle, the TPS should be intact to the vehicle without any debond and hence the detection of debonds in TPS is very important. Holographic interferometry is established as a reliable NDT tool for detecting debonds. Digital holography is a technique that uses digital recording and numerical reconstruction of holograms, which does not require photographic films, wet processing and laser reconstruction. In this paper the application of the digital holographic interferometry technique in detecting debonds in different types of thermal protection systems is presented. The results of the tests on a few samples made of ablative and non-ablative TPS materials with debond are presented. The paper also describes the experimental details and stressing techniques used for the detection of debonds in TPS. The practical application of this technique for the NDT of TPS is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the second of two concentrating on the conservation of audio-visual materials. This paper focuses on the conservation of one particular form of A-V material, magnetic materials, which can be used for sound recording and for optical recording in film and television. An historical account of the development of the use of magnetic media in radio, television and film applications accompanies practical insights in to the conservation requirements of the medium. The companion piece to this article focuses on the conservation of photosensitive film materials, and can be read prior to this first paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reprint of the article "The Use of Infra-Red and Ultra-Violet Light in Law Enforcement Photgraphy" by Harris B. Tuttle, which appeared in "Identification News" in February 1954, is presented. It discusses how infrared and ultraviolet light are used in law enforcement photography. Topics covered include the sensitivity of photographic film and paper to ultraviolet radiations, the creation of a special film sensitive to infrared radiation, and ultraviolet and infrared photography techniques.

This paper brings Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological approach to Sasha Waltz's dance film S, which focuses on the relation between sexuality and language. Maintaining that movement in cinema takes place in the viewers and not the film, the paper considers how the visual can be deepened to include the ways we move and are moved. Saussure's insights into language are brought to the sensible, which is here understood in terms of divergences from norms. Though film would seem to privilege vision, viewing this film helps to elucidate Merleau-Ponty's claim that a film succeeds when it engages the viewer's embodied understanding, and shifts the norms of the corporeal schema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital scans of analogue photographic film typically contain artefacts such as dust and scratches. Automated removal of these is an important part of preservation and dissemination of photographs of historical and cultural importance. While state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models have shown impressive results in general image inpainting and denoising, film artefact removal is an understudied problem. It has particularly challenging requirements, due to the complex nature of analogue damage, the high resolution of film scans, and potential ambiguities in the restoration. There are no publicly available high‐quality datasets of real‐world analogue film damage for training and evaluation, making quantitative studies impossible. We address the lack of ground‐truth data for evaluation by collecting a dataset of 4K damaged analogue film scans paired with manually‐restored versions produced by a human expert, allowing quantitative evaluation of restoration performance. We have made the dataset available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21803304. We construct a larger synthetic dataset of damaged images with paired clean versions using a statistical model of artefact shape and occurrence learnt from real, heavily‐damaged images. We carefully validate the realism of the simulated damage via a human perceptual study, showing that even expert users find our synthetic damage indistinguishable from real. In addition, we demonstrate that training with our synthetically damaged dataset leads to improved artefact segmentation performance when compared to previously proposed synthetic analogue damage overlays. The synthetically damaged dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21815844, and the annotated authentic artefacts along with the resulting statistical damage model at https://github.com/daniela997/FilmDamageSimulator. Finally, we use these datasets to train and analyse the performance of eight state‐of‐the‐art image restoration methods on high‐resolution scans. We compare both methods which directly perform the restoration task on scans with artefacts, and methods which require a damage mask to be provided for the inpainting of artefacts. We modify the methods to process the inputs in a patch‐wise fashion to operate on original high resolution film scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]