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Objectives: The mortuary record at Middle Period site Kalawwasa Rummeytak (CA‐SCL‐134) (2600‐1225 cal BP) in California's southern Santa Clara Valley shows pronounced wealth inequality; Olivella shell bead wealth, as well as other grave goods, are concentrated in the burials of several older adult females. The concentration of wealth among women, along with regional strontium isotopic evidence of male‐biased residential shifts in early adulthood, suggests a matrilineal kinship system that practiced matrilocal post‐marital residence patterns. We suggest local resource enhancement effects incentivized keeping women in their natal communities and investing more in female offspring. Materials and Methods: With the consent of, and in collaboration with, the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, this paper employs isotopic analysis (δ15N and δ13C, 86Sr/87Sr) to examine duration of exclusive breastfeeding, weaning age (complete cessation of breastmilk consumption), early childhood diet, and lifetime residential mobility of individuals interred at Kalawwasa Rummeytak to test the assumption that the site inhabitants favored matrilocality and that female offspring received greater levels of investment in groups with female wealth/status attainment. First molars, third molars, and bone was sampled from 22 individuals. Results: The average weaning age for females at Kalawwasa Rummeytak is 36.3 months ± 9.7 (1 SD), or just over 3 years. The average weaning age for males is 31.2 ± 7.9 months (1 SD), or about 2.6 years. Infants at the site were provisioned with supplemental foods dominated by C3 plants and terrestrial herbivores, as well as anadromous fish. After weaning, individuals consumed a diet dominated by acorns, C3 plants, and terrestrial herbivores, with periodic inclusion of anadromous fish. 30% of the sampled population of females exhibit local first molar 87Sr/86Sr values, suggesting that Kalawwasa Rummeytak is their natal community. None of the males interred at the site are locals. Discussion: Despite the small sample size often unavoidable in archaeological contexts, we find possible female‐biased parental investment strategies. Cessation of breastfeeding (weaning) was, on average, 5 months earlier for males compared to females. There are no differences between females and males in the consumption of supplemental or post‐weaning foods. Strontium data suggest a flexible postmarital residence system that favored matrilocality. This may have incentivized greater investment in female offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberjaya is one of a long line of aspiring science and technology parks in the Asia- Pacific region that have attempted to create a successful technopole, and in doing so become the ' Silicon Valley of Asia'. The paper attends to the place-making strategies through which Cyberjaya was positioned as a new 'global hub' for information communication technology and multimedia industries, framed as an extremely 'sticky place' ( Markusen, 1996 ). That is, a place within a global economic system where local skills, infrastructure and capital attracts and makes research and development and corporate headquarters reluctant to leave. The paper considers that despite considerable infrastructural investment and state-led urban boosterism to 'sell' Cyberjaya to prospective investors, more than 10 years after its completion in 1999 the development has become little more than a zone of disconnected business process outsourcing industries comprising low value-added outsourcing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the semiconductor industry from three perspectives: historical, entrepreneurial and supply chain management. After a brief introduction, the paper begins by tracing the history and evolution of the semiconductor industry including the two seminal enterprises: Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and Fairchild Semiconductor. Starting from the invention of the transfer resistor (transistor) by three Nobel laureates (John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Shockley) and the founding of the "most successful failure" in Silicon Valley, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and the Fairchild Eight, the paper discusses some earliest entrepreneurial attempts in the industry and how these attempts influenced over seventy semiconductor companies in Silicon Valley, including Intel Corporation, National Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices. The paper then examines the industry's developing business models, from the vertically integrated model to the integrated device manufacturing model to the development of the foundry model. Finally, the paper looks at the industry's growing trend of globalization together with its outsourcing/off-shoring and supply chain management developments. The authors believe that such a multi-disciplinary approach to study an industry provides valuable insights into the evolution and development of an entire industry and the approach can be generalized to study other industries to enhance understanding at the industry level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commenting on the present author's comparison of the J-model versus A-model, Williamson suggested the possibility of a third model of organizational architecture, referred to as the T-form, where T denotes temporary, transitional or timeliness. This paper formulates such a form from an information systemic point of view. Then it characterizes the Silicon Valley clustering of entrepreneurial firms as an example of nesting this form and analyzes how unique values (option value and tournament value) can be created in this form because of its temporariness. Finally, using a game-theoretic framework, it illustrates the institutional coherency of the Silicon Valley clustering and suggests a way to extend the Williamsonian institution-analytic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper studies the recent spatial development of India. Services, and to a lesser extent manufacturing, are increasingly concentrating in high-density clusters. This stands in contrast with the United States, where in the last decades services have tended to grow fastest in medium-density locations, such as Silicon Valley. India's experience is not common to all fast-growing developing economies. The spatial growth pattern of China looks more similar to that in the United States than to that of India. Our findings suggest that certain frictions are keeping medium-density places in India from growing faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the performance of Silicon Valley ventures with Asian-American founding teams. We review some challenges faced by these ventures, compare their performance with that of other ventures, and analyze the impact of strategic partnerships on their performance. Our results indicate that firms founded by Asian American entrepreneurs tend to require more time to reach initial public offering (IPO) status than do other ventures in Silicon Valley. Our results further show that, despite needing this extra time, Asian American-founded ventures significantly outperformed their counterparts in 12-month post-IPO share price gain. This superior short-term post-IPO performance suggests that Asian American firms, particularly those that lacked relationships with U.S.-based strategic investors, might have been undervalued prior to and at IPO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the concept of coordinating entrepreneurship to explain the emergence of global production network. More specifically, this study explains and illustrates how Taiwan-born technopreneurs move between Silicon Valley and Taiwan's Hsinchu, thereby promoting Taiwan's computer and information technology (IT) industries. With their entrepreneurial spirit and social network, Taiwan-born technopreneurs even turn Dongguan, a farming village in south China, into a modern IT industrial city. This paper concludes that as a result of the coordinating efforts of these entrepreneurs, electronics and computer plants scattered around the globe are integrated into a global production network, as illustrated by IT firms in Silicon Valley, Hsinchu and Dongguan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Silicon Valley in Southern California has, over the past 30 years, become a model for high technology development in many parts of the world. Associated with Silicon Valley is a common rhetoric and mythology that explains the origins of this area of high technology agglomeration and indeed the business and entrepreneurial attributes needed for success. Governments in many parts of the world (including Southeast Asia and Australia) have tried to emulate this growth through various industry and regional development mechanisms, in particular, the science or technology park. More recently, promoting developments in information technology has come to be seen as an integral feature of these parks' activities. In this paper, we argue that the modeling process used by governments to promote Silicon Valley-like regional development has tended to model the wrong things about Silicon Valley. The models have tended to be mechanical and have failed to reflect the nature of information and information industries. While we have not sought to develop a model for Silicon Valley in this paper,we address a number of issues that require attention on the part of anyone serious about this project. After discussing problems with previous attempts to model Silicon Valley and problems associated with the activity of modeling itself, we move to consider four issues that must be addressed in any real attempt to model Silicon Valley in Southeast Asia. The first is the role of the state and the problems that state involvement may create. The second concerns the contribution that universities can make to the project. The third is the role of firms, particularly Chinese firms. The fourth is the cultural context within which the 'model' will sit. Since technology parks are seen as a popular way of promoting high technology development by governments, the revised history suggested in this paper provides fresh thinking about modeling Silicon Valley in the Southeast Asian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Economy poses significant challenges and opportunities for Asia's model of state-guided development. After decades of prolific advance in economic growth and social welfare, the Asian financial crisis instigated the transformation of existing industries and the rise of new ones, especially in information and communications sectors. At the same time, environmental sustainability, traditionally considered a luxury unaffordable for the quick developers of Asia, is becoming an imperative with policy-makers and businesspeople, as public health in Asian megacities continues to deteriorate. This paper considers the complex processes of business and market transformation introduced by the New Economy, and the ensuing implications for economic, social and environmental sustainability in Asia. In particular, this paper considers the sustainability implications of transformation in business processes brought about through the business applications of new information and communications technologies (ICTs); expansion of new online markets for goods and services, especially those that may exist exclusively through ICTs; and changes in secondary and related industries, such as hardware, software and infrastructure sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)‐derived vertical land motion (VLM) timeseries during 2017–2022 to examine the compounding impacts of natural and anthropogenic processes on groundwater dynamics in the Santa Clara Valley (SCV). VLM strongly correlates (>0.75) with groundwater level in both unconfined and confined aquifers. We show that VLM in SCV is mainly driven by groundwater dynamics in deep aquifer layers below 120 m. Our results show that during the most recent drought from March 2019 to November 2021, Santa Clara County subsided up to 30 mm due to groundwater depletion, three times as large as average seasonal amplitude of VLM. Owing to the managed aquifer recharge, the region has been able to avoid unrecoverable land subsidence. We utilize InSAR data to calibrate storage coefficient and lag time related to delayed response of clay interbeds to groundwater level changes, which further serves to estimate groundwater volume loss in confined aquifer units during drought. Plain Language Summary: Santa Clara County in California relies heavily on groundwater as half of the water used in the County is pumped from aquifers. Thus, management of groundwater resources is crucial to the Santa Clara County. Groundwater withdrawal and recharge causes compaction and expansion of aquifer layers which results in land subsidence and uplift, respectively. We use the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique to obtain deformation time series in the Santa Clara Valley during 2017–2022 and then use that to understand the spatial and temporal changes of groundwater level and storage in the region. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of InSAR data for sustainable management of groundwater resources. Key Points: Santa Clara County subsided up to 30 mm due to groundwater depletion during the most recent California drought from 2019 to 2021Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) deformation confirms the slowdown of land subsidence due to managed aquifer recharge starting in late 2021InSAR deformation measurements can be used to calibrate the aquifer mechanical properties used in groundwater flow/subsidence model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of real-time adaptation for dealing with unpredictable business conditions. It recommends a set of techniques termed super-flexibility as a method for developing the leadership skills needed for real-time adaptation. Super-flexibility subsumes a number of related concepts, such as agility, versatility, and resilience. Topics addressed include change management and surviving economic volatility. Examples derived from the high-technology industries of Silicon Valley, California are provided.

Using data collected from interviews with human resource managers, corporate executives, and compensation consultants in India, this paper examines the adoption of US-style employee stock option (ESO) plans among Indian information technology firms and foreign-based multinational corporations operating in India between 1998 and 2004. The findings suggest that Indian firms adopted ESOs more cautiously and granted options more selectively than those in Silicon Valley, where, by the mid-1990s, very broad grants at all organizational levels had become commonplace. The data also suggest that this more cautious and selective approach in India was driven primarily by labor market conditions, and a lack of cognitive-cultural and normative alignment between the ESO practice and the institutional environment of Indian knowledge workers. By taking seriously the perspectives of actors who play key roles in processes of practice adoption, the analysis and findings raise the issue of how our understanding of cross-national variation in the diffusion and structure of employee ownership practices, particularly in new settings, can be enhanced by new research designs and a deeper engagement with more recent developments in international human resource management research and institutional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the development and implementation of a three-part infrastructure for the ongoing program of technology-based public artwork at Silicon Valley's newly expanded airport. The physical, technological, and human infrastructure provides flexibility and opportunities for future artists and future technologies while providing a robust framework for the ongoing maintenance and evolution of the program and mediating between the needs of artists and the constraints of an airport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative phenomenological research paper addressed the problem of lack of understanding about the reasons of the continuing underachievement in success of offshore outsourcing strategies. The purpose of this paper was to examine the perceived effect of offshore outsourcing strategies on success of technology start-ups. The study involved an exploration into the experiences of 43 organizational leaders and entrepreneurs who had experience with offshore outsourcing activities within technology start-ups from Silicon Valley, California. The study utilized semistructured in-depth interviews to collect the data. Data were managed with NVivo 8.0 software for data analysis. The findings reveal that offshore outsourcing strategy could help technology start-ups to achieve success if they monitor and control the outsourcing activities. The findings suggest that technology start-ups may wish to consider setting up a design center or branch in the Asia Pacific region as an alternative to offshore outsourcing. The findings of the study could contribute to the survival and success of start-ups through success of outsourcing, which in turn contributes to society and the growth of economy through the retention of existing jobs and the creation of new jobs, and new innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and technology incubators play an increasing role in contributing to the entrepreneurial, venture and economic development. This paper is concerned with the strategies for technology commercialization and supports of new venture development. The study has applied the cluster-based strategies of the US Silicon Valley to the case of Thailand. The findings highlight the role of the National Science and Technology Development Agency's Science Park and the National Innovation Agency's Innovation Park in supporting technology commercialization and development of the national innovation system. The future challenges to create effective system for entrepreneurial development and implications for entrepreneurial business management are discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the urban contradictions of Silicon Valley. The growth of Santa Clara County during the years since the Second World War has been explosive. It has also been highly contradictory. Prior to the Second World War, Santa Clara County was a sparsely populated agricultural valley. Between 1940 and 1970, the county's population increased by almost one million people. Countywide employment doubled itself during each successive decade, resulting in the creation of about 350 000 new jobs. The growth of personal and family incomes surpassed both state and national averages and by 1969 median family income in the county was a full 30% above the U.S. as a whole. By 1975, Silicon Valley was distinguished by unbearably congested freeways, dangerous levels of air and water pollution and a nogrowth movement calling for a halt to further industrial growth. The story of Silicon Valley's growth is also the story of the birth and development of a new industry, the semiconductor industry. Regional growth and industrial development have thus been inextricably linked in Silicon Valley. The paper examines relationship and interactions between these two processes arguing that neither the region's growth nor the development and spatial patterning of the semiconductor industry can be understood in isolation.

Introduction: Despite the prevalent use of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) to prevent preterm infants' adverse neonatal complications, there is currently no consensus on administration-to-birth intervals of ACS. International guidelines broadly agree that the administration of antenatal corticosteroids should be within 7 days prior to preterm birth. However, there is little evidence to support narrower optimal ACS administration-to-birth interval time. This study was undertaken to investigate the association between the administration-to-birth interval of ACS which is bounded by 48 hours and neonatal outcomes in very preterm infants. Materials and methods: This is a single-center prospective observational study. Data were collected prospectively from eligible infants from January 2008 to April 2014 at the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, neonatal outcomes were compared between two groups based on the interval of antenatal corticosteroid administration-to-birth: the interval of <48h, and the interval of >48h. It was noted that the entire study was completed by Dongli Song et al., and uploaded the data to the DATADRYAD website. The author only used this data for secondary analysis. Results: After adjusting potential confounders (gestational age, sex, birth weight, duration of cord clamping and delivery mode), the interval of >48h group compared to the interval of <48h group had significant reductions in mortality (OR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05–0.59), any retinopathy of prematurity (OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16–0.82), severe retinopathy of prematurity (OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01–0.45), any intubation (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.20–0.75) and higher 1 min Apgar (β: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.10–1.02). Conclusion: This study shows that in very preterm infants, compared with the interval of ACS<48h, the interval of ACS>48 hours has a significant health promotion effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the approach to forecast of economy of Silicon Valley, California. Topics discussed include the view of David Plouffe, chief advisor of transportation network company Uber, about the importance of ride-sharing platform in creating jobs and improvement of incomes of American families, the view of economists Seth Harris and Alan Krue about the number of people work in the online gig economy, and creation of a category for independent contractors. It also mentions the availability of grants for the development of portable retirement savings plans.

As technology is increasingly integrated into every aspect of the commercial environment, the amount of data generated from each transaction multiplies. Electronic discovery (eDiscovery) represents the collision of data and the law; in this paper, the powerful influence of the American judicial system is explored as it relates to the pursuit of digitally native file types for use in matters of litigation that transcend international borders. Home of the Silicon Valley, the world's biggest software companies, and the creative epicenter of social media technologies, America has also emerged as an early leader in establishing eDiscovery practices that are shaping the way the world manages electronically stored information (ESI). For business managers, eDiscovery represents the highest spike in litigation costs in decades and as such corporate litigants recognize the substantial financial risks of international electronic discovery. With each new filing, the very nature of commercial litigation has evolved into a complex battle of digital file types compounded by mountains of ESI. With constitutional safeguards, statutebased protections, and a leading position in developing the software and standards that are defining international electronic discovery, as a legal forum America offers a host of home field advantages for commercial litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies mark the start of silicon electronics in Silicon Valley with William Shockley and Arnold Beckman’s creation of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. This study details how the automation movement of the 1950s shaped the careers of both Shockley and Beckman, and formed an indispensible context for their creation of Shockley Semiconductor. Shockley was engaged in automation from the early 1950s, promoting his vision of an ‘automatic trainable robot’ to revolutionize manufacturing. Beckman was deeply involved in automation in the mid-1950s, orienting his company to key technologies for the ‘automatic factory:’ instrumentation and computers. Beckman and Shockley’s entrepreneurial involvements with electronics and automation led them to create Shockley Semiconductor to pursue silicon transistors in 1955. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With this paper I discuss the importance of permeability among university- industry-government boundaries based on the experience of MIT and Boston, Stanford and Silicon Valley, the Research Triangle and North Carolina, and Newcastle University and Northeast UK. Encouraging permeability in university boundaries is a fi rst step to creating an entrepreneurial university, the driving force of the most successful innovation regions. Underlying drivers of innovation are transferable and may be instituted by specifi c policy initiatives addressing gaps in particular cases. These is no one-size-fi ts-all 'best-practice' mode but there are some common characteristics of innovation regimes such as 'boundary permeability' that can be positively infl uenced by explicit measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, leading legal scholars have proposed many competing models for the expressive function of the law. This article attempts to organize and compare the competing models while examining a real-life dilemma—sharing confidential information when one moves from one company to another—and explores the mechanisms through which the law can affect people's behavior. The article examines the expressive impact that results when trade secret laws are experimentally “primed” on factors such as: intention to share confidential information, morality of sharing confidential information, perceived proportion of other employees who would share confidential information, and the likelihood of social approval by previous and current employers for sharing confidential information. Taking a path analysis approach, I discern which models (cost related, morality related, coordination based, or reflection of consensus) best explain the mechanism responsible for the expressive effect of legality. The comparison between the models illustrates the relative legal repercussions of price, consensus, and intrinsic motivation as they relate to employees' evaluations of the prevalence and desirability of trade secret sharing norms. Based on data collected from a sample of 260 high-tech employees in the Silicon Valley, the article demonstrates that—at least in the context of trade secret law—the expressive impact is based primarily on morality and less on the law's ability to impose social and career costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of firms, industries, and regions continually to translate information and knowledge into viable new products, services, and production processes in the face of constantly changing technology and market conditions is increasingly at the core of competitive success in the contemporary economy. Such economic learning is ultimately dependent on the ability of individuals to learn, and yet most of the literature in this area has focused on firms and organizational learning processes, and is only beginning to engage seriously with people's learning processes. This paper explores the links between social learning processes and dynamics of innovation in Silicon Valley, arguing that cross-firm, occupationally based, 'communities of practice' provide a critical context for individuals to learn and maintain the competencies they need to be successful in the region's dynamic but volatile economy. These cross-firm occupational learning communities in many cases are being built through the activities of formal professional associations, which are playing an increasingly important role in providing the organizational infrastructure to sustain these learning communities. Using a case study of an association of women in Internet design and development occupations, the author illustrates the value of such communities in supporting individual and collective learning processes. These findings suggest that economic development strategies could productively be focused on identifying, strengthening, and expanding access to such cross-firm occupational learning communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the emergence of an informal, collaborative and entrepreneurial organisational culture within the technological community of semiconductor firms in the Silicon Valley, California. Using recently developed computerised network analysis techniques and a genealogy chart of Silicon Valley semiconductor firms, it demonstrates how a new democratic community, rather than a hierarchical workplace, organisational culture was firstly initiated with the foundation of Fairchild Semiconductor back in 1957, and more importantly, how this new culture was diffused through successive generations of 'Fairchildren' spin-offs, up to the mid-1980s. In the process of critical mass formation they also identified the most central companies in the semiconductor community, including the usual suspects, Fairchild, Intel and Hewlett-Packard, but also a relatively unknown firm outside the semiconductor community, Intersil Co. involved in the preparation of a guide for visually representing social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings indicate that the Japanese IT sector increasingly lags the U.S. IT sector in software innovation and that this underlies Japan's weakening competitive performance vis-à-vis U.S. IT. This article explores alternative explanations for this outcome and analyzes what explains the Japanese software industry's trajectory. The sources are found in the late understanding of the transformational role of software and its value-creating potential as well as in the evolution of the industry's structure. Finally, this article considers what policy makers in other nations might learn from the Japanese experience in building a more vibrant software industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which analyzed the crisis of Silicon Valley in Santa Clara County, California in the mid-1980s and its possible recurrence. Overview of the Silicon Valley industrial district as of 1987; Statistics on high technology culture in Silicon Valley; Economic factors which caused the crisis; Status of information technology, social structure and applications gap in the Valley.

Clusters of Innovation (COI) do not exist in isolation. The most successful are often those that most effectively exploit global linkages to other innovation clusters. In fact, COI demonstrate a special affinity for connections with resources and partners in like clusters. This article illustrates how the innovation patterns in a COI can be enhanced through international connections by specifically focusing on the dynamics of the relationship between clusters of innovation. It also presents a framework to analyze regional and global innovation clusters and networks and analyzes the Israel/Silicon Valley Super-COI as a case study of situating the cluster a global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a simple framework for understanding an emergent diversity of linkages between corporate governance (CG) and organizational architecture (OA). It distinguishes discreet modes of their linkage by different combinatorial patterns between three basic assets: managers' human assets (MHA), workers' human assets (WHA), and non-human assets (NHA). Using the concept of essentiality of human assets proposed by Hart (1995) and distinguished from that of complementarities, we first propose a new characterization of four known modes of CG-OA linkage: three traditional (Anglo-American, German, and Japanese) and one relatively new (Silicon Valley) models. Then we present empirical evidences of emergent diversity of CG-OA linkages in Japan, which is somewhat at odds with the old Japanese model. We interpret its emergent dominant mode as the path-dependent evolution of a new pattern of essentiality between human assets, made viable by lessening of institutional-complementarity-constraints, which surrounded the traditional Japanese model. We argue that this new mode interpreted in terms of essentiality may have broader applicability beyond Japanese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a study on foundings of Silicon Valley law firms, I propose and test an organizational theory on the genealogical persistence of gender inequality that emphasizes the routines (or blueprints) and experiences that founders transfer from their parent firms to their new firms. This transfer links the parent firm's gender hierarchy to women's advancement opportunities in the new firm. Founders from parent firms that historically had women in leadership positions, such that female leadership is institutionalized, are more likely to found firms that promote women into prominent positions. Conversely, founders from firms that historically had women in subordinate positions, such that female subordination is institutionalized, are less likely to promote women into prominent positions. Findings are consistent with the theory and also show that the persistence effect is stronger for founders who were previously lower-ranked employees and for founders who institute an organization of work similar to their parent firm. The study suggests that future research should investigate routines and structures that not only generate gender inequality unintentionally but are in turn replicated across generations of organization through the mobility of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine two views of the creation of venture-backed start-ups, or "entrepreneurial spawning." In one, young firms prepare employees for entrepreneurship, educating them about the process, and exposing them to relevant networks. In the other, individuals become entrepreneurs when large bureaucratic employers do not fund their ideas. Controlling for firm size, patents, and industry, the most prolific spawners are originally venture-backed companies located in Silicon Valley and Massachusetts. Undiversified firms spawn more firms. Silicon Valley, Massachusetts, and originally venture-backed firms typically spawn firms only peripherally related to their core businesses. Overall, entrepreneurial learning and networks appear important in creating venture-backed firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a study concerning the circulation of goods, social institutions, efficient market theory, and economic activity in Silicon Valley. The region was chosen because it is a model of an industrial network which has many social networks that provide information to economic actors, especially those in monopolistic competition. The influence of venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, Stanford professors, information technology managers, lawyers, accountants, public relations consultants, and headhunters or executive research firms in Silicon Valley's industrial networks is discussed, as well as the exchange theory mechanisms of Arm's-Length Transaction, Power Relationship, and Gift Exchange that dominate markets, organizations, and networks.