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Purpose: This study aims to create the causal relationship between transportation behavior to Karimunjawa, the number of tourists and the amount of CO2 produced; calculate the reduction of CO2 emissions from the transportation to Karimunjawa based on several proposed policy scenarios; and formulate the managerial implication and recommendation to support the implementation of several proposed policy scenarios. Design/methodology/approach: This study develops a system dynamics‐based model by using three sub-systems, i.e. "the number of tourist sub-system," "the switching behavior of tourist travel sub-system" and "the CO2 emission sub-system." Findings: The simulation results have shown that, under the current situation, tourist travel behavior should be changed to maximum condition to get the minimum CO2 emission. Improvement of the behavior of tourist in selecting the mode of transportation and the departure point of mini-tour bus and ferry are an effective way to reduce the CO2 emission. Research limitations/implications: This study only considers limited variables as the driver of the level of change of the capacity of Karimunjawa and the road as well as the variables as the driver of tourism growth. This study only focuses on CO2 emission from the direct impacts of tourist travel; this study does not consider the indirect impact of tourism activity on CO2 emissions. International air travel is not included in the present study. Practical implications: From a managerial perspective, this study demonstrates that change in the tourist travel behavior is generally not effective in triggering CO2 emission reduction, unless it is accompanied by the strict restriction policy related to the tourist route. Social implications: This study has the potential to raise societal awareness that the causality of tourist growth and CO2 emissions should be seen as the impact of tourist travel behavior. In this case, to modify the travel behavior, tourist needs to change their mode of transportation to more sustainable transportation. Originality/value: This paper intends to fill the literature gap of the effect of tourism growth from two perspectives, namely, tourist travel behavior and environmental. The modeling of tourist transport and CO2 emission will provide an overview of the selection of the problem-solving mode for tourist transport that can give a significant contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions reduction to the environmental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers tips for cleaning bank notes, discussing the method of bleaching the notes in the sun and the method of dry cleaning the bank notes using highly pressurized and heated carbon dioxide.

The article explores the effectiveness of mouth taping in achieving healthy nasal breathing. Topics covered include the complexity of the respiratory system, the role of the nose as the organ of respiration, and how dental professionals can encourage proper breathing during sleep and encourage proper tongue rest posture on the palate to their patients.

Metamorphic decarbonation in magmatic arcs remains a challenge to impose in models of the geologic carbon cycle. Crustal reservoirs and metamorphic fluxes of carbon vary with depth in the crust, rock types and their stratigraphic succession, and through geologic time. When byproducts of metamorphic decarbonation (e.g., skarns) are exposed at Earth's surface, they reveal a record of reactive transport of carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, we discuss the different modes of metamorphic decarbonation at multiple spatial and temporal scales and exemplify them through roof pendants of the Sierra Nevada batholith. We emphasize the utility of analogue models for metamorphic decarbonation to generate a range of decarbonation fluxes throughout the Cretaceous. Our model predicts that metamorphic CO2 fluxes from continental arcs during the Cretaceous were at least 2 times greater than the present cumulative CO2 flux from volcanoes, agreeing with previous estimates and further suggesting that metamorphic decarbonation was a principal driver of the Cretaceous hothouse climate. We lastly argue that our modeling framework can be used to quantify decarbonation fluxes throughout the Phanerozoic and thereby refine Earth systems models for paleoclimate reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • N photobioreactors in series modelled with 3N ODEs having Monod and Droop kinetics. • State variables: concentrations of algea and substrate, and internal cell quota. • Results: existence, uniqueness, stability and conditions for steady states. Abstract A photobioreactor (PBR) contains microalgae which under illumination consume carbon dioxide and substrate dissolved in water, and produce oxygen. The process is used in water recovery resource facilities with a continuous flow of wastewaster through the PBR. With several PBRs in series the reduction of substrate can be improved. This paper contains a thorough analysis of a model of PBRs in series, where each PBR is modelled with a system of three ordinary differential equations for the concentrations of dissolved substrate and biomass (algae), and the internal cell quota of substrate to biomass. Each PBR has a certain volume and irradiation. The absorption rate of substrate into the cells is modelled with Monod kinetics, whereas the biomass growth rate is modelled with Droop kinetics, in which both a minimum and a maximum internal cell quota are assumed. The main result is that the model has a unique stable steady-state solution with algae in all PBRs. Another stable steady-state solution is the wash-out solution with no algae in the system. Other steady-state solutions are combinations of these two with no algae in some of the first PBRs and algae in the rest of the PBRs in the series. Conditions on the illumination, volumetric flow and volumes of the PBRs are given for the respective solution. Numerical solutions illustrate the theoretical results and indicate further properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the solution to two-phase flow in CO2/brine system with salt precipitation by applying mixed hybrid finite element (MHFE) method to pressure equation and finite volume (FV) method to saturation equation. Mixed finite element method solves pressure and velocity in two subspaces while hybrid method is an extension of mixed method, where the Lagrange multiplier is added to the former in order to ensure the continuity from one element to the adjacent elements. The authors propose the modeling of salt precipitation using core flood experimental result and adapt to be applicable for numerical modeling. Design/methodology/approach – The governing equations are discretized using Mixed Hybrid Finite Element-Finite Volume (MHFE-FV) method. This method has the feature of localized conservation which is attractive for application on heterogeneous porous media. In addition to this, the salt precipitation effect is modeled using the data from core flood experiment (Ott et al., 2011). The random data are linearized to obtain the relationship between salt precipitate and CO2 saturation and implemented to the algorithm for two-phase flow in CO2 and brine system. Findings – The solution of MHFE-FV scheme has good agreement with the solution using implicit pressure and explicit saturation (IMPES) reported by Negara et al. (2011), with average error of 4.20 percent. Localized conservation is demonstrated in the case of randomized heterogeneous porous media where fingering effects are explicitly observed. Salt precipitation prediction using the proposed method is able to predict the decrement of porosity by 16.71 percent and permeability by 22.19 percent. This results in the decreased amount of CO2 injected by 64.70 percent. Research limitations/implications – This paper presents the solution of two-phase flow in CO2 brine system during CO2 injection in saline aquifer using MHFE-FV method with the additional salt precipitation model obtained based on core flood experiment result. Practical implications – A methodology to predict the salt precipitation based on CO2 saturation. Social implications – Contribution to green house gas reduction. Originality/value – The authors use MHFE-FV to solve hyperbolic PDE to obtain accurate results of CO2 saturation, and subsequently use this to compute the salt precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study double-ionization-induced charge asymmetric dissociation (CAD) in heteronuclear diatomic molecules. In CO we find a selective charge distribution in two CAD channels, i.e., C2+ + O is abundantly produced but C + O2+ is nearly nonexistent. This cannot be explained by the ionization energy difference between the two channels alone. Our study shows that the C2+ + O channel is sequentially formed through an intermediate state C+ + O and the selective charge distribution is the result of electron distribution in CO when exposed to intense laser fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground coal bed reservoirs naturally contain methane which can be produced. In parallel of the production of this methane, carbon dioxide can be injected, either to enhance the production of methane, or to have this carbon dioxide stored over geological periods of time. As a prerequisite to any simulation of an Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery process (ECBM), we need state equations to model the behavior of the seam when cleats are saturated with a miscible mixture of CH 4 and CO 2 . This paper presents a poromechanical model of coal seams exposed to such binary mixtures filling both the cleats in the seam and the porosity of the coal matrix. This model is an extension of a previous work which dealt with pure fluid. Special care is dedicated to keep the model consistent thermodynamically. The model is fully calibrated with a mix of experimental data and numerical data from molecular simulations. Predicting variations of porosity or permeability requires only calibration based on swelling data. With the calibrated state equations, we predict numerically how porosity, permeability, and adsorbed amounts of fluid vary in a representative volume element of coal seam in isochoric or oedometric conditions, as a function of the pressure and of the composition of the fluid in the cleats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is also a pioneer of artificial-intelligence art at a time when many artists abhor its advances. Uses many strange tools and mediums in their art: they paint with rags, scratch on aluminum surfaces, and create art that changes based on the carbon dioxide levels of museum visitors. Those creations are on a world tour, stopping in Shanghai, Munich, and New York City. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, a fractional order nonlinear mathematical model describing the dynamics of atmospheric concentration of CO 2 is investigated and studied through the application of a semi-analytical homotopy scheme combined with Sumudu transform and homotopy polynomials. This study examines the consequences of the variations of forest biomass and human population on the dynamics of the concentration of CO 2 gas in the atmosphere. The Caputo fractional derivatives are engaged in this study. The computational work shows that the evaluated iterative terms are adequate for the refined approximations of the solutions for a fractional model of dynamics of atmospheric concentration of CO 2 , and thus authenticate the computational strength of the employed scheme. The variational behavior of concentration of CO 2 , forest biomass, and human population are demonstrated through the graphical presentation regarding the changing values of fractional order derivatives and time t. Moreover, this study also examines the analysis of obtained solutions for a fractional model in view of uniqueness and convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we model breathing at the level of a human alveolus by developing a novel mathematical framework that links pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange. Unlike previous models, the developed alveolar model comprises the alveolar gas mixture, capillaries perfused in the alveolar wall, pulmonary surfactant lining the alveolus and the pleural cavity. The inclusion of the multiple compartments affords interested researchers the chance to study the effect of several respiratory factors on breathing. Here, we investigate the effect of holding breath, breathing at different altitudes and frequencies, and varying cardiac output. The important role of pulmonary surfactant in breathing is also highlighted. In addition, we propose a new method to model the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveolus and perfused capillaries, and provide a Lagrangian description of surfactant dynamics. Finally, the mechanical work of breathing at the level of the alveolus is derived and implemented to compare the required breathing effort in different scenarios. Numerical results are consistent with published experimental and computational work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study by Carlos A. Fernandez, researcher of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and others, that was published in the 2015 issue of the journal "Green Chemistry" regarding creation of hydraulic fluid which transforms hydrogel on interaction with carbon dioxide. It highlihgts the properties of solvents, surfactants and catalyst. It also informs about an editorial by the journal's editorial board chair Walter Leitner regarding his dilemma to publish the paper.