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The current study explores the use of conjunctive adverbials (CAs) in two corpora compiled by the author. The learner corpus consists of 23 final papers contributed by 10 MA TESOL students from Taiwan while the control corpus contains 10 journal articles from two prestige international TESOL journals. On the quantitative dimension, student writers were found to slightly overuse connectors when the analysis was based on word-level. Additionally, the qualitative analysis revealed that certain CAs (e.g. besides, therefore) were used inappropriately by some of the learners. The paper ends with several teaching suggestions on how to help student writers master the complex system of conjunctive adverbials in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to examine a selection of macro- and micro-linguistic features (at text and sentence/word level respectively) of the South-African Green Paper 'National Climate Change Response' from 2010. Our overarching assumption is that the Green Paper needs to handle competing interests, beliefs and voices in a narrative structure favouring specific courses of action. How does the government portray the complex natural and societal phenomenon of climate change, and how does it take into account the many and often competing national and international views and interests which come into play? Our hypothesis is that the Green Paper constructs a narrative and that it relates to a number of voices other than that of the authors, through linguistic markers of polyphony, such as negation, sentence connectives, adverbs and reported speech. Thus we propose a narrative and polyphonic analysis of the Green Paper, at the level of the text as a whole (macro-level) but also with attention to linguistic constructions of polyphony or 'multi-voicedness' (micro-level). We find that the narrative-polyphonic properties of the Green Paper contribute to a strategy for building consensus on climate change policy. The South African government assumes the role of main hero in its own climate change 'story', and there are subtle forms of interaction with different and typically non-identified voices, such as concessive constructions and presuppositions. These results support our overarching interpretation of the whole document as striving to impose a South African consensus on the issue of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inference is usually defined as a speaker's personal but indirect evidence that is based on something that the speaker can directly witness (such as the result of an event), while assumption is based on something such as the speaker's general knowledge of the world. This paper is concerned with inference and assumption in light of the semantics of the Finnish inferential and assumptive adverbs näköjään (inference) and varmaan (assumption). These are examined by administering a questionnaire study. The discussed scenarios differ according to three factors: the presence or lack of visual or sensory evidence, the temporal relations between the evidence and the claim that is made, and the strength of the evidence. The results of the study clearly establish that inference and assumption are separate notions (coded by different adverbs) and that the (non-) observability of the evidence noted above explains only a part of the attested cases; in general, the use of the adverbs is determined by how reliable the speaker considers the evidence to be. As a consequence, this paper proposes new definitions based on the speakers' selection of the appropriate inferential/assumptive adverb based on how strongly they are willing to vouch for the truth value of their statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The category of adverbs in Chinese, as is its counterpart in English, is featured by morphological, syntactic and semantic heterogeneity. The heterogeneity poses the questions of the categorial coherence and the conflicting criteria in identifying adverbs. This paper starts with the definition of adverbs in Cognitive Grammar and analyzes degree adverbs, temporal adverbs, scope adverbs, manner adverbs, attitude adverbs and negation adverbs in Chinese. It is found that they all profile a relationship with a relational trajector, consistent with the proposal in Cognitive Grammar, but the precise relationship has to be specified. Some adverbs can also serve as mental space builders. Moreover, the morphological and syntactic behaviors of adverbs can be motivated to different degrees by their semantic functions. The paper attempts to establish the categorial status of adverbs. It develops the semantic account of lexical categories and motivates the formal aspects of language from meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to offer a cross-linguistic analysis of the most commonly occurring additive focus adverbs used in Italian, French and English - namely anche, aussi and also - on the basis of a corpus of written texts. The corpus used in this paper consists of comparable online news in Italian, French and English amounting to approximately 750000 words. In line with previous findings, our results show that there are important quantitative and qualitative differences between It. anche, Fr. aussi and E. also. These items differ not only in their overall frequency of use but also in the specific syntactic configurations in which they occur when they associate with the Subject of a canonical sentence. These differences are partly enhanced by the fact that this paper concentrates on a non-prototypical configuration, i. e. on the cases in which the canonical Subject coincides with a new entity while the Predicate is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to provide an analysis of the Hungarian pseudo-object egyet 'one.ACC' and its adjectivized versions such as (egy) jót '(one) good.ACC', jókat 'good.PL.ACC', (egy) nagyot '(one) big.ACC', egy jó nagyot 'one good big.ACC', nagyokat 'big.PL.ACC', (egy) hatalmasat '(one) huge.ACC' and hatalmasakat 'huge.PL.ACC', which have been shown to have a delimiting function similarly to verbal particles and result predicates (Piñón 2001; Csirmaz 2008; Farkas 2017b). We show that pseudo-objects also differ from particles and result predicates when delimiting events. Whereas the latter are responsible for a maximal-event interpretation (Kardos 2012, 2016), egyet and other similar elements give rise to non-maximal delimitation. The paper also explores the syntax of egyet-delimiters arguing that these elements are merged in the derived object position, in [Spec, AspP] within vP (MacDonald 2008; Travis 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One construction that has traditionally been neglected in the typological study of clause-linkage is that built on 'let alone' (e.g., the baby can't even talk, let alone walk). The present study explores this construction in a convenience sample of 47 languages. There are languages in which 'let alone' clauses appear not only with a clause-linking device, but also with an optional standard negative marker. Moreover, there are languages in which standard negation is forbidden in the 'let alone' clause. Here it is shown that optional standard negation may be semantically empty or may have an expressive-evaluative layer of semantic interpretation. On the other hand, standard negation tends to be forbidden in 'let alone' clauses appearing with semantically monofunctional clause-linking devices. The paper further investigates whether the analysis advanced for 'let alone' clauses can be generalized to other semantically negative adverbial clauses: 'without V-ing', 'instead of V-ing', and 'before' clauses. It is demonstrated that in these latter adverbial clauses, standard negation may be forbidden or optional. Interestingly, unlike the situation with 'let alone' clauses, there are languages in which standard negation may be obligatory in the 'without V-ing', 'instead of V-ing', and 'before' clause. In this scenario, the adverbial relations are compositionally encoded by a standard negative marker together with a general marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores clauses of substitution (e.g. instead of relaxing on the beach, he went to a concert) in a sample of forty-six languages. It is shown that clauses of substitution marked with monofunctional conjunctions or monofunctional converbs may not occur with standard negative markers. Clauses of substitution appearing with polyfunctional conjunctions or polyfunctional converbs may occur with obligatory standard negative markers. In these cases, negation shows a negative import as an effect of compositional interpretation. Interestingly, there are languages in which clauses of substitution marked with monofunctional clause-linking devices may occur with optional negative markers. In this scenario, the presence or absence of the negative marker does not change the adverbial relation holding between clauses. Instead, it seems to have an expressive- evaluative layer of semantic interpretation. When the negative marker is present in the clause of substitution, it indicates that the situation was not surprising. When the negative marker is absent, the situation must be understood as surprising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the lexicalization processes of the expositive adverb yijing in Chinese, taking the view that the lexicalization of yijing has been achieved by both syntactic and semantic–pragmatic contexts. There are two key processes: the grammaticalization of jing is the key factor for reanalysis of the structure yijing. Originally, jing could only be combined with NP. In the structure "yi + jing + NP experiences", jing acquired the context in which it was possible to combine with VP. When the VP was an active situation, jing was grammaticalized into a manner adverb, while when VP was a semelfactive situation, jing, the same with yi, became a state adverb for the past tense and perfect aspect. The lexicalization of yijing contains two processes, namely reanalysis and cohesion. In the structure "yi[relative time] + jing +VP", when there were complex elements, it was reanalyzed as "[yi + jing] + VP", where yijing functioned as a coordinate structure. If the structure "[yi + jing] + VP" was in a sufficient conditional clause and the VP was an accomplishment situation, "yi + jing" in this context acquired the pragmatic function to confirm that an event has happened, but it was still expressing the tense–aspect meanings of the sentence. In the 7th century, when VP was an achievement situation and had a perfective verb in it, yijing no longer bore the tense–aspect function and was specialized into a confirmative expositive adverb for pragmatic function, and the lexicalization processes finished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is difficult for L2 English learners in general, and especially Chinese learners of English, to form idiomatic collocations. This article presents a comparison of the use of intensifier-verb collocations in English by native speaker students and Chinese ESL learners, paying particular attention to verbs which collocate with intensifiers. The data consisted of written production from three corpora: two of these are native English corpora: the British Academic Written English (BAWE) Corpus and Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP). The third one is a recently created Chinese Learner English corpus, Ten-thousand English Compositions of Chinese Learners (TECCL). Findings suggest that Chinese learners of English produce significantly more intensifier-verb collocations than native speaker students, but that their English attests a smaller variety of intensifier-verb collocations compared with the native speakers. Moreover, Chinese learners of English use the intensifier-verb collocation types just-verb, only-verb and really-verb very frequently compared with native speaker students. As regards verb collocates, the intensifiers hardly, clearly, well, strongly and deeply collocate with semantically different verbs in native and Chinese learner English. Compared with the patterns in Chinese learner English, the intensifiers in native speaker English collocate with a more stable and restricted set of verb collocates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will present a morpho-syntactic analysis of the class of Italian adverbs signalling bodily movements and postures ending with the suffix -one/i. The present work will investigate the significant differences between the uses of this type of adverbs in Old Italian vs. Contemporary Italian. Whereas it seems reasonable (following e.g. Cinque 1999, 2006a) to argue that they are merged in the Specifier of a low Manner Projection above the VP, there are many puzzling facts about them that we will try to account for in this paper. We will propose that, akin to CP adverbials, adverbs in -one/i have an inner prepositional value in their 'bare' form and we will show the consequences of this proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of lacking of semantic understanding and insufficient sentiment analysis in traditional sentiment analysis method, this paper analyzes the sentiment tendency of network comments text from the semantic point of view. Firstly, based on the existing sentiment dictionary, we sort and build a sentiment dictionary for network comments, and analyze the emotional effect of degree adverbs, negative words and punctuation on the comment text. Then by extracting co-word and calculating semantic coword matrix, we analyze the different product features sentiment tendency from the dimension of user concerned. Finally we obtain the sentiment tendency of each comment text through weighted calculation. Experimental results show that the proposed sentiment mining method for network comments has obvious analysis effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín de Filología is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Viewpoint and comment adverbs are a class of Sentence Adverbs (SA) that take the whole sentence into their scope. The only distinction between viewpoint and comment adverbs is related to their placement in the sentence. This paper investigates both the behaviour of these adverbs in Wodehouse's text 'Right ho, Jeeves!' and the translation strategies employed by the Romanian translator in rendering these adverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinctions are sometimes made, at a more detailed level, in syntax, discriminating between predicative and non-predicative positions and functions of words. The present paper attempts to analyse how some a-words and adverbs behave in predicative position, as they can assume the specified place in several instances, even though only few of them can be freely used attributively. What is especially monitored in the present paper is the behaviour exhibited by adverbs, as they are notorious for avoiding such positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a set of observations, many of which are novel, concerning differences between the adjectival modals certain and possible and their adverbial counterparts certainly and possibly. It argues that the observations can be derived from a standard interpretation of certain/certainly as universal and possible/possibly as existential quantifiers over possible worlds, in conjunction with the hypothesis that the adjectives quantify over knowledge and the adverbs quantify over belief. The claims on which the argument relies include the following: (i) knowledge implies belief, (ii) agents have epistemic access to their belief, (iii) relevance is closed under speakers' belief, and (iv) commitment is pragmatically inconsistent with explicit denial of belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows that contextuals, words such as those discussed by Richard Vall'ee in his paper, "On local bars and imported beer", include not only adjectives and nouns but also verbs, prepositions and adverbs. It shows, moreover, contextuals form just one subclass of words whose complements are optional, that is, words analogous to polyadic predicates of predicate logic. Just as different words, when their complements are omitted, give rise to reflexive (to wash), reciprocal (to meet) and indefinite (to eat) construals, so contextuals give rise to an indexical construal. The paper sets out how such optional complements, or polyadic predicates, as it were, can be handled completely with the syntax and semantics of English, without recourse to special pragmatic principles, lexical ambiguity or phonetically null elements. Though not discussed here, the approach nonetheless applies, it seems, to other languages, such as Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to argue that Japanese allows verb-stranding verb phrase ellipsis (VVPE). For this purpose, I examine data involving null adjuncts, and propose a new generalization about the distribution of null adjuncts, which can easily be accounted for if VVPE is available in Japanese. Furthermore, I demonstrate that null adjunct sentences with overt objects are subject to the same constraint as pseudogapping sentences in English are. Given that pseudogapping is a particular instance of VP-ellipsis (Jayaseelan, in Linguist Anal 20:64-81, ; Lasnik, in Papers on minimalist syntax, MIT working papers in linguistics, , Fragments: Studies in ellipsis and gapping, ), this strongly suggests that null adjunct sentences involve VP-ellipsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical focus of this paper is what looks like a verb third (V3) pattern in West Flemish (WF) in which an adverbial modifier (typically a temporal or conditional adjunct) is followed by a non-inverted subject-initial verb second (V2) root clause. This pattern will be referred to as the non-inverted V3 pattern. This paper has two goals. The first and major aim is to document the WF non-inverted V3 pattern, detailing both its syntactic and its semantic properties, in order to make these data available to the research community at large. We also develop an analysis in line with the hypothesis, substantiated in the paper, that WF is a genuine V2 language and that the apparent V3 data in do not jeopardise this assumption. The core hypothesis is that the initial adjunct in V3 patterns is extra-sentential or ‘main clause-external’ (cf. Broekhuis and Corver in Syntax of Dutch. Verbs and verb phrases. Volume 3: Chapter 14: main clause-external elements, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2016. http://www.oapen.org/), and that it combines with a full-fledged V2 clause by virtue of a discourse-structure (cf. Auer in Pragmatics 6:295-322, 1996). That the non-inverted V3 pattern is not acceptable in all varieties of Dutch is accounted for in terms of microvariation in the syntactic derivation of subject-initial V2 sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many languages with ergative morphology, transitive subjects (i.e. ergatives) are unable to undergo A'-extraction. This extraction asymmetry is a common hallmark of 'syntactic ergativity,' and is found in a range of typologically diverse languages (see e.g. Deal 2016; Polinsky 2017, and works cited there). In Kaqchikel, the A'-extraction of transitive subjects requires a special verb form, known in Mayanist literature as Agent Focus (AF). In a recent paper, Erlewine (2016) argues that the restriction on A'-extracting transitive subjects in Kaqchikel is the result of an Anti-Locality effect: transitive subjects are not permitted to extract because they are too close to C. This analysis relies crucially on Erlewine's proposal that transitive subjects undergo movement to Spec,IP while intransitive subjects remain low. For Erlewine, this derives the fact that transitive (ergative) subjects, but not intransitive (absolutive) subjects are subject to extraction restrictions. Furthermore, it makes the strong prediction that phrasal material intervening between IP and CP should obviate the need for AF in clauses with subject extraction. In this paper, we argue against the Anti-Locality analysis of ergative A'-extraction restrictions along two lines. First, we raise concerns with the proposal that transitive, but not intransitive subjects, move to Spec,IP. Our second, and main goal, is to show that there is variation in whether AF is observed in configurations with intervening phrasal material, with a primary focus on intervening adverbs. We propose an alternative account for the variation in whether AF is observed in the presence of adverbs and discuss consequences for accounts of ergative extraction asymmetries more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at investigating word-order and its rhetorical and stylistic functions in Arabic Language. It discusses its forms and patterns from a semantic and syntactic point of view. Therefore, the study will concentrate on the following issues: 1- Types of sentences: (a) Nominal, beginning with a noun. (b) Verbal, beginning with a verb. (c) Local sentence, in which an adverbial expression begins the sentence. (d) Conditional sentences. 2- The Construction Theory, which concentrates on the acquisition of words and phrases according to the correct usage. It does not neglect the meaning of the words in isolation, but is concerned with their meaning in context. 3- Disconnection and Connection: This phenomenon gives the Arabic Language the freedom to produce various stylistic structures that the speaker can use to express directly the intended meaning. 4- Rhetorical and stylistic functions of word-order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess the truthfulness of events as well as comments or information, journalists make use of various techniques employed to support the validity of their statements in the face of reality. The present paper attempts to prove that writers resort to several methods, among which, almost invariably, is the use of the involvement features specific to adverbs, especially epistemic, attitude, and style stance adverbs. A higher number as adverb occurrence is anticipated in newspaper articles meant to spectacularly or persuasively present information or events, as is the case of tabloids, whereas ‘highbrow’ broadsheets, which supposedly present information rather objectively, will exhibit a lower percentage of adverb employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies specific features of English pronominal pronouns and their translation. The results of the research show that the compounds in question are the archaic feature of the English legalese, they appeared in the Old English period, the same time as the adverbs here and there emerged, and some of them came into use in the Middle English time. The pronominal character of pronominal adverbs (PAs) is clearly seen through the lens of Ukrainian translation where they are mostly rendered by means of pronouns or noun phrases. Since Ukrainian does not have direct equivalents for English PAs, we can see ten different means used to translate them into Ukrainian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of a linguistic collective identity uses a pool of conscious and unconscious elements that deal with age, gender, or ethnic belonging. In the Irish communicative system, one presentday type of collective masculine identity is that of "the lads." Previous studies on "laddish" behaviour and performance from literary or social perspectives explored conduct in contexts such as sports, violence, sex, or alcohol. To encourage interdisciplinary research in the field of Irish Studies, this paper analyses the language of "the lads" in literary discourse through corpus linguistics as a contribution to the field of digital humanities. Fourteen novels make up the specialised corpus on which the analysis is based paying attention to verbs of speech and adverbs. The verbs show utterances by "the lads" illustrating and providing aggressiveness and adverbs provide a second layer of meaning. Finally, a number of power struggles these characters experience in interaction are studied to differentiate the status quo of "the lads.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first survey of verbal affixes encoding the day period ('at night','in the morning' etc.) or the yearly seasons ('in winter' etc.) when the action takes place. It introduces the term 'periodic tense' to refer to this comparative concept, explores the attested paradigms, their interactions with other verbal categories (including the more usual deictic tense), and investigates their diachronic origins. It shows that periodic tense markers are not restricted to incorporated nouns of time period but constitute a highly grammaticalized verbal category in some languages, which can redundantly co-occur with free adverbs or nouns indicating time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the extent to which adverbs are, in themselves, sentiment-laden, the effect they have on the words they modify as well as the sentiment of sentences they appear in as a whole and consider the sentiment scores as listed from SentiWordNet in relation to definitions laid out in WordNet. We examined 100 adverbs of manner, comparing their definitions as laid out in WordNet with their sentiment scores as given in SentiWordNet. It was concluded that adverbs of manner are in themselves sentiment-laden and that there is a significant-enough disparity between the definitions and the sentiment scores to introduce errors in SentiWordNet-based automated sentiment evaluations of sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About the emergency of writing a new Grammar of Albanian and some actual problems identified in Grammar I of the Academy of Sciences at the morphological level. This paper will be focused in problems identified in Grammar I of Academy of Sciences. In this context we'll discuss about partly description of the structure of Albanian Language demonstrated even by some of the authors of this referential book (we refer such statements "this book has been made for the structure of standard"). The formalism in perception and description is another problem that can be identified in this Grammar (the conception about the theme of the word, morphological theme, the concept of the parts of speech, word formation and the analyses of morphemes) and the reflection of this treatment in the texts of pre-Universitary schools. Also, the problems of categorization of traditional degree, voice, transitive/intransitive verbs, the meaning of the verbs are other problems identified from us in years. For these problems we have given the alternative theories that can provide more fruitful solutions. Traditional concept that we find in Grammar I and II reflects only the description of the surface structure and neglects the deep structure (case of some words that are considered as adverbs from Grammar I). This is another example of a partly description of the paradigm and structure (only the surface structure). There are too many papers and scholars who have already represented alternatives about these problematics noticed in morphological as well as syntactic level. Unfortunately, until today, these papers have not been reflected in a new manual of Albanian Grammar. The worst thing is that, these problems and many others are reflected directly in the texts of Albanian Language of the pre-Universitary in Kosovo and Albania, as theorical manuals, whom the authors of these books ought to consult. In this context we are convinced that writing a new Grammar of Albanian Language is not only delayed, but now is considered as an emergency by us. A full description of paradigm and structure of Albanian Language based in more productive in results methodologies will influence directly in the analyses of different types of texts from the stylistics point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Language: Meaning & Form / Valoda: Nozime un Forma is the property of University of Latvia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper I examine the multifunctional enclitic = go in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Avar. By means of a semantic map I show that its central function is the expression of emphasis and/or contrast. Other uses are the expression of identity, scalar additivity, reflexivity (including local and long-distance reflexives, emphatic reflexive uses), the marking of indefinite pronouns and adverbs, and the derivation of cardinal numerals and converbs. The paper also advances a hypothesis about the origin of = go and argues that it goes back to the copula - ugo. The use of the copula in cleft constructions gave rise to the emphatic/contrastive function, and all other uses can be viewed as extension of this function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the morphological make-up of the converbial ending - mAdAn in Turkish adverbial clauses denoting temporal antecedence (beforeclauses) and negative manner (without-clauses). In clauses denoting temporal antecedence, the converbial ending is optionally followed by the postposition önce 'before'. The argument presented in the paper is that the converbial ending -mAdAn contains a negative marker -mA only in clauses where it is not followed by önce, while when the postposition follows, it contains the homophonous nominalizing suffix instead. Evidence for the claim comes on the one hand from the fact that -mAdAn önce clauses do not license negative polarity items (but -mAdAn clauses do), and on the other, from the fact that - mAdAn önce clauses allow an addition of a negation marker to the converb (but -mAdAn clauses do not). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In modern Chinese, a new degree adverb shén 神 is emerging. Expressions such as shénhăochī 神好吃 and shényǒuqù 神有趣 are found in colloquial Chinese, and they even appear as headlines to get readers' attention. Shén originally refers to the dominator and creator of the universe. In modern Chinese, along with the original meaning, people frequently use shén to modify things (e.g., shén jīyīn 神基因) or actions (e.g., shén huí 神回). How many senses does shén have? How did shén derive the use of degree adverb? The paper targets on shén in modern Chinese, aiming to study its senses, to work out the relations among the various usages, and to find out how it generated the use of degree adverb. The conclusion shows that the senses of shén were derived from its original meaning either directly or indirectly through reanalysis, inference, metaphorization, and metonymization. The use of degree adverb was generated through metaphorization and reanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses four Dutch constructions in which adverbs occur in marked syntactic positions: (i) Adverbs that occur in an embedded clause but must be interpreted in the main clause; (ii) Adverbs that occur in the main clause but can be interpreted in the embedded clause; (iii) Extraposed adverbs; (iv) Predicate adverbs that occur in the position of sentence adverbs. These phenomena provide evidence for an analysis of adverb placement in Dutch along the lines of the Cinque hierarchy (Cinque 1999), supplemented with the traditional split between sentence adverbs and predicate adverbs (Jackendoff 1972). A new analysis is proposed for the bridge verbs denken 'think' and willen 'want' in which they move from a position in the embedded clause into the matrix clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Elia: Studies in Applied English Linguistics / Estudios de Lingüística Inglesa Aplicada is the property of Elia: Estudios de Linguistica Inglesa Aplicada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article introduces the first version of the Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM), a 3.6‐million‐word monitor corpus of online text messages collected between 2016 and 2019, compiled and managed by a group of scholars who share an interest in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) research. The paper explains the motivations behind developing a new corpus for the investigation of CSE. It also documents the process of compiling and organizing CoSEM and describes the corpus's initial structure and composition. We further discuss the social variables used in tagging the data, as well as ethical challenges, advantages, and disadvantages unique to online message datasets. In addition, we present preliminary analyses of two selected CSE features: (1) the Hokkien‐derived expression (bo)jio and (2) sentence‐final adverbs (already, also, only). As CoSEM is an ongoing project, we conclude the article with notes on future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to account for the central role played by freezing in several types of linguistic change and to come back to one of the main questions raised by the comparison between languages. This study focuses on the shift from the referential function to a more pragmatic function. It studies three pairs of expressions in German and French: glatt / carrément; schließlich / finalement; tu vois / siehst du and écoute / hör (mal). The word 'fixedness' is not used here as it is in the phraseological tradition (and within Europhras). Indeed, in this paper it designates the formal frozenness of polylexical forms (one of the usual defining features of phrasemes) as well as the functional frozenness of forms that are not necessarily polylexical. The cases presented here are examples of three different levels: the level of the speaker, the discourse level and the interaction level. The types of fixedness which have been analysed result from morphological, syntactic and semantic freezing and those forms acquire a pragmatic function: in the domain of adjectives glatt / carrément shift to the function of predicative particles; the adverbs schließlich / finalement assume the function of argument markers, and the verbal forms siehst du / tu vois illustrate the gradual passage from perception to cognition, therefore to the function of interpretative guidance. Those forms have undergone an 'erosion' process in both languages. However they present a noteworthy invariant. The partial differences in their functions show that the dynamics of change depend on the variations in the preservation and exploitation of some of the features of the original forms. The common points and the differences are linked with the gradual nature of the process of pragmaticalization, and the changes at play can be observed 'in the making'. The first section of the paper presents a general description of pragmaticalization (in its basic meaning of passage from the lexical-grammatical sphere to the pragmatic sphere) and its various manifestations (decategorization, deparadigmaticization, etc. (cf. Dostie 2004)), the other three parts of the paper are devoted to the description of the markers in French and in German. The German adjective glatt shows how characterization - from the implicature - tends to become more subjective as it applies to human behaviours and speech acts. That shift to internal perspective (Traugott and König 1991: 208-209), which follows from a metaphorical process, can be considered to precede pragmaticalization. In some cases the characterization moves to predication, which is presented by the speaker as being 'at the limit of what could be expected'; the event in question can be interpreted as felicitous or infelicitous. According to the principle of secondary 'resonance' (Black 1977) the metaphorical reading of that lexeme is maintained even when an utterance obviously expresses an evaluation. The same process is at work for the French adjective carré and the adverbial form carrément. The adverb carrément focuses the features and in the same way as glatt does, it shows the speaker's evaluative intention concerning the somewhat unexpected quality of the process (an action or a behaviour). As is the case with glatt the shift results in the expression of the speaker's attitude (or judgement), in accordance with what Traugott and König call semanticpragmatic Tendency III (1991: 209). The third part of this paper deals with the domain of temporality and it is devoted to an example of shift to the discourse and interpretative functions. The lexemes schließlich and finalement also undergo two shifts: the former evolves from a de re temporality (it precedes the last step in a sequence of events) to a de dicto temporality (when it precedes the last step in a sequence of data); the second shift is from discursive temporality to a purely argumentative function and connects those lexemes with rival phraseological units (with which, however, they are not synonymous) such as nicht zuletzt, letzten Endes, letztendlich or en fin de compte, tout compte fait, and au total. The paper ends with forms that are clearly phraseological - since they are polylexical forms - which focus the relation between cognition and interaction. Those forms are what the francophone tradition refers to as 'énoncés parenthétiques'. They are verbs designating two basic modes of perception (voir / sehen and entendre-écouter / hören) in a form indicating proximity and interaction (second person, interrogative or imperative forms: vois-tu / tu vois / siehst du, écoute / hör (mal)) which are used to point to cognitive phenomena. The call to the addressee or co-enunciator's perception is highlighted by 'an enunciative staging' ('mise en scène énonciative', cf. Détrie 2010) aiming at sharing and adherence. The comparison between the two languages shows that for the same kind of linguistic material, German and French shift easily from physical perception to intellectual perception while in the case of French the shift can go as far as to designate the mental process of comprehension. The pair voir / sehen is evidence of this difference at the end of the pragmaticalization process: while the verb voir contains the semantic feature , that function tends to be performed by other forms in German including the verbs wissen and verstehen. Another interesting point of difference is that the French tu vois has a punctuating (Bolly 2010) and structuring use when it focuses a constituent; this is a use that its German counterpart does not share. There is also a clear difference between écouter and hören: the passage from the call to auditory perception to cognitive perception is similar in both languages, however only French uses the verb écouter in a clearly interactive function mentioned in studies carried out so far (Rodrigues Somolinos 2003), so as to avoid disagreement and the risk of a face threatening act. Ecoute is used in that way when an argument is added afterwards to justify an assertion in order to avoid a reproach. In German that function is served mainly by lexemes belonging to another word category such as adverbs, discourse markers, or even more elaborate verbal forms at the beginning of a speaker's turn. This study is too short to draw general conclusions but the following points summarize its most salient aspects: a) The forms tending to pragmaticalize meet the need to underline the speaker's discursive activity in the interaction; they are also explicit marks of the call to the necessary constitution of shared knowledge. b) In both languages similar phenomena concerning the process of pragmaticalization can be observed. Beyond lexical parallels and a similar shift to an internal perspective the divergences are linked with differences in metaphorization (base domain or degree) and in the distribution of competing forms. c) Lastly, the shift of the functions analysed in this paper does not mean that the lexical contents of those forms fade with the loss of the referential function. The change of level (referential > predicative > discursive > argumentative) maintains the main features of the units concerned. The process of metaphorization which is often the basis of the functional shift results from the mapping of some features from one domain to the other, which guarantees a certain semantic stability. What is more, the interpretation of some features can result into certain meaning effects and certain functions. This study remains incomplete and must be broadened with a corpus analysis. However it lays stress on one of the domains where a language can be followed 'in the making'. Functional and semantic freezing is a slow process which, in the case examined here, is still going on and which can be watched 'live'. The pragmatic level is also to be associated with the need to produce a visible enunciative gesture and that visibility is guaranteed as long as the shift is perceptible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A fundamental question in language acquisition research is how language-specific input interacts with (pre-linguistic) universal concepts. In order to shed more light on this issue, the present paper reports the results of two experiments, set up as a modified version of Syrett, Kristen & Jeffrey Lidz. 2010. 30-montholds use the distribution and meaning of adverbs to interpret novel adjectives. Language Learning and Development 6(4). 258-282. Their study has revealed that English-speaking 30-month-olds use degree adverbs for interpreting novel adjectives; the participants weremore likely to assign a relativemeaning (e.g., tallness) to a novel adjective if the adjective was modified by the booster very and to select an absolute interpretation (e.g., straightness) if the adjective was preceded the maximizer completely. The distribution in Dutch, although typologically similar to English, is obscured by phonological, morphological and semantic factors, which makes the Dutch degree adverbs heel 'very' and helemaal 'completely' less reliable cues to a language learner. In Russian, the booster očen' 'very' is a reliable cue and the maximizer sovsem 'completely' is not, since it can be used with both absolute and negative-pole relative adjectives. The results demonstrate that children's performance is related to the reliability of cues in their input. Russian-speaking toddlers only relied on the booster očen', but not on the maximizer sovsem for assigning novel adjectives to semantic classes, and their Dutch-speaking peers did not show evidence of using degree adverbs for adjective learning at all. No evidence of interfering universal predispositions was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a number of wh-in-situ languages, only causal wh-adverbs corresponding to 'why' exhibit island effects. The widely adopted explanation for this by Tsai (On economizing the theory of A-bar dependencies, 1994a, Nat Lang Linguist Theory 12(1):121-175, 1994b, in: Del Gobbo, Hoshi (eds) UCI working papers in linguistics, University of California, Irvine, 1999, J East Asian Linguist 17(2):83-115, 2008) is to draw a distinction between wh-nominals and wh-adverbs, where the former are unselectively bound by an operator in their scope position, while the latter must raise at LF, thereby inducing island violations. The result is a hybrid approach where wide scope of wh-words is derived by two distinct mechanisms. In this paper, I show that the island-sensitivity of wh-adverbs can be captured in a unified approach based on the observation that island sensitivity correlates with the adjunction height of the adverb. The resulting approach allows us to treat all in situ wh-phrases alike and leads to a unified theory of wh-in-situ which does not rely on LF movement. Furthermore, it will be shown how the analysis extends to other to donkey anaphora, wh-islands and A-not-A questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary anatomical meaning of the word mould in Middle English was 'top of the head'. According to historical dictionaries, mould could also mean 'fontanelle' and 'coronal suture'. None of the three senses fit the many recipe headings mentioning "a man's mould that is down" that are found in Middle English remedybooks. The present paper argues that mould in fact means 'uvula' in such recipe headings, an application that may have begun as the result of a copyist not fully understanding the text that he was copying. OED and MED should add the sense 'uvula' to their entries for mould, illustrated by some of the examples that are cited in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to set phrase structure rules for English and Serbian speaker-oriented adverb subclasses. Adverbs are looked at here as specifiers licensed by the semantic feature [ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE]. The results suggest that illocutionary, evaluative and evidential adverbs normally merge within the complementizer layer and the inflectional layer, and that English epistemic adverbs are in most cases preferably integrated into the inflectional layer, whereas Serbian epistemic adverbs tend to occur in the sentence-initial position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introductory part of the paper is devoted to the notions case, semantic roles, Sumerograms, Akkadograms and hybrid writings. The main part of the paper presents possible competing uses of Akkadographic analytic case markers and Hittite case endings and local adverbs. It further describes the written norm of Akkadographic analytic case markers with Sumerographic and Akkadographic common nouns, numerals, proper nouns and hybrid writings. The paper thus tries to point out that the use and semantics of Akkadographic analytic case markers is more limited than that of Hittite case endings and local adverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the productivity of adverbial derivation with { -ment} in Maltese with regard to its source { -mente} in Italian. In addition to a comparison of formation rules and restrictions in both languages, a traditional measure of productivity, Baayen 's P, is compared between Italian and Maltese, using a variable corpus approach suited for further cross-linguistic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the two lexical adverbs in Korean, cikum and icey, which are assumed to be synonymous with each other and equivalent in meaning with English now. Because cikum and icey seem to be interchangeable in many instances without significant differences, their distinctive semantic features have been overlooked and not systematically studied. Starting from an overview of previous studies of cikum and icey, which focus on the intra-sentential analysis, this paper claims that, contrary to common assumptions, cikum and icey differ inherently in terms of the viewpoint of perspective taking in narrative discourse. Using examples drawn from a corpus, we argue that cikum simply refers to a time interval that contains the reference point from which the described event is viewed. On the other hand, icey describes a change in situation, showing that the reference point can be perceived as a point that divides the past and the future seen from this vantage point. Subsequently, we show that English now has in fact two functions corresponding to the Korean cikum and icey. The semantic differences between cikum and icey in narrative discourses are represented in discourse representation theory. Cikum preserves the given reference time, elaborating on an event described by the preceding sentence, while icey introduces a new reference time, updating the temporal context with a shifted temporal perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The dialects of Ewen vary widely with respect to the forms and uses of reflexive, reciprocal, and intensifier pronouns derived from the stems meːn and bej. This paper establishes nine isoglosses based on the features of these pronominal forms and plots them on the dialectal map of Ewen. In a second step, comparative evidence from other Tungusic and some contact languages of Ewen is adduced in order to shed light on the diachronic developments underlying the current dialectal distrubtion of the forms in question. As a result, a number of tentative historical scenarios for the developments of reflexives and intensifiers both in Ewen and in Tungusic in general are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a stylistic analysis of the tasting notes (TNs) of wine writers Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise. We define linguistic style as those distinctive, consistent, and creative linguistic choices writers make beyond what is conventionally expected in a TN, which are only discernible by comparison to other wine reviewers. Using a corpus of Robinson's and Theise's TNs on German and Austrian wines 2012, we compare their TNs in terms of rhetorical and grammatical structure, use of descriptors, and other evaluative language. Robinson's elliptical note-form style is characterized by adherence to canonical rhetorical structure, verbless clauses, extensive use of conventional metaphoric descriptors and limited use of object descriptors. Theise has an effusive, people-centered additive style characterized by non-conventional rhetorical structure, multiple phrase and clause and coordination, and extensive and exotic use of diverse object descriptors, personification, and intensifier + evaluative adjective phrases. We then connect their varying linguistic styles to their differing approaches to wine tasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the paper, we examine whether and the extent to which CALL grammar instruction contributes to improving learners' performance and confidence in positioning adverbs in an English sentence. Over a two-week period two groups of ESL learners were exposed to six hours of grammar instruction. One group had teacher-fronted instruction while the other was exposed to CALL software. Both groups completed identical tasks in terms of format, instruction, task features, content and feedback. The groups were given a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest. Results showed a significant improvement on the intuition task and a significant confidence improvement on both intuition and production tasks for the computer group. The in-class and the control group showed no significant gains. It is hypothesized that frequency of exposure and practice accounted for the difference between the in-class and the computer group. It is also recognized that students' control of learning, availability of immediate feedback, and non-existence of negative psychological effect that can follow face-to-face negative feedback also contributed to the difference that was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]