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Exponential, quadratic, and trigonometric 2D thermal analysis in inhomogeneous functionally graded materials (FGMs) are solved through an efficient hybrid boundary-type weak-form meshfree algorithm, which is the virtual boundary meshfree Galerkin method with fundamental solutions (FS-VBMGM). Three types of temperature fundamental solutions for FGMs are introduced. The corresponding thermal flow fundamental solutions are derived in detail. Temperature and thermal flux are obtained by utilizing the virtual boundary element method (VBEM) based on the continuous virtual loads. The continuous virtual loads are constructed through the radial basis function interpolation (RBFI) of meshfree algorithm. Using the Galerkin method, calculating formula of FS-VBMGM for thermal analysis in inhomogeneous FGMs is deducted. The benefits of VBEM, Galerkin method, and meshfree algorithm are thus presented in FS-VBMGM. Exponential, quadratic, and trigonometric inhomogeneous numerical examples of FGMs are calculated and contrasted to the exact solutions as well as other numerical methods. The reliability and exactness are proved. The specific discrete formula of FS-VBMGM for thermal analysis in inhomogeneous FGMs is simple to program and extended to calculate other particularly composite FGMs examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is established that the new boundary element-free Galerkin method, namely the virtual boundary element-free Galerkin method (VBEFGM), using dual compactly supported radial basis function interpolation (CSRBFI) for 2D inhomogeneous heat conduction problems with variable heat sources, whose solutions are divided into homogeneous and particular solutions. The virtual loads of the homogeneous solutions and undetermined coefficients of particular solutions are interpolated by CSRBFI. Its formula is established by the Galerkin method. The homogeneous solutions are obtained by the virtual boundary element-free method (VBEFM). The recommended method for 2D inhomogeneous heat conduction problems is real meshfree without background integration elements and exhibits the merits of the meshfree method, Galerkin method, and boundary element method. Its calculation scheme is deduced in detail and easily programmed. The coefficient matrix has symmetrical characteristics. The implementation steps and implementation flow-chart are also shown in detail. Seven numerical examples, such as exponential functionally graded material, are calculated and contrasted with other numerical methods. The precision and stableness of the proposed method for 2D inhomogeneous heat conduction problems are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Markovian switching LPV system is introduced to model a nonlinear plant. Every submodel of Markovian switching LPV system is LPV, which better describe the actual system. • A novel bumpless transfer controller is designed for Markovian switching LPV system, which satisfies with a bumpless transfer constraint at the switching points. • A more general condition for transition rates is established since the completely known condition is no longer assumed; which provides an additional degree of freedom for the design of H1 bumpless transfer reliable control. • An application example of the turbofan-engine is introduced to demonstrate the effiectiveness of the main results. In this paper, the H ∞ bumpless transfer reliable control problem of Markovian switching linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems subject to actuator failures is addressed. A bumpless transfer reliable control constraint is introduced to describe the transient performance for such systems. By the use of the parameter-dependent Lyapunov function approach to reduce control bumps generated by the Markovian switching, a reliable switching controller which is also parameter-dependent is constructed to attenuate external disturbances. A criterion checking the solvability of the H ∞ bumpless transfer reliable control problem is provided. As an application, a turbofan-engine model is used to verify the validity of the proposed design method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A state-dependent switching strategy is introduced to solve the H ∞ globally asymptotic synchronization issue of the switched complex networks. • A more general condition for ensuring the H ∞ globally asymptotic synchronization is provided, since the H ∞ globally asymptotic synchronization of every subnetwork is unnecessary. • The switching impulsive controller is designed, which includes two parts. The impulsive control part is distributed, which provide a solid foundation in synchronizing process. The state-feedback part ensures synchronization and L 2 gain of the switched complex networks. In this paper, the H ∞ global asymptotic synchronization problem is addressed for switched complex networks. A switching impulsive controller and a state-dependent switching signal are co-designed, which is underpinned by the multiple Lyapunov functions method. A sufficient condition guaranteeing the performance of H ∞ global asymptotic synchronization is established, and does not require the H ∞ global asymptotic synchronization issue of each subsystem solvable. The switching impulsive controller and the state-dependent switching controller are simple in structure and ease of implementation; which includes state-feedback part and impulsive control part. The effectiveness of the presented control method is attested by an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper investigates the problem of the composite anti-disturbance model reference adaptive control for switched systems with parametric uncertainties and multiple types of disturbances. It is worth emphasizing that the measurability of the system state and the disturbance generated by an exosystem is unnecessary. A key point is to design a composite anti-disturbance model reference adaptive control strategy to achieve the state tracking and the anti-disturbance performance. First, a switched adaptive state-disturbance observer is designed to estimate the system state and the disturbance generated by the exosystem simultaneously. Secondly, based on the switched adaptive state-disturbance observer, a composite switched adaptive controller and a state-dependent switching law are designed to solve the composite anti-disturbance model reference adaptive control problem for switched systems. Thirdly, a sufficient condition ensuring the solvability of the composite anti-disturbance model reference adaptive control problem for switched systems is given, even if the problem is unsolvable for individual subsystems. Finally, an example of the electrohydraulic system is used to verify the availability of the acquired approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Helical coil electromagnetic launchers (HEMLs) using motion-induced commutation strategy solve the problem of synchronization control perfectly. HEMLs can meet the requirements of multiple applications such as the electromagnetic catapult, electromagnetic mortar and high-velocity coilgun. The trade-off between the velocity and efficiency is an important basis for these different applications. To optimize such objectives before actual design, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the efficient and flexible calculation model and algorithm. A novel structure of HEML is proposed after the transient simulation by this algorithm, which can improve the energy conversion efficiency and suppress the muzzle arc without affecting the velocity too much.Design/methodology/approach The equivalent circuit model of the launcher is established and the governing equations are derived. A combination of the four-stage Runge–Kutta method and the trapezoidal quadrature formula are used to solve the governing equations.Findings With smaller number of turns in the coils of HEML, the velocity is larger and the efficiency is lower. The non-uniform HEML is an effective option to improve the energy conversion efficiency and to suppress the muzzle arc with almost the same muzzle velocity as the conventional HEML.Originality/value The paper presents a common model and a flexible fast numerical method which can be used in multi-objective optimization of HEMLs such as the genetic algorithm. A new structure of the non-uniform HEML is proposed to improve the energy conversion efficiency and to suppress the muzzle arc of the launcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For switched systems, the time-and state-dependent multiple Lyapunov function method is set up to investigate the bumpless transfer control problem. The key point of the proposed study is to relax the decreasing assumption of traditional Lyapunov functions at switching points and the global limitation of the bumpless transfer constraint, which provides more freedom for solving the bumpless transfer control problem. First, the description of the bumpless transfer performance is proposed by using switching points directly, which makes the controller only constrain in the subinterval of the active interval rather than the whole active interval. Second, a switching controller with time-varying gain matrices and a mixed dwell time-and state-dependent switching signal are designed to reduce control bumps and avoid frequent switching. Third, based on the developed multiple Lyapunov function method, a solvability condition of the bumpless transfer control problem is developed. Finally, an example is given to show the availability of the bumpless transfer control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in CMOS passive mixers have demonstrated a number of new and useful capabilities, including dynamic RF port impedance control and filter up-conversion, while also allowing low noise figure and high out-of-band linearity, all of which track wide-ranging LO frequencies and tunable baseband bandwidth. However, these circuits also bring a unique set of challenges and requirements. Here we extend a previously derived LTI model for such mixers to the general N-phase case, and discuss basic limits in performance specifications including impedance matching, noise figure and linearity. We then extend this analysis to include high-frequency effects, especially as they relate to transistor properties. We show that essentially all of the key specification of such mixers can be described in terms of an impedance ratio, a characteristic cut-off frequency, the number of phases of the mixer and some process-related parameters. Finally, we discuss how these properties relate to power consumption of LO circuitry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work presents an efficient Procedure for fault measurement of the single-input-single-output (SISO) system by driving the system directly with the output of a chaotic oscillator. Firstly, we propose a method to adjust the Lyapunov exponents (LEs) of the chaotic excitation by multiplying each equation with a different acceleration factor. These acceleration factors constitute an acceleration factor field (AFF). Secondly, in order to evaluate the degree of activation to the SISO system, which is excited by the chaotic signal with different acceleration factors, we partition the AFF into fully matched, partially matched and non-matched areas by using the criteria derived from Kaplan–Yorke conjecture. It is proved that chaotic excitation with acceleration factors chosen from the fully matched AFF can sufficiently excite the system, i.e. every change in the eigen-structure of the system will be reflected in the output. Thirdly, attractor based fault feature “prediction error (PE)” and evolutionary algorithm “Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm (BSA)” is used to find the optimal acceleration factor׳s location in the matched area, then the fault feature is signified by using the chaotic excitation with optimized acceleration factors. Finally, two linear analog circuits with different chaotic excitations are tested to validate the power of the approach. Experiment results show that fully matched chaotic excitation can be used to detect faults in a SISO system, while, non-matched chaotic excitation may be capable of detecting some faults in the system, but there is a risk to make the wrong decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a class of switched nonlinear systems with unmatched external disturbances and unknown backlash-like hysteresis, an adaptive fuzzy-based control strategy is proposed to handle the anti-disturbance issue. The unmatched external disturbances come from a switched exosystem. Our aim is to achieve the output tracking performance and the disturbance attenuation by using the adaptive fuzzy-based composite anti-disturbance control technique. First, based on the fuzzy logics, we design a switching adaptive fuzzy disturbance observer to estimate unmatched external disturbances. Second, a composite switching adaptive anti-disturbance controller is constructed. By means of the backstepping technique, disturbance estimations are added in each virtual control to offset the unmatched disturbances, which results in the different coordinate transformations. At last, the availability of the proposed approach is illustrated by a mass-spring-damper system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The finite-time stability concept is extended to the input–output finite-time stability for the Markovian jump systems with incomplete transition probabilities. • An observer-based output feedback controller is constructed to solve the input–output finite-time stability problem. • Since the transition probabilities are incompletely known, we discuss the input–output finite-time stabilization problem under two different cases. • By constructing efficient Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, no nonlinear crossing terms appear. A set of observer gains and controller gains can be given in explicit form by solving a set of strict linear matrix inequalities. • A mass-spring system is modelled as a MJS with delay, for which we have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed algorithms. This paper deals with the input–output finite-time stabilization problem for Markovian jump systems (MJSs) with incompletely known transition rates. An observer-based output feedback controller is constructed to study the input–output finite-time stability (IO-FTS) problem. By using the mode-dependent Lyapunov–krasovskii functional method, a sufficient criterion checking the IO-FTS problem is provided. Then, an observer and a corresponding state feedback controller for the individual subsystem are respectively designed to solve the input–output finite-time stabilization problem for the systems. Finally, a numerical example on the mass-spring system model is investigated to bring out the advantages of the control scheme proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum metrology with entangled states in realistic noisy environments always suffers from decoherence. Therefore, the measurement precision is greatly reduced. Here we applied the dynamical decoupling method to protect the N-qubit quantum metrology protocol and successfully revived the scaling of the measurement precision as N-κ with κ∊[5/6,11/12]. The degree of the precision revival, as determined by the noise spectrum distribution, indicates that the performance of the protected protocol can be further improved by controlling the noise spectrum. Such a protected protocol is proved to be universal for entanglement-based quantum metrology in the pure dephasing and relaxation noise, which should stimulate the development of practical quantum metrology for weak signal detection of microscopic physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has unique epidemiological characteristics that include presymptomatic and asymptomatic infections, resulting in a large proportion of infected cases being unconfirmed, including patients with clinical symptoms who have not been identified by screening. These unconfirmed infected individuals move and spread the virus freely, presenting difficult challenges to the control of the pandemic. To reveal the actual pandemic situation in a given region, a simple dynamic susceptible-unconfirmed-confirmed-removed (D-SUCR) model is developed taking into account the influence of unconfirmed cases, the testing capacity, the multiple waves of the pandemic, and the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Using this model, the total numbers of infected cases in 51 regions of the USA and 116 countries worldwide are estimated, and the results indicate that only about 40% of the true number of infections have been confirmed. In addition, it is found that if local authorities could enhance their testing capacities and implement a timely strict quarantine strategy after identifying the first infection case, the total number of infected cases could be reduced by more than 90%. Delay in implementing quarantine measures would drastically reduce their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a decentralized adaptive finite-time tracking control scheme is proposed for a class of nonstrict feedback large-scale nonlinear interconnected systems with disturbances. First, a practical almost fast finite-time stability framework is established for a general nonlinear system, which is then applied to the design of the large-scale system under consideration. By fusing command filter technique and adaptive neural control and introducing two smooth functions, the “singular” and “explosion of complex” problems in the backstepping procedure are circumvented, while the obstacles caused by unknown interconnections are overcome. Moreover, according to the framework of practical almost fast finite-time stability, it is shown that all the closed-loop signals of the large-scale system are almost fast finite-time bounded, and the tracking errors can converge to arbitrarily small residual sets predefined in an almost fast finite time. Finally, a simulation example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed finite-time decentralized control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the finite-time adaptive neural control and almost disturbance decoupling problems for multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with disturbances and non-strict-feedback structure. In the design procedure of the adaptive controller, neural networks are employed to estimate the unknown nonlinearities and Young's inequality is utilized to cope with the disturbance terms derived from all subsystems. In order to characterize the disturbance attenuation performance of finite-time adaptive control, a criterion named finite-time almost disturbance decoupling is first developed. Under this criterion, an adaptive neural controller is designed via the backstepping method and the appropriate selection of Lyapunov function. It is revealed that the proposed controller can guarantee all variables of the closed-loop system are bounded, and the performance of finite-time almost disturbance decoupling is realized. Finally, a practical example is employed to validate the effectiveness of the designed controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper dedicates to dealing with the adaptive neural design problem for uncertain stochastic nonlinear systems with non-lower triangular pure-feedback form and input constraint. On the basis of the mean-value theorem, the pure-feedback structure is first transformed into the desired affine structure, and then the well-known backstepping technology is applied to construct the actual input signal of the controller. Although the considered system has a fairly complex structure, a new adaptive neural tracking controller design frame is established via the flexible application of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks' (NNs') structural characteristics. The proposed design frame guarantees the control objective of this paper can be achieved. Finally, a simulation example is given to further illustrate the availability of the proposed control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, the multiple model strategy is applied to the adaptive control of switched linear systems to improve the transient performance. The solvability of the adaptive stabilization problem of each subsystem is not required. Firstly, the two-layer switching mechanism is designed. The state-dependent switching law with dwell time constraint is designed in the outer-layer switching to guarantee the stability of the switched systems. During the interval of dwell time constraint, the parameter resetting adaptive laws are designed in the inner-layer switching to improve the transient performance. Secondly, the minimum dwell time constraint providing enough time for multiple model adaptive control strategy to work fully and maintaining the stability of the switched systems is found. Finally, the proposed switched multiple model adaptive control strategy guarantees that all the closed-loop system signals remain bounded and the state tracking error converges to zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum statistics of particles is determined by both the spins and the indistinguishability of quantum states. Here we study the quantum statistics of partially distinguishable photons by defining the multiphoton indistinguishability. The photon-bunching coefficient is formulated based on the properties of permutation symmetry and a modified Bose-Einstein statistics is presented with an indistinguishability-induced photon-bunching effect. Moreover, the statistical transition of the photon state is studied for partially distinguishable photons and the results show that the indistinguishability exhibits the same role as that observed in the generation of laser. The results will fill the gap between Bose-Einstein and Poisson statistics for photons and a formula is presented for the study of multiphoton quantum information processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture radar (MIMO SAR) has drawn wide attention for its increased degrees of freedom (DOFs) compared to the traditional multi-channel SAR (MC-SAR) system. The MIMO SAR system, which makes each antenna illuminate one subswath, can widen the range swath without decreasing PRF. One of the foremost tasks involved in the MIMO SAR system is the waveform design at the transmitter. Moreover, at the receiver, how to accurately separate the auto-correlation signal from the cross-correlation interferences is the other important issue. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) chirp signal designing method is firstly proposed, which is based on low cross-correlation interferences and good peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR) rules. Using the designed OFDM chirp signals, the focused signal of MIMO SAR system matched the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) basic model. The moving target (sparse signal), clutter (low-rank signal) and noise (noise signal) can be separated directly. Hence, RPCA based method can be employed for ground moving target indication (GMTI) with no need for extracting the matched signal or suppressing the unmatched interferences. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the waveform designing method and GMTI with RPCA based method for MIMO SAR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photon statistics is one of the key properties of the photon state for the study of quantum coherence and quantum information techniques. Here, we discuss the photon indistinguishability induced bunching effect which can significantly change photon statistics. Through the measurement of the second-order degree of coherence of a mixed photon state composed of a single-photon state and a weak coherent state, the statistical transition from a classical behavior to a nonclassical behavior is experimentally demonstrated by modifying the indistinguishability of the two-photon states. The study will help us to understand and control the photon statistics with a method for quantum optical coherence and quantum information applications. It also indicates that the photon indistinguishability is a key parameter for multipartite quantum coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]