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Cooperation is a fundamental behaviour observed in all forms of life. The evolution of cooperation has been widely studied, but almost all theories focused on the cooperating individual and its genes. We suggest a different approach, taking into account the microbes carried by the interacting individuals. Accumulating evidence reveals that microbes can affect their host’s well-being and behaviour, yet hosts can evolve mechanisms to resist the manipulations of their microbes. We thus propose that coevolution of microbes with their hosts may favour microbes that induce their host to cooperate. Using computational modelling, we show that microbe-induced cooperation can evolve and be maintained in a wide range of conditions, including when facing hosts’ resistance to the microbial effect. We find that host–microbe coevolution leads the population to a rock–paper–scissors dynamics that enables maintenance of cooperation in a polymorphic state. Our results suggest a mechanism for the evolution and maintenance of cooperation that may be relevant to a wide variety of organisms, including cases that are difficult to explain by current theories. This study provides a new perspective on the coevolution of hosts and their microbiome, emphasizing the potential role of microbes in shaping their host’s behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does a firm's supply management strategy affect post-innovation disruption or post-disruption innovation in the supply chain? Interestingly, the supply chain innovation literature has also advocated for the important roles of suppliers in contributing to a buying firm's innovation performance (Kumar et al., 2020; Narasimhan & Narayanan, 2013). [Extracted from the article]

Landscape is not a sum of elements to be juxtaposed in a paper or a digital space. It is a complex system of relationships among components that have evolved over time. It is not a sum of material permanencies, more or less recognizable and placeable in space, but an interweaving of economic, social, religious and political meanings that link permanencies and give them value.How to represent these relationships from existing geographic or historical databases? How can we illustrate the co-evolution between nature and culture that has given form to today's landscape? And how to allow at the same time to update data and their relationships?Through the comparison among examples taken from local participative experiences (ecomuseum community maps) and others directly managed and produced by the Authors (itinerary maps), the contribution reflects on these main critical issues: landscape representation problems, data collecting and updating, information sharing. The main results show that the data digitalization and georeferencing can help to illustrate and understand tangible and intangible characteristics of landscape and overcome the gaps from a sharing mapping procedure with a bottom-up approach and the point of view by the experts with a top-down approach. On the contrary, the digital representation of landscape data shows another set of problems that currently are mainly solved in traditional ways. The paper will also deal with these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Multidimensional Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis (MdCRQA) is introduced. It is an extension of Multidimensional Recurrence Quantification Analysis (MdRQA), which allows to quantify the (auto-)recurrence properties of a single multidimensional time-series. MdCRQA extends MdRQA to bi-variate cases to allow for the quantification of the co-evolution of two multidimensional time-series. Moreover, it is shown how a Diagonal Cross-Recurrence Profile (DCRP) can be computed from the MdCRQA output that allows to capture time-lagged coupling between two multidimensional time-series. The core concepts of these analyses are described, as well as practical aspects of their application. In the supplementary materials to this paper, implementations of MdCRQA and the DCRP as MatLab- and R-functions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcome of infection of individual plants by pathogenic organisms is governed by complex interactions between the host and pathogen. These interactions are the result of long-term co-evolutionary processes involving selection and counterselection between plants and their pathogens. These processes are ongoing, and occur at many spatio-temporal scales, including genes and gene products, cellular interactions within host individuals, and the dynamics of host and pathogen populations. However, there are few systems in which host–pathogen interactions have been studied across these broad scales. In this review, we focus on research to elucidate the structure and function of plant resistance and pathogen virulence genes in the flax-flax rust interaction, and also highlight complementary co-evolutionary studies of a related wild plant–pathogen interaction. The confluence of these approaches is beginning to shed new light on host–pathogen molecular co-evolution in natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory) is the key pest of birches (Betula spp.) in North America, several of which have been recommended for ornamental landscapes based on anecdotal reports of borer resistance that had not been confirmed experimentally. In a 20-yr common garden experiment initiated in 1979 in Ohio, North American birch species, including paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), 'Whitespire' gray birch (Betula populifolia Marshall), and river birch (Betula nigra L.), were much more resistant to bronze birch borer than species indigenous to Europe and Asia, including European white birch (Betula pendula Roth), downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh. ), monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana Regel ), and Szechuan white birch (Betula szechuanica Jansson). Within 8 yr of planting, every European white, downy, and Szechuan birch had been colonized and killed, although 100% of monarch birch had been colonized and 88% of these plants were killed after nine years. Conversely, 97% of river birch, 76% of paper birch, and 73% Whitespire gray birch were alive 20 yr after planting, and river birch showed no evidence of colonization. This pattern is consistent with biogeographic theory of plant defense: North American birch species that share a coevolutionary history with bronze birch borer were much more resistant than naive hosts endemic to Europe and Asia, possibly by virtue of evolution of targeted defenses. This information suggests that if bronze birch borer were introduced to Europe or Asia, it could threaten its hosts there on a continental scale. This study also exposed limitations of anecdotal observation as evidence of host plant resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper efficiently addresses the high-dimensional robust order scheduling problem. A novel algorithm named dynamic cooperative coevolution based on an implicit decision variable classification approach (DCC/IDVCA) is developed to search for robust order schedules. To significantly reduce the computational resources required for solving the high-dimensional robust order scheduling problem, we propose decomposing the original decision variables through implicit classification methods. First, a novel estimation method is introduced to evaluate the weighted contribution of variables to robustness. This method utilizes historical information, including the variation of the overall mean effective fitness and the frequency of variables being classified into highly robustness-related subcomponents in previous cycles, for evaluating their weighted contribution to robustness. Then, based on the corresponding weighted robustness contributions, the original variables are classified into highly and weakly robustness-related variables. Finally, these two types of variables are decomposed into highly and weakly robustness-related subgroups within a dynamic cooperative coevolution framework and optimized separately. In the experimental section, the proposed algorithm is applied to two practical order scheduling problems in discrete manufacturing industry. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves competitive outcomes compared to state-of-the-art high-dimensional robust multi-objective optimization algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic editing technologies are developing rapidly, promising significant developments for biomedicine, agriculture and other fields. In the present investigation, we analyzed and compared the process of innovation for six genomic technologies: viral vectors, RNAi, TALENs, meganucleases, ZFNs and CRISPR/Cas including the profile of the main research institutions and their funders, to understand how innovation evolved and what institutions influenced research trajectories. A Web of Science search of papers on viral vectors RNAi, CRISPR/Cas, TALENs, ZFNs and meganucleases was used to build a citation network of 16,746 papers. An analysis of network clustering combined with text mining was performed. For viral vectors, a long-term process of incremental innovation was identified, which was largely publicly funded in the United States and the European Union. The trajectory of RNAi research included clusters related to the study of RNAi as a biological phenomenon and its use in functional genomics, biomedicine and pest control. A British philanthropic organization and a US pharmaceutical company played a key role in the development of basic RNAi research and clinical application respectively, in addition to government and academic institutions. In the case of CRISPR/Cas research, basic science discoveries led to the technical improvements, and these two in turn provided the information required for the development of biomedical, agricultural, livestock and industrial applications. The trajectory of CRISPR/Cas research exhibits a geopolitical division of the investigation efforts between the US, as the main producer and funder of basic research and technical improvements, and Chinese research institutions increasingly leading applied research. Our results reflect a change in the model for financing science, with reduced public financing for basic science and applied research on publicly funded technological developments in the US, and the emergence of China as a scientific superpower, with implications for the development of applications of genomic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom) is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interplay between the cognitive sciences and infocommunication technologies (ICT). This paper presents recent transformative changes in Cognitive Infocommunications, emerging both on the technological and the human side. Concepts such as Digital Reality and Cognitive Entities are also presented, which have emerged as a result recent technological convergence and further entanglement of ICT with human cognition. In addition, the current focal points of CogInfoCom research are presented to emphasize the entangled nature of human-technology interactions and human-technology co-evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting the problems of traditional particle swarm algorithm easily falling into local optimum and low recognition accuracy, an adaptive learning co-evolutionary variational particle swarm optimization algorithm (ALCEVPSO) is proposed in this paper to identify the parameters of permanent magnet synchronous wind generator (PMSWG). At first, an adaptive learning strategy is adopted for the inertia weights of the PSO, and the global optimization seeking ability of the PSO is improved. After that, multiple swarm co-evolution strategies are introduced to share the best positions within sub-populations, and by this method, the algorithm’s falling into local optimality is avoided. Finally, Cauchy Gaussian mixed variants are introduced, and the population diversity is enriched. The proposed method has the advantages of strong optimization ability and high search accuracy compared with the traditional particle swarm algorithm, which is shown by simulated and experimental results. By this method, the motor parameters of the permanent magnet synchronous motor can be accurately identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]