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Starting from the data and current models for the study of the language from the economic perspective -language economics-, this paper aims to show how the economic value of the Spanish language is perceived in the media and how news about it contribute to construct an imaginary that legitimates the value of language. To this end, a corpus consisting of texts from the Spanish periodical press between the years 2001 and 2017 is analyzed. The quantitative analysis shows the discontinuity/permanence of the discourse over time and its linkage with the media. The qualitative analysis reveals the three features that identify this type of discourse: the insistence on quantification, the enhancement of the symbolic value of language and the repetition and thematic exhaustion. This investigation is an empirical-critical work that uses tools from both Economic science and Socio-Discursive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we provide a synchronic and diachronic analysis of an instance of so-called «xpletive» negation in the Spanish approximative adverb por poco. Synchronically, we show that this adverb, when combined with the sentence negator no, is ambiguous between ∼p («expletive») and ∼∼p («canonical») meanings. Diachronically, we show that this ambiguity arose due to a change in the negation system of Spanish around the 15th century. As a result, the supposed instances of «expletive» negation found in present-day uses of por poco are not really expletive at all, but rather are a holdover from the Old Spanish requirement of preverbal negative concord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to consider the need to describe semantics starting from the point of view of forms of content rather than-forms of expression. In this sense, the characterization of semantics facts analyzed from the signifier and not from the signified has been considered incorrect. Approaching the issue in this way, as the instances of linguistic relationships belonging to different levels of semantic analysis exposed illustrate, implies an inadequate mode of setting out the problem. From this starting point, it is proposed that a semantic theory ought to start from its object of study which is the linguistic meaning of its constitutive units. Therefore the true semantic relationships need to be established between single meanings of linguistic signs rather than between signs as a whole. Starting from these epistemological presuppositions, a typology of semantic relationships outline has been put forward in which a basic dinstinction is made between a semiotic dimension constituted by what we have generically denominated «ignificative» relationships, which in turn can also be subdivided in linguistic and designative relationships (each of them includes different subtypes), and the genuine significative ones which only start from the content and only establish connexions between the meaning of linguistics signs. The former makes up the true semantic relationships which we have respectively labelled, in accordance with linguistic level where it works, morphological relationships, lexical relationships, subsentential relationships and sentential relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we define some operational laws of linguistic variables and develop some new aggregation operators such as linguistic geometric averaging (LGA) operator, linguistic weighted geometric averaging (LWGA) operator, linguistic ordered weighted geometric averaging (LOWGA) operator and linguistic hybrid geometric averaging (LHGA) operator, etc., which can be utilized to aggregate preference information taking the form of linguistic variables, and then study some desirable properties of the operators, Based on the LGA and the LHGA operators, we propose a practical method for group decision making with linguistic preference relations. The method is straightforward and has no loss of information. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]