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The book "Western Ceramic Traditions: Prehistoric and Historic Native American Ceramics of the Western U.S." edited by Suzanne Griset explores the diversity of ceramic traditions and social identities reflected in pottery production in the far southwestern desert and coastal region of the U.S. The book features 11 chapters that critically examine traditional typologies of plainware pottery and explore new datasets for dating and identifying the composition of pottery. The volume provides important discussions on the sociocultural aspects of pottery technology and challenges the limitations of typological classification. The book is recommended for researchers working with plainware or other ceramic wares, although the technical ceramic data presented may be daunting for readers without an archaeological or ceramic analyst background. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines school leaders' evasive attitudes towards race in Salt Lake City (SLC), Utah, between 1969 and 1975. Salt Lake's unique demographic status as predominantly white and Mormon underscored elements of white anti-Black racism under the guise of innocence. Utilizing critical whiteness theory and historical inquiry to analyze archival documents and interviews, I highlight one white superintendent, Arthur Wiscombe, and his failed attempts to confront anti-Blackness in schools as he navigated his conflicting values of racial justice, good intentions, and white Niceness. Framing the past as prologue, I uncover the historical legacy of white supremacy's influence on local school policies and leaders' actions, and make explicit connections to the repetition of these patterns today. Contemporary iterations of white supremacy rely on the same tools of whiteness used during intense periods of integration and racial awareness in Salt Lake City in the 1960s and 1970s. I conclude that white educational leaders must look more closely at the 'nice', color-evasive discourse that enables them to maintain power and privilege in their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As announced in Gross and Siebert (in Algebraic geometry: Salt Lake City 2015, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol 97, no 2. AMS, Providence, pp 199–230, 2018) in 2016, we construct and prove consistency of the canonical wall structure. This construction starts with a log Calabi–Yau pair (X, D) and produces a wall structure, as defined in Gross et al. (Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 278(1376), 1376, 1–103, 2022). Roughly put, the canonical wall structure is a data structure which encodes an algebro-geometric analogue of counts of Maslov index zero disks. These enumerative invariants are defined in terms of the punctured invariants of Abramovich et al. (Punctured Gromov–Witten invariants, 2020. arXiv:2009.07720v2 [math.AG]). There are then two main theorems of the paper. First, we prove consistency of the canonical wall structure, so that, using the setup of Gross et al. (Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 278(1376), 1376, 1–103, 2022), the canonical wall structure gives rise to a mirror family. Second, we prove that this mirror family coincides with the intrinsic mirror constructed in Gross and Siebert (Intrinsic mirror symmetry, 2019. arXiv:1909.07649v2 [math.AG]). While the setup of this paper is narrower than that of Gross and Siebert (Intrinsic mirror symmetry, 2019. arXiv:1909.07649v2 [math.AG]), it gives a more detailed description of the mirror. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the resilience of urban drainage systems requires the consideration of future disturbances that will disrupt the system's performance and trigger urban flooding failures. However, most existing resilience assessments of urban drainage systems rarely consider the uncertain threats from future urban redevelopment and climate change, which leads to the underestimation of future disturbances toward system performance. This paper fills in the gap of assessing the combined and relative impacts of future impervious land cover and rainfall changes on flooding resilience in the context of a densely infilled urban catchment served by an urban drainage system in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. An event-based resilience index is proposed to measure climate change and urbanization impacts on urban floods. Compared with the traditional resilience metric, the event-based resilience index can consider climatic and urbanized impacts on each urban flooding event; the new resilience index assist engineers in harvesting high-resolution infrastructure adaptation strategies at vulnerable spots from the system level to the junction level. Impact comparison for the case study shows that impervious urban surface changes induce greater effects on the system performance curves by magnifying the maximum failure level, lengthening the recovery duration, and aggravating the flooding severity than rainfall intensity changes. A nonlinear logarithmic resilience correlation is found; this finding shows that flooding resilience is more sensitive to the land imperviousness change due to urban redevelopment than rainfall intensity changes in the case study. This research work predicts the system response to the disturbances induced by climate change and urban redevelopment, improving the understanding of impact analysis, and contributes to the advancement of resilient urban drainage systems in changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributing to organizational rhetoric, environmental communication, and persona criticism, this paper offers the corporate persona as a heuristic for mapping the rhetorical forces of corporate rhetors in a networked era of rhetoric and subjectivity. Giving the rhetor presence where there is absence, the corporate persona is a single image of a multiple subject implied by discursive and extra-discursive networks. I show how mining giant Rio Tinto Kennecott (RTK), which owns the Bingham Canyon Copper Mine outside of Salt Lake City, uses places, spaces, and objects—including a visitor's center, a suburban community, a soccer stadium, and a natural history museum—to create a pioneer persona that is tied to cultural memories of the Utah Deseret. RTK's persona is illustrative of how corporations are networked subjects that can adapt their very selfhoods to meet different exigencies while evading singular responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, connected vehicle (CV) technology has reached a level of maturity and can be beneficial for traffic control at signalized intersections. Enriched information provided by CVs could be utilized to perform a more efficient signal control. This paper proposes a methodology to dynamically adjust the offsets to provide progression bands for multiple critical paths in a CV environment. The critical paths refer to the routes connecting origin-destination (OD) pairs with the highest volumes and are determined based on the CV trajectory. A real-time optimization model is constructed to design a coordination plan, and the control objective is to provide maximum green bandwidth along the determined critical paths by optimizing the offsets of all intersections along an arterial. To solve this model, a solution algorithm based on dynamic programming is proposed. A real-world arterial in Salt Lake City, Utah, is modeled in commercially available software to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed control strategy. Simulations are conducted to compare the proposed system with a fixed coordination strategy. The results reveal that the travel times of those critical paths by the proposed coordination strategy are lower the ones by the fixed coordination strategy. The average delay and average number of stops of critical paths are reduced by about 16.82% and 5.94%, respectively, compared with the fixed coordination strategy. Moreover, results also indicate that the proposed coordination strategy outperforms the fixed coordination strategy by reducing 7.84% and 5.79% of the average delay and average stops, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variationist research on subject pronoun expression (SPE) in Spanish typically incorporates all grammatical persons/numbers into the same analysis, with important exceptions such as studies focusing exclusively on first-person singular (e.g., Travis, Catherine E. 2005. The yo-yo effect: Priming in subject expression in Colombian Spanish. In Randall Gess & Edward J Rubin (eds.), Selected papers from the 34th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), 329–349. Amsterdam, Salt Lake City: Benjamins 2004; Travis, Catherine E. 2007. Genre effects on subject expression in Spanish: Priming in narrative and conversation. Language Variation and Change 19. 101–135; Travis, Catherine E. & Rena Torres Cacoullos. 2012. What do subject pronouns do in discourse? Cognitive, mechanical and constructional factors in variation. Cognitive Linguistics 23(4). 711–748), third-person singular (Shin, Naomi Lapidus. 2014. Grammatical complexification in Spanish in New York: 3sg pronoun expression and verbal ambiguity. Language Variation and Change 26. 303–330), and third-person plural subjects (Lapidus, Naomi & Ricardo Otheguy. 2005. Overt nonspecific ellos in Spanish in New York. Spanish in Context 2(2). 157–174). The current study is the first variationist analysis (to the best of my knowledge) to focus solely on first-person plural SPE. It is well-established that nosotros/nosotras exhibits one of the lowest rates of SPE relative to the other persons/numbers; however, factors conditioning its variation are less understood. Conversational corpus data from Mexican Spanish are employed to examine tokens of first-person plural SPE (n=660) in terms of frequency and constraints, incorporating factors such as TMA, switch reference, and verb class in logistic regression analyses. Results suggest that nosotros, like other subjects, is strongly impacted by switch reference and tense-mood-aspect (TMA). However, the TMA effect is unique in that preterit aspect is shown to favor overt nosotros relative to other TMAs, diverging from previous studies. Furthermore, verb class — a factor found to be repeatedly significant in the literature — is inoperative for nosotros. These results suggest that nosotros does not respond to the same factors as other persons/numbers. Additionally, the findings lend support to researchers regarding the importance of studying individual persons/numbers in subject variation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates evictions and housing stability specifically among Latina and immigrant mothers in Salt Lake City, Utah utilizing a gender lens. This is a Participatory Action Research (PAR) project in partnership with Community Voices for Housing Equality (CVHE). Researcher-participants from CVHE, a non-incorporated community group of social workers, residents, students, and professors from the University of Utah, were concerned about the climate of hostility that was felt toward those living in west side neighborhoods where most immigrants, refugees, and people of color live. The data for the study is drawn from 20 Latinas—nine (9) one-on-one interviews and a focus group with 11 participants as well as a community workshop with the same participants where researchers invited staff from the Disability Law Center to discuss with participants' legal questions that emerged during the focus group. The main findings of the study were that many of the participants were unsure or completely unaware of their rights as tenants. The majority of them felt they had been a victim of housing discrimination at least once, much of it stemming from difficulty with language barriers between themselves and their landlords or property managers. The absence of written contracts and tendency to search out housing where extensive background checks were not required, resulted in many participants living in month-to-month arrangements, leaving them vulnerable housing instability and fearing an eviction. Moreover, many participants expressed being powerless to law changes in eviction and tenant-landlord relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research was to investigate what older adults think about the idea of living in micro-housing as an affordable housing option in Salt Lake City. By conducting interviews with 20 individuals over 65 years old, we discovered that they prefer Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) and micro apartments. Participants expressed concerns about tiny homes. The participants highlighted the importance of having a sense of community and access to amenities when choosing their housing. Additionally, they still preferred single-family homes because of space and financial factors. These findings offer insights for housing developers, architects, and policymakers who aim to create cities that are both sustainable and livable for people of all age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central component of mosquito and vector surveillance programs globally is the adult mosquito trap, which is intended to collect host-seeking mosquitoes. The miniature CDC trap is a widely distributed trap style in part due to its relative affordability and compact nature. Despite already being a simple trap, in-house production methods, such as 3D printing, could improve the accessibility of the CDC trap by eliminating some of the supply chain variables. We present here several trials with the Salt Lake City (SLC) trap, a three-dimensional (3D) printed trap design. Functional assessments were made on secondary components and found no statistically significant differences when comparing CO2 line height (above vs. below fan), battery types (sealed lead acid vs. USB battery pack), and trap body collection shape (funnel body vs. simple/straight body). The SLC trap was compared directly to a commercial equivalent, the ABC trap, with comparative assessment on species diversity and evenness in collections and found to be statistically equivalent on all metrics. Methods also detail an accompanying optional transport system for a pressurized CO2/regulator set-up, should a practitioner elect not to use dry ice. Our final design is presented here with the publicly published stereolithography (STL) files and a detailed outline of the transport container system. Alternative models are available for in-house manufacture of mosquito traps, and we contribute these designs in an effort to stimulate further growth in vector surveillance. Author summary: Mosquitoes are among of the most commonly encountered public health pests when discussing zoonotic infectious diseases. Several specific tools exist to collect host-seeking mosquitoes from the field. The miniature CDC trap is a widely distributed, compact trap type that is best used when baited with carbon dioxide, such as through dry ice or pressurized gas. Even if the miniature CDC trap is among the more accessible variants of host-seeking mosquito traps, there can still be barriers to entry for small/local programs needing to trap, learn about, and make management decisions against their local mosquito species. To facilitate this, the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District (SLCMAD) developed a blueprint for 3D printing your own mini-CDC trap and validated its use against commercial equivalents. If a 3D printer is already available through a nearby institution (University, research institute, WHO centers, etc.), then the total cost without the dry ice is ~$4 USD (at the time of writing) to print this trap, as compared to commercially supplied models being ~$200 USD or more. The SLCMAD will continue to improve on the design specifications to require fewer materials and design plans are available publicly without cost at ThingiVerse under the SLCMAD page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current best algorithms for the convex body chasing (CBC) problem in online algorithms use the notion of the Steiner point of a convex set. In particular, the algorithm that always moves to the Steiner point of the request set is O(d) competitive for nested CBC, and this is optimal among memoryless algorithms [Bubeck et al.: Chasing nested convex bodies nearly optimally. In: 31st Annual ACM–SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (Salt Lake City 2020), pp. 1496–1508. SIAM, Philadelphia (2020)]. A memoryless algorithm coincides with the notion of a selector in functional analysis. The Steiner point is noted for being Lipschitz with respect to the Hausdorff metric, and for achieving the minimal Lipschitz constant possible. It is natural to ask whether every selector with this Lipschitz property yields a competitive algorithm for nested CBC. We answer this question in the negative by exhibiting a selector that yields a non-competitive algorithm for nested CBC but is Lipschitz with respect to Hausdorff distance. Furthermore, we show that being Lipschitz with respect to an L p -type analog of the Hausdorff distance is sufficient to guarantee competitiveness if and only if p = 1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. EtO is widely used by medical sterilization facilities to clean medical supplies and equipment. Recent epidemiological studies showed that EtO is a more potent carcinogen than previously documented, leading the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to update, in December 2016, the inhalation unit risk estimate for EtO. This resulted in the identification of EtO as a potential health concern in several areas across the US, including the state of Utah. The geography surrounding Salt Lake Valley creates a bowl, which is ideal for collecting air pollution emissions. The region often experiences inversion episodes which inhibit vertical mixing and cause an accumulation of air pollutants, leading to unhealthy pollution levels. Using the EPA's dispersion modeling software, AERMOD, this study estimated EtO concentrations through facility stack and fugitive emissions modeling results. These values were compared with those of canister-based concentrations from ambient air samples taken near a medical device sterilization facility in Salt Lake Valley. Stainless steel whole-air passivated canisters were used to collect 24 h ambient concentration samples of EtO. Eight locations surrounding a Salt Lake Valley medical device sterilization facility and four background sites were chosen to measure the ambient concentrations. Accounting for potential atmospheric impacts on EtO, measurements were sampled in winter 2022 (January–March) and summer 2022 (July–September). The modeled EtO concentrations were adjusted to account for background values associated with the winter or summer data. Then, the two methodologies were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-ranked paired test. The statistical analysis resulted in six of the eight sample locations surrounding the sterilization facility being significantly different when comparing the canister-based measurements of ambient EtO to modeled estimates. Canister-based measurements taken at sites one, three, and four were statistically greater than the modeled estimates, while sites two, five, and seven were statistically less than the modeled estimates. Also, the summer background value calculated was almost 2.5 times greater than the winter one. The results do not suggest whether one method is more or less conservative than the other. In conclusion, the five of the closest sites and site seven were statistically different when comparing measured and modeled ambient concentrations of EtO. The comparison results do not clearly indicate if a correction factor could be derived for future human exposure to cancer risk assessment modeling. However, it is reasonable that the closer to the sterilization facility, the more total EtO exposure will be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tools for rearing hematophagous insects, such as mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), in an insectary are essential for research and operational evaluations in vector biology and control. There is an abundance of low-cost options for practitioners without conventional infrastructure. However, few midrange options exist that provide a balance of efficiency and low material waste. We present here a reproducible design for an electrically powered blood-feeding device that offers long-term reusability, low material waste, and customizability for different species or experiments. The limitation is the requirement for electricity, but the gain is a simple, low-skill device that can be modified as needed. To validate the design, assessments of feeding angle and blood-feeding success were compared between the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District artificial membrane feeder (SLAM) and a commercial system (Hemotek). Engorgement in Aedes aegypti (80–90%), Culex pipiens (50–80%), and Culex tarsalis (30–75%) was similar between the 2 units, resulting in nearly identical fecundity outcomes between devices. Additionally, 45° angles were more successful, generally, than presenting the feeders flat or vertical to the mosquitoes (df3,48, P  = 1.014 × 10−15). This angle is simple to present with the SLAM device. Materials for in-house reproduction of the SLAM system are now widely available in regions with access to e-commerce and shipped goods. This results in a device schematic that should fit well into a relatively modular, do-it-yourself paradigm where the practitioner needs only to assemble some materials without complex engineering. This article provides schematics, cost comparison, and validation of the in-house-made SLAM system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) who are not surgical candidates must rely solely on medical management. • Drug-resistant epilepsy medical management can be optimized by systematically addressing factors that promote/inhibit seizures. • A simultaneous implementation of multiple measures can yield a clinically relevant improvement. Failure to control epileptic seizures with two medications, adequately chosen and dosed, indicates drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The chance of pharmacologically controlling seizures is low for patients with DRE and uncontrolled seizures who are not candidates for surgery, who have already undergone surgery, or who already had a vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) placed. Patients experiencing these conditions must instead rely on medical management of their seizures, and there is no breakthrough solution on the horizon. Medical care of DRE might be optimized by systematically considering factors that promote and inhibit breakthrough seizures. For example, seizure control could be enhanced through measures such as increasing the frequency of follow-up visits, tracking treatment plan compliance, treating sleep disorders, rational polypharmacy, adjusting drug administration to achieve higher levels when seizures are more likely and educating patients on seizure triggers. A systematic and simultaneous implementation of all of these measures is likely to yield a sizable, clinically relevant, improvement. This paper presents an exploratory study on the effects of implementing such an approach, specifically evaluating this method's impact on seizure frequency. I performed a retrospective chart review of 659 consecutive adult patients with epilepsy followed up at the University of Utah and at the Salt Lake City VA Medical center using the multimodal approach described above. I identified 27 patients who had DRE and uncontrolled seizures and in whom a medical management optimization protocol was implemented. I measured these patients' seizure frequency at the beginning and the end of the study period and compared the results with those of a matching control group of 48 patients. The optimization protocol did not increase the number of seizure-free patients with DRE; however, it was effective in minimizing seizure frequency in patients whose seizures remained uncontrolled. Among these patients, the median seizure frequency dropped by 64% in the optimization group but did not change in the control group. Despite the high occurrence of DRE, there is no accepted protocol for the related medical management. This paper describes an effective approach that can be implemented in a clinically relevant and readily achievable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an irreversible blinding eye condition with complex genetic and environmental etiologies. Genetic testing for AMD for previously identified multiple-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms can help determine an individual's future susceptibility. However, such testing has been discouraged until evidence shows that providing such information to symptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals will alter their disease course. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate whether knowledge of AMD risk could stimulate the adoption of a healthier lifestyle that could lower the incidence of AMD later in life. We hypothesize that pre-symptomatic individuals informed of a high genetic risk of AMD are more likely to make quantifiable, positive lifestyle changes relative to participants informed of lower genetic risk or randomized to deferred disclosure of genetic testing results. Methods: The Moran AMD Genetic Testing Assessment (MAGENTA) study is a phase 2, single-center, prospective, double-masked, randomized controlled trial conducted at the John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Participants are randomized by a 3:1 allocation ratio to immediate and deferred disclosure groups and followed for 12 months. Skin, ocular, and serum carotenoid status, as well as nutritional and social surveys, are assessed at study visits. Skin carotenoid assessment is by resonance Raman spectroscopy and reflectance spectroscopy, ocular carotenoids are measured with Heidelberg Spectralis autofluorescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO), and serum carotenoids are quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The primary outcome evaluates changes in skin carotenoid status in response to genetic risk disclosure. The secondary outcomes examine changes in ocular and serum carotenoid status in response to genetic risk disclosure. Also, we will correlate AMD genetic risk with baseline ocular and systemic carotenoid status and FLIO. Discussion: MAGENTA will provide much-needed evidence on whether pre-symptomatic testing for AMD risk can lead to quantifiable long-term changes in behavior and lifestyle associated with a lower incidence of AMD later in life. Findings from the MAGENTA trial will facilitate the design of a future larger, longer-term, multicenter phase 3 trial that could feature subgroup analysis, expanded measures of lifestyle modification, and potential active nutritional interventions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05265624. Registered on March 3, 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to identify the genes of 35 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause waterborne infectious diseases, and to assess the feasibility of a wastewater-based surveillance system. Materials and Methods: Wastewater was aseptically sampled once a month from 2 sites. A total of 1 L of wastewater from each site underwent 0.2 μm filtration to generate the sample A. Subsequently, 200 ul of the filtered water was ultra-filtered and concentrated to generate the sample B, which was mixed with sample A in a 1:1 ratio. We performed a Filmarray® Gastrointestinal (GI) panel (BioFire Diagnnostics’, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) test to simultaneously detect 13 enterobacteria, 5 enterovirus, and 4 protozoa. RNA was extracted to assess 18 types of viruses. Results: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 adenovirus, bocavirus, and rhinovirus was detected at both site. Norovirus GI/GII was continuously detected at both sites. Moreover, adenovirus, group A rotaviruses, and hepatitis A virus were frequently detected; however, hepatitis E virus was absent at either site. Campylobacter, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and Clostridioides difficile toxin A/B were detected at both sites. Giardia lamblia was also detected in both sites. Conclusion: We analyze multiple infectious disease pathogens under sample surveillance with incidence. Further indepth studies on wastewater-based surveillance will be feasible and important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using surrogate safety measures is a common method to assess safety on roadways. Surrogate safety measures allow for proactive safety analysis; the analysis is performed prior to crashes occurring. This allows for safety improvements to be implemented proactively to prevent crashes and the associated injuries and property damage. Existing surrogate safety measures primarily rely on data generated by microsimulations, but the advent of connected vehicles has allowed for the incorporation of data from actual cars into safety analysis with surrogate safety measures. In this study, commercially available connected vehicle data are used to develop crash prediction models for crashes at intersections and segments in Salt Lake City, Utah. Harsh braking events are identified and counted within the influence areas of sixty study intersections and thirty segments and then used to develop crash prediction models. Other intersection characteristics are considered as regressor variables in the models, such as intersection geometric characteristics, connected vehicle volumes, and the presence of schools and bus stops in the vicinity. Statistically significant models are developed, and these models may be used as a surrogate safety measure to analyze intersection safety proactively. The findings are applicable to Salt Lake City, but similar research methods may be employed by researchers to determine whether these models are applicable in other cities and to determine how the effectiveness of this method endures through time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral Corrective Feedback is a widely used teaching strategy that has been found to help language acquisition. The factors that contribute to its effectiveness, however, remain elusive. In this study, the role of smiling during teachers' OCF provision is investigated in intact language classrooms by modifying the analytical framework developed by Lyster and Ranta (Stud Second Lang Acquis, 19(1):37–66, 1997), which determines OCF effectiveness by the success of the learner uptake. In addition to the feedback strategies used, this study examines teacher smiling during the feedback instances, and whether they were genuine or polite smiles. The Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, Environ Psych Nonver, 1(1), 56–75, 1976; Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus division of Network Information Research Corporation, 2002) is utilized to operationalize smile genuineness. Significant findings indicate that when teacher smiling is genuine, learners are more likely to correct their errors, while polite smiles do not have the same effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4 Speth, John D. 2008 Following in Jane Kelley's Footsteps: Bloom Mound Revisited. Most of their discussion relies on Henderson Pueblo given the more limited excavations at Bloom Mound and the overall uncertainty regarding earlier excavations. Living & Dying on the Periphery: The Archaeology and Human Remains from Two 13th-15th Century AD Villages in Southeastern New Mexico: by Jamie L. Clark and John D. Speth. [Extracted from the article]

Increased heat stress and air pollution are two major causes of health issues and productivity loss in the construction industry. This will be exacerbated by global warming and an increased possibility of extreme weather conditions in the future. Previous studies revealed that each 1°C rise in temperature reduces construction workers' productivity by up to 2%. Also, it is found that a 10 μg/m3 particulate matter sized 2.5 μm (PM2.5) fluctuation over 25 days lowers workers' daily production by 1%. As an effective dust control and cooling strategy, water spraying is used by practitioners to mitigate the effect of air pollution and heat-related problems on construction workers. Considering low costs and high mobility, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could be considered as a potential alternative for ground-based, stationary water spraying systems. To this end, a case study approach is adopted in this project to investigate the feasibility of using nebulizer-retrofitted UAVs in controlling air pollution and reducing heat stress at construction job sites. The case study consists of two different residential job sites in the state of Utah: one in Salt Lake City and the other one in St. George. The main contribution of this study is to determine the effect of aerial water spraying on air temperature and pollution at job sites. The outcomes of this study show that the average wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) decreases 1.7° during the flight phase compared to average values for preflight and postflight phases. The aerial water spraying technique yields better and more water-efficient results in decreasing temperature at job sites compared to the existing approaches, such as stationary fans. Moreover, the results of PM variations illustrate that the mean value of particulate change was significantly different between flight and preflight (p=0.005), and flight and postflight (p<0.001) modes. Future studies should include the deployment of multiple drones flying simultaneously at job sites to cover larger areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stormwater urban drainage systems are historically designed to mitigate certain recurrence interval flooding events. However, increases in impervious land cover due to urban redevelopment enhance the surface imperviousness and then magnifies urban floods over the design criteria by elevating flooding peaks and volumes. In this paper, the object-based image classification was developed to evaluate the impervious land cover impacts on system peak flooding rate and total flooding volume. The object-based aerial image classification quantified the spatiotemporal changes in impervious surfaces with an average accuracy of 92%. A drainage model, based on a stormwater drainage system in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, was calibrated and validated under four storm events with an average of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.69 and 0.46 for calibration and validation outcomes. Results show that impervious areas increased up to 32% under impacts induced by urban redevelopment from 1950 to 2018. The land cover imperviousness resulted in a maximum of 575% and 753% growth in flooding peak and volume, respectively, under storm events from 10-year to 100-year return periods. Implications of this research seek to inform homeowners and engineers of the flooding risks in human-altered landscapes based on remote sensing image classification. [Display omitted] • Object-based image classification can track the imperviousness changes due to urban redevelopment. • Urban flooding follows the trend of spatiotemporal changes in impervious surfaces. • Low-frequency urban floods are influenced more by impervious land cover change than high-frequency urban floods. • Quantitative adaptation strategies seek to handle future flooding hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmington Bay (FB), UT, has undergone major water quality changes due to human interventions. An arm of the Great Salt Lake (GSL), FB, is an endorheic body, actively accumulating nutrients. Human impacts to FB began in 1847 when European settlers arrived and major ecosystem changes have resulted through local development. Major impacts include anthropogenically impacted discharges (AID), causeway construction, and water-level declines. AID includes raw and treated sewage, septic leachate, irrigation returns, and feedlot or pasture runoff. Causeway construction produced freshening (hypersaline to fresh-brackish) via hydrodynamic isolation, whereas diversions and a drying climate prevent AID from mixing with the rest of the GSL. The timing of human interventions is known, allowing identification of ecosystem response in three sediment cores analyzed for 210Pb chronology, mineralogy, C and N isotopes, pyrolysis, porewater chemistry, and diatom stratigraphy. From these proxies, three events have profoundly altered FB. A sewage canal (1911) brought raw effluent from Salt Lake City, causing a rise in the d15N of organic matter (OM). A corresponding increase in carbonate production occurred as enhanced productivity led to higher pH. Causeway construction (1969) spurred algal growth as FB freshened. Declining water levels (> 1990) resulted in a shrinking volume of bay water, resulting in increased eutrophication. P is elevated in porewater due to OM decay. ~ 0.9 gm−2 year−1 phosphate is released to the water column, compared to an estimated 3.0 gm−2 year−1 surface inflow loading. Although ecosystem improvements may result from AID reductions, improvements in water quality are most easily achieved by restoring surface inflows to FB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As with many other chapters, Roberts emphasizes the difficulties faced by women entering and succeeding in Great Basin archaeology. With Grit and Determination: A Century of Change for Women in Great Basin and American Archaeology: edited by Suzanne Eskenazi and Nicole M. Herzog. It is a solid document on the history of Great Basin archaeology, yet also delves into the history of the discipline of archaeology in general, as many of the authors discuss the theoretical changes that occurred while they worked their way up in the discipline. [Extracted from the article]

Shared mobility is an essential component of the larger sharing economy. Ride-hailing, bike-sharing, e-scooters, and other types of shared mobility continue to grow worldwide. Among these services is microtransit, a new transport mode that extends transit coverage within a region. Mobile devices enable microtransit services, aggregating riders and using real-time routing algorithms to group customers traveling in similar directions. Meanwhile, the newly emerged coronavirus, COVID-19, has radically reshaped the ridership behavior of all transit services, including microtransit. While existing research evaluates the performance of microtransit pilot programs before the pandemic, there is no information concerning the spatio-temporal pattern of microtransit activities under the impact of COVID-19. The purpose of this paper is to apply eigendecomposition and k -clique percolation methods to uncover the spatio-temporal patterns of microtransit trips. Further, we used these approaches to identify underlying communities using data from a pilot program in Salt Lake City, Utah. The resulting research offers insight into how COVID-19 altered travel behavior. Specifically, eigendecomposition delineated the homogeneity and heterogeneity of travel patterns across temporal dimensions. We identified first mile/last mile trips as a major source of variance in both pre- and post-COVID periods and that transit-dependent users prove to be inelastic despite the threat of COVID-19. The k-clique percolation method detected possible community formations and tracked how these communities evolved during the pandemic. In addition, we systematically analyzed overlapping communities and the network structure around shared nodes by using a clustering coefficient. The workflow developed in this research broadly is generalizable and valuable for understanding the unique spatio-temporal patterns of microtransit. The framework can also help transit agencies with performance evaluation, regional transport strategies, and optimal vehicle dispatching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, advanced informatics and sensing techniques show promise of enabling a new generation of smart stormwater systems, where real-time sensors are deployed to detect flooding hotspots. Existing stormwater design criteria assume that historical rainfall frequency and intensity are reliable predictors to place real-time sensing devices. However, nonstationarity in rainfall due to climate change violates this assumption by disturbing hydrologic regimes and relocating flooding spots. This paper proposes a novel methodology of combining unsupervised machine learning (Agglomerative Clustering) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to optimize the sensor placement under uncertain rainfalls. An urban drainage network located in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, is chosen as the case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. Results show that: i) the proposed Agglomerative Clustering and ANOVA integrated approach can efficiently and accurately pinpoint sensor locations for drainage flooding detection; ii) rainfall uncertainty has limited impacts on the number of sensors, but it induces significant effects on sensor locations from the historical period (2000–2009) to the future period (2040–2049). By exploring the effects of climate nonstationarity on sensor placement, this work aims to help engineers and decision-makers better respond to the changing climates and rainfall extremes in urban drainage catchments. [Display omitted] • Sensor locations can be accurately pinpointed by using Agglomerative Clustering and Analysis of Variance. • Future rainfall changes induce impacts on sensor placement strategy for detecting urban floods. • Not all drainage flooding hotspots need to be monitored to capture the heterogeneity of water level datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in measurement technology are producing increasingly time-resolved environmental exposure data. We aim to gain new insights into exposures and their potential health impacts by moving beyond simple summary statistics (e.g., means, maxima) to characterize more detailed features of high-frequency time series data. This study proposes a novel variant of the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm called Dynamic Time Warping Self-Organizing Map (DTW-SOM) for unsupervised pattern discovery in time series. This algorithm uses DTW, a similarity measure that optimally aligns interior patterns of sequential data, both as the similarity measure and training guide of the neural network. We applied DTW-SOM to a panel study monitoring indoor and outdoor residential temperature and particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) for 10 patients with asthma from 7 households near Salt Lake City, UT; the patients were followed for up to 373 days each. Compared to previous SOM algorithms using timestamp alignment on time series data, the DTW-SOM algorithm produced fewer quantization errors and more detailed diurnal patterns. DTW-SOM identified the expected typical diurnal patterns in outdoor temperature which varied by season, as well diurnal patterns in PM2.5 which may be related to daily asthma outcomes. In summary, DTW-SOM is an innovative feature engineering method that can be applied to highly time-resolved environmental exposures assessed by sensors to identify typical diurnal (or hourly or monthly) patterns and provide new insights into the health effects of environmental exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interconnection between anthropogenic and natural surface loads and seismicity continues to be poorly understood. The metropolitan Salt Lake City in Utah hosts various industrial, hydrological, and tectonic processes, including the Bingham Canyon mine and its associated tailings facility, precipitation and water storage at the surface and in aquifers, as well as the seismically active Wasatch Fault Zone. The March 18, 2020 M5.7 Magna earthquake occurred east of a mine tailings impoundment that receives ∼60 million tons/yr of ore waste products since the early 1900s. Here we investigate the spatiotemporal elastic stress changes due to anthropogenic mass transfer and natural hydrological loading and unloading. Two local earthquake clusters host persistent microseismicity and the 2020 M5.7 Magna earthquake sequence. The amplitude and sign of the computed Coulomb stress changes at seismogenic depths strongly vary with the receiver fault geometry, the frictional coefficient, and the location, and can reach tens of kPa and ∼1 kPa/yr due to the tailings loads, a substantial fraction of background tectonic loading. The long‐term and seasonal stress changes from regional hydrological processes are only up to a few kPa. A lack of statistically significant seasonality in seismicity across Utah suggests a weak control by cyclic hydrological loads. Explicit knowledge of the fault architecture is essential to allow for seismic hazard assessment considering external stress loading. Plain Language Summary: The anthropogenic surface modifications in naturally hazardous environments have received relatively little attention due to their small dimensions and shallow locations. We note a compelling spatial correlation between a mine tailings impoundment and the March 18, 2020 M5.7 Magna earthquake, its aftershocks, and persistent earthquake clusters in the Salt Lake City region. This highly populated region hosts various industrial, hydrological, and tectonic processes. Here we characterize the spatiotemporal stress changes since the early 1900s due to the industrial and hydrological sources. The modeled elastic stress changes in the three dimensional subsurface vary in sign and magnitude, depending on the location, geometry, and frictional properties of active faults. Comprehensive characterization of fault architecture and seismic monitoring near sites of industrial production is warranted in critical geological and tectonic settings to ensure socioeconomic health and sustainable development. Key Points: The M5.7 Magna earthquake and its aftershocks, as well as persistent historical seismicity occurred in two clustersThe elastic stresses near the hypocenter produced by nearby industrial loads exceed those from hydrological sources by two orders of magnitudeThe magnitude and sign of loading stresses resolved on receiver faults are sensitive to fault geometry, frictional coefficient, and location [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the well-documented inequities in health care outcomes by race, ethnicity, and gender, many health career pipeline programs have focused on supporting the development of a diverse and inclusive workforce. The State of Utah, is vast, but sparsely populated outside the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. More than 96% of our nearly 85,000 square miles is designated rural (<100 people/square mile) or frontier (<7 people/square mile). The Salt Lake City area is home to the Hunsman Cancer Institute, the only NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in the region, also noted the limited diversity in the biomedical cancer research workforce. Our primary objective was to increase the number of underrepresented trainees who pursue higher education with the goal of a career in cancer research. PathMaker is a regional, competitive pipeline program that nurtures high school or undergraduate trainees from historically underrepresented backgrounds towards a career in cancer research. Our faculty and staff team collaboratively developed a cohort model curriculum that increased student awareness of research career options; provided academic and professional development, cultural and social support, evolutionary success strategies, active mentorship, and leadership skill development; and fostered an environment of continuous evaluation and improvement. Since pilot program initiation in May 2016, the PathMaker Research Program (PathMaker) has engaged a total of 44 underrepresented trainees in cancer research labs at Huntsman Cancer Institute, the majority still in college. Eleven trainees graduated college: five employed in STEM, one pursuing a PhD in STEM; two in medical school, and three are lost to follow-up. Alumni report high levels of satisfaction with PathMaker and will be followed and supported for academic success. PathMaker is a replicable model to increase diversity and inclusion in the biomedical cancer research workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, cities have experienced dwindling state resources and growing socioeconomic inequalities—many scholars have identified this change as neoliberalism. Although these changes have generated much debate, not a lot of scholarship has tried to present alternatives. This article uses the Westside Leadership Institute (WLI) in Salt Lake City, Utah, as a case study to understand what can be done at low cost to address historically disadvantaged communities and improve their conditions. Through leadership development, participants develop cognitive, interpersonal, and strategic skills. They also form a symbiotic relationship with anchor institutions, a Community Development Corporation and the University of Utah. Using data from interviews, focus groups, and surveys, this article examines how residents have applied what they learned in the WLI to create social change at the local level. Although small-scale community development, the WLI has proven to be effective at building and sustaining indigenous leaders, who in turn push a progressive agenda forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate microvascular differences in individuals with obesity at risk for developing cardiovascular disease.Methods: In this cross-sectional Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study, participant sublingual microcirculation was assessed with a newly developed GlycoCheck software (Microvascular Health Solutions Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah), which integrates red blood cell velocity within the smallest capillaries (4-7 µm) and feed vessels (>10 µm). Framingham Risk Score was used to calculate 10-year cardiovascular risk, divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. ANOVA was used to evaluate microvascular differences among the groups.Results: A total of 813 participants were included. The high-risk group (n = 168) was characterized by differences in the microvasculature compared with the low-risk group (n = 392): the high-risk group had a 49% reduction in the number of smallest capillaries and a 9.1-µm/s (95% CI: 5.2-12.9) higher red blood cell velocity in the feed vessels. No differences in velocity-corrected perfused boundary regions were found.Conclusions: It was observed that, with adding red blood cell velocity to the software, sidestream dark field imaging is able to detect microcirculatory differences in a cohort of individuals with obesity at risk for developing cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2085 km2 Jordan River Basin, and its seven sub‐catchments draining the Central Wasatch Range immediately east of Salt Lake City, UT, are home to an array of hydrologic, atmospheric, climatic and chemical research infrastructure that collectively forms the Wasatch Environmental Observatory (WEO). WEO is geographically nested within a wildland to urban land‐use gradient and built upon a strong foundation of over a century of discharge and climate records. A 2200 m gradient in elevation results in variable precipitation, temperature and vegetation patterns. Soil and subsurface structure reflect systematic variation in geology from granitic, intrusive to mixed sedimentary clastic across headwater catchments, all draining to the alluvial or colluvial sediments of the former Lake Bonneville. Winter snowfall and spring snowmelt control annual hydroclimate, rapid population growth dominates geographic change in lower elevations and urban gas and particle emissions contribute to episodes of severe air pollution in this closed‐basin. Long‐term hydroclimate observations across this diverse landscape provide the foundation for an expanding network of infrastructure in both montane and urban landscapes. Current infrastructure supports both basic and applied research in atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemistry, climate, ecology, hydrology, meteorology, resource management and urban redesign that is augmented through strong partnerships with cooperating agencies. These features allow WEO to serve as a unique natural laboratory for addressing research questions facing seasonally snow‐covered, semi‐arid regions in a rapidly changing world and an excellent facility for providing student education and research training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]