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Purpose: The purpose of the paper "Bibliometric Analysis of ChatGPT's Applications in Medicine: A Comprehensive Assessment of its Impact and Potential" is to conduct a systematic evaluation of how ChatGPT, an AI language model, has been applied in the field of medicine. The study aims to assess the impact of ChatGPT's applications in medicine and explore its potential contributions to the healthcare domain. Materials and Methods: The Scopus database was selected and the search query (All (ChatGPT AND Medicine) was developed on 11, July 2023 to retrieve all the bibliographic records on the domine of interest. From each record, we retrieved data on the title, author, organizations, journals, publications type, source, country, collaboration, etc. They were exported to MS-Excel for bibliometric analysis and VOSviewer software was used for analyzing Co-Occurrence networks and the data and descriptive analysis were classified, collected one by one, and loaded into the Bibliometric R-package program to create science maps and statistical graphs. Results: ChatGPT - related Medicine papers in the Scopus database constitute 532 papers. these publications received 1046 citations, these authored by 1771 authors published 203 article type and etc. Average citations per document 1966 received and 111 (20.86%) received extremal funding support from 62+ research agencies supporting research in this area. selected 65 significant keywords appearing in ChatGPT and Medicine. USA and UK were contributed the highest papers. Medicine is the broad subject of the study were published highest number of papers (312). Conclusion: The findings from this study can help researchers, practitioners, and policymakers better understand the impact and potential of ChatGPT in advancing medical knowledge, patient care, and healthcare practices. Additionally, the paper may contribute to identifying knowledge gaps and guide further research in this rapidly evolving field at the intersection of AI and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how teachers, psychologists and policymakers can respect the rights of all school students, through methods that are principled, humane, cost-effective and democratic. It examines how special educational needs and disability (SEND) services affect all school students and teachers, and their rights. The paper considers the history of rights, their meaning and purpose, and how and why they are important. Respect for rights can grow in several ways: in understanding the social and medical models of disability; in choices about SEND services; in educational psychology services; in the way 'normal' and 'special needs' students learn to live and work together, or else to live separate lives when it is then harder for disabled people to join in mainstream society as children and adults. The conclusion relates inclusive and special school policies to larger political concerns.

Presents the subject index for the December 1, 1995 issue of "British Journal of Dermatology."

The importance of science to the economy and for the progression of society is widely acknowledged. Yet, there are concerns that minority ethnic students in the UK are underrepresented, and even excluded, from post-compulsory science education and careers "in" science. Drawing on an exploratory study of 46 semi-structured interviews with British young people (aged 11-14) from Black Caribbean, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian, and Chinese ethnic backgrounds, this paper explores why careers "in" science are not popular aspirations among minority ethnic students, while careers "from" science are highly sought after. Using sociological theories of identity, this paper argues that gender and ethnic identities can operate in multifaceted ways to influence students' careers aspirations. Being a scientist is constructed by students as a highly gendered and racialized profession, which may reflect popular discourse of scientist as typically for "white men." Careers "from" science, particularly in medicine, appeared popular among some, but not all, minority ethnic groups, as being a medical staff is considered intrinsically and extrinsically rewarding. Implications of the findings for the science education of minority ethnic students are discussed.

This study describes the quantitative aspects of metaphor in academic publications. In particular, we analyze the frequency of metaphor types and source domains in medical papers written by native and non-native speakers of English. The data have been collected from selected published articles on cancer and tissue engineering. The method combines a manual procedure with a semantic tagger and keyness statistics in Wmatrix software for metaphor identification. The results show that while the distribution of metaphor is relatively stable across tissue engineering and cancer articles written by native and non-native speakers, indirect metaphor is more often used than other types of metaphor. Moreover, the findings indicate that some metaphorical source domains are specifically used for a particular topic and that some are more frequently exploited by native speakers of English than by non-native speakers. This study has implications for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) pedagogy and the development of metaphorical awareness activities as it may set the ground for future corpus studies that analyze metaphor properties in academic registers.

Presents tips of writing a medical paper in Great Britain. Identification of writing the concluding part as a helpful step for an easy paper formulation; Disadvantages of concentrating on the introductory part of the paper; Significance of formulating an interesting title.

This paper reconceptualizes Thomas Clifford Allbutt's contributions to the making of scientific medicine in late nineteenth-century England. Existing literature on Allbutt usually describes his achievements, such as his design of the pocket thermometer and his advocacy of the use of the ophthalmoscope in general medicine, as independent events; and his work on the development of comparative pathology is largely overlooked. In this paper I focus on this latter aspect. I examine Allbutt's books and addresses and claim that Allbutt argued for the centrality of comparative pathology in the advancement of medical knowledge. He held that diseases should be studied as biological phenomena and that medicine should be made a biological science. He also argued that comparative pathology should be based upon the idea of evolution, and its study should embrace other nineteenth-century sciences including neurology, embryology and bacteriology. Allbutt's writings reveal that his endorsement of comparative pathology (1880s to 1920s), his promotion of the use of the ophthalmoscope and the thermometer in clinical medicine (early 1870s), and his support of the hospital unit system (1910s to 1920s) were part of a single programme. All were grounded in his scientific vision of medicine which emphasized a research culture, a stringent nosological attitude and an integration of laboratory sciences and clinical medicine. (Contains 110 footnotes.)

Purpose: To explore the professional interface between health promotion (HP) and complementary and alternative medicine. Design/methodology/approach: A discussion paper, based on qualitative research involving in-depth interviews with 52 participants from either side of the interface. Findings: The current interface is predominantly limited to information exchange but there are innovative examples of partnership working on both sides. Key determinants of future collaboration include: the changing nature of both HP and complementary medicine; the place of science and biomedicine; the role of the individual; and perceptions of health, holism and spirituality. There is a perceived need for professional training and development in the area. Research limitations/implications: The discussion presented is based on a small scale, qualitative study and further research is needed to explore the issues raised. Practical implications: One-third of the public in the UK now use complementary medicine and this paper explores ways in which HP may respond to this development. Originality/value: The paper makes an important contribution to an area where there has so far been little professional debate.

This paper explores the gentry response to disease and illness in the fifteenth century. It examines the private letter collections of the Paston, the Stonor and the Plumpton families through a comparative methodology. The first section, focusing upon disease terminology in the letters, explores the diagnostic understanding of these families. Analysis of incidences of particular diseases, such as malaria and sciatica, is used to demonstrate their comprehension of illness through symptomatic observation. The second section examines the methods used for treating disease, analysing the various remedies used by the families. Important emphasis is placed upon the choice between using medical professionals and home healing. Finally, the role of female family members is assessed, determining whether it was medicinal matriarchs or male physicians who dominated in the sphere of family medicine. Ultimately this paper will uncover the complex and sophisticated ways gentry families managed and treated disease in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the importance of the United Kingdom's Government's White Paper on Genetics. Efforts to control the line between enthusiasm for the benefits genetic medicine may bring and the danger of raising unrealistic expectations; Commitment made to improve awareness of genetic medicine.

Aims Newly graduated doctors write a large proportion of prescriptions in UK hospitals but recent studies have shown that they frequently make prescribing errors. The prescribing safety assessment (PSA) has been developed as an assessment of competence in relation to prescribing and supervising the use of medicines. This report describes the delivery of the PSA to all UK final-year medical students in 2016 (PSA2016). Methods The PSA is a 2-hour online assessment comprising eight sections which cover various aspects of prescribing defined within the outcomes of undergraduate education identified by the UK General Medical Council. Students sat one of four PSA 'papers', which had been standard-set using a modified Angoff process. Results A total of 7343 final-year medical students in all 31 UK medical schools sat the PSA. The overall pass rate was 95% with the pass rates for the individual papers ranging from 93 to 97%. The PSA was re-sat by 261 students who had failed and 80% of those candidates passed. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the four papers ranged from 0.74 to 0.77 (standard error of measurement 4.13-4.24%). There was a statistically significant variation in performance between medical school cohorts (F = 32.6, P < 0.001) and a strongly positive correlation in performance for individual schools between PSA2015 and PSA2016 ( r = 0.79, 95% CI 0.61-0.90; P < 0.01). Conclusions PSA2016 demonstrated the feasibility of delivering a standardized national prescribing assessment online. The vast majority of UK final-year medical students were able to meet a prespecified standard of prescribing competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on medical topics which include the gastroscopy rate in general practitioner practice populations in Great Britain, randomised prospective trial of transnasal and standard upper diagnostic endoscopy under local anesthetic, and guidelines on the endoscopic assessment of gastric polyps.

Focuses on the use of computer system for the publication of the journal 'British Medical Journal' in Great Britain. Scheme on the use of computer system in the editorial office; Problems relating to computer systems; Advantage on the use of computer systems.

The counselling and psychotherapy profession is undergoing considerable change as a result of government intervention in the form of regulation, funding and efficacy research. In this paper we argue that these changes, even though they challenge some of the basic ways of thinking which have come to underpin the profession since its inception, also offer an opportunity to stimulate debate and thought in regard to how the profession might contribute to the development of healthcare systems in the future. We argue that this could be enhanced if therapists can learn from the experience of practitioners in the field of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), which has been experiencing similar changes in recent years. Indeed, both fields of clinical activity adopt many similar underlying clinical principles and, according to Samuels (2001), have similar political outlooks. With reference to anthroposophic psychotherapy which, as well as being a form of psychotherapy, is also part of a "whole systems" approach to CAM, we will examine those characteristics of psychotherapy and CAM that can inform the thinking of healthcare systems as a whole.

Reports developments related to medicine in Great Britain. Delay of the publication of the green paper report on general practice; Recommendation of the Social Services Select Committee for extra funding; Criticisms of the pharmaceutical price regulation scheme in the country.

The rigid economic structure of the medical labor market in the United Kingdom has produced a growing number of junior hospital doctors, who are very dissatisfied with their long-term career prospects and with their current working conditions. The nature of these problems and prospects for reform are examined. (Author/RM)

Presents information on the apparent decline in clinical medicine in Britain, one of Britain's traditional strengths. Analysis by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI); Clinicians staying out of research because of decline in salaries; Increase in `soft money' from drug companies and small charities accounting for drop in quality and jump in output, according to Edinburgh gastroenterologist Ian Bouchier.

Archie Donaldson was a dentist with a great intellect. He was an outstanding editor of the British Dental Journal and honourary curator of the British Dental Association Museum for many years. He was well known in the history of medicine circles, both in the United Kingdom and abroad. His papers on the historical use of gold and electricity in the surgery are highly thought of, as is his definitive history of the National Dental Hospital., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the British Dental Association.)

Reports developments related to medicine in Great Britain. Uses of a plastic drip set; Usefulness of waste papers; Preference to live in Africa.

Objectives: In response to demographic and health system pressures, the development of non-medical advanced clinical practice (ACP) roles is a key component of National Health Service workforce transformation policy in the UK. This review was undertaken to establish a baseline of evidence on ACP roles and their outcomes, impacts and implementation challenges across the UK., Design: A scoping review was undertaken following JBI methodological guidance., Methods: 13 online databases (Medline, CINAHL, ASSIA, Embase, HMIC, AMED, Amber, OT seeker, PsycINFO, PEDro, SportDiscus, Osteopathic Research and PenNutrition) and grey literature sources were searched from 2005 to 2020. Data extraction, charting and summary was guided by the PEPPA-Plus framework. The review was undertaken by a multi-professional team that included an expert lay representative., Results: 191 papers met the inclusion criteria (any type of UK evidence, any sector/setting and any profession meeting the Health Education England definition of ACP). Most papers were small-scale descriptive studies, service evaluations or audits. The papers reported mainly on clinical aspects of the ACP role. Most papers related to nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy and radiography roles and these were referred to by a plethora of different titles. ACP roles were reported to be achieving beneficial impacts across a range of clinical and health system outcomes. They were highly acceptable to patients and staff. No significant adverse events were reported. There was a lack of cost-effectiveness evidence. Implementation challenges included a lack of role clarity and an ambivalent role identity, lack of mentorship, lack of continuing professional development and an unclear career pathway., Conclusion: This review suggests a need for educational and role standardisation and a supported career pathway for advanced clinical practitioners (ACPs) in the UK. Future research should: (i) adopt more robust study designs, (ii) investigate the full scope of the ACP role and (iii) include a wider range of professions and sectors., Competing Interests: Competing interests: RC is Clinical Lead for Musculoskeletal Practitioners in Primary Care and Lead of the Centre for Advancing Practice, Health Education England. JC is a Research Advisor to Health Education England., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Around 67 million pets are owned by households in the United Kingdom, and an increasing number of these are exotic animals. Approximately a third of pets are purchased through retail outlets or direct from breeders. A wide range of infections can be associated with companion animals. Objectives: This study uses a systematic literature review to describe the transmission of zoonotic disease in humans associated with a pet shop or other location selling pets (incidents of rabies tracebacks and zoonoses from pet food were excluded). Data sources: PubMed and EMBASE. Results: Fifty seven separate case reports or incidents were described in the 82 papers that were identified by the systematic review. Summary information on each incident is included in this manuscript. The infections include bacterial, viral and fungal diseases and range in severity from mild to life threatening. Infections associated with birds and rodents were the most commonly reported. Over half of the reports describe incidents in the Americas, and three of these were outbreaks involving more than 50 cases. Many of the incidents identified relate to infections in pet shop employees. Limitations: This review may have been subject to publication bias, where unusual and unexpected zoonotic infections may be over-represented in peer-reviewed publications. It was also restricted to English-language articles so that pathogens that are more common in non-Western countries, or in more exotic animals not common in Europe and the Americas, may have been under-represented. Conclusions/implications: A wide spectrum of zoonotic infections are acquired from pet shops. Salmonellosis and psittacosis were the most commonly documented diseases, however more unusual infections such as tularemia also appeared in the review. Given their potential to spread zoonotic infection, it is important that pet shops act to minimise the risk as far as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article?: • To familiarise yourself with the healthcare needs of overseas Chinese students • To understand the barriers experienced by overseas Chinese students when accessing UK student primary healthcare • To enhance your knowledge of strategies to increase access to healthcare services for this population Individuals from China comprise the largest cohort of international students in the UK, making up almost one quarter of those coming to the country to study. The large Chinese student population at UK universities means there are considerable numbers each year who require access to student primary healthcare. This article describes a literature and narrative review that aimed to critically review the evidence concerning whether the primary healthcare needs of overseas Chinese students studying at UK universities are being met. Three themes were identified: primary healthcare accessibility and potential barriers for overseas Chinese students; health-seeking behaviour and health needs; and cultural and spiritual foundations of health needs and trusted health-seeking frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers two research related to medicine in Great Britain. It examines the role of apolipoprotein B -apolipoprotein A-I ratio in cardiovascular risk assessment, a case-control analysis conducted by Evaluation of Practice in Care. The second study investigates the relationship between arterial stiffness and wave reflections, predictors of cardiovascular risk and serum triglyceride levels in healthy middle-aged men.

This paper outlines a neo-Weberian approach to state-sponsored social closure in professional formation. Despite its advantages, state decision-making is not typically well-defined or examined in neo-Weberian analyses. Neo-Weberianism is differentiated from Max Weber's own work on social action and rationality, which generally provides a more subtle interpretation of state socio-political processes. The paper explores how policy formation can be more incisively analyzed inside the black box of state decision-making from a Weberian perspective. This is exemplified by the passage of the 1858 Medical Act in the United Kingdom establishing the state-supported medical profession. While further work is necessary in filling in the black box, this paper charts an important future path for neo-Weberian analyses of professions, and their relationship with the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to demonstrate that any suggestion that there is a need for specific innovation laws is flawed. Innovation is central to good medical practice and is adequately supported by current law. Methods: The paper reviews the nature of medical innovation and outlines recent attempts in the UK to introduce specific laws aimed at 'encouraging' and 'supporting' innovation. The current legal framework is outlined and the role of the law in relation to medical innovation explored. Results: The analysis demonstrates the cyclic relationship between medical advancement and the law and concludes that there is no requirement for specific innovation laws. Conclusions: The law not only supports innovation and development in medical treatment but encourages it as central to a functioning medical system. There is no need to introduce specific laws aimed at medical innovation; to do so represents an unnecessary legal innovation and serves to complicate matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the current interest in leadership within the National Health Service (NHS), especially within medicine, as a solution to the slow rate of integration of health and social care services.Design/methodology/approach This paper is a conceptual analysis of policy documents and professional statements about leadership.Findings Leadership is a new common sense, promoted despite the limited evidence that it actually delivers. Leaders take risks, develop organisational vision and involve others in change using influence rather than hierarchic authority. They work together in ad hoc local networks, and, because leaders experience the work first hand, they are trusted by fellow professionals and bring to the organisation of work a flexible, immediate, policy-oriented dynamism and pragmatic adaptability.Practical implications This paper argues that the leadership movement represents a historic compromise between professionals (mostly medical) who want to shape decision making about service reconfiguration, and managers and politicians seeking ways to integrate health and social care services.Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge this conceptual analysis is the first to be applied to leadership within the NHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an index of authors for the December 1, 1995 issue of "British Journal of Dermatology."

In his late historical and autobiographical writings (the late writings) Ernest Jones makes two interrelated claims. The first, which he passes off as an historical fact, is that by 1904 there were 'three sources of information available to [him]' about Freud (Jones, 1945b, p. 9). The second, which he makes by way of an autobiographical statement, is that he was already practising 'the new therapy' of psychoanalysis by 1906. Contemporaneous sources challenge the unspoken assumptions that run through Jones's late writings: that there was little or no discussion of Freud's ideas in Britain between 1904, when Jones claims he first started reading Freud, and November 1913 when he founded the London Psycho-Analytic Society. For reasons difficult to fathom Jones's version of history has been accepted almost without question. Lifting Jones's historical and autobiographical veils reveals a very different story: that when Jones first returned from Canada, in 1911, there was already a vibrant debate concerning the merits, or otherwise, of the new Freudian psychology and there were a number of doctors already treating patients with psychoanalysis or its variants. The paper concludes with a re-examination of Jones's relationship with M.D. Eder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last two hundred years or so have seen the transformation of medical practice from a clinical art to the application of science to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. There has been a historical debate about how the use of technology and discoveries of the laboratory have become integrated within medical practice. In trying to understand the evolution of “scientific medicine,” this has generally focused on the tensions between the differing cultures, persons, and professions of the “laboratory” and “clinic” and sought to explain how they were resolved within specific institutions. This paper looks again at the “Glasgow School” (the subject of a number of seminal papers on this subject) and the forces that shaped it, by exploring the career of Leonard Findlay, whose training in Glasgow, and in Berlin (where he worked in a department in which science and medicine were integrated), defined a style of clinical medicine that formed the model for a new sort of university department of medicine in which clinicians and scientists worked side by side, albeit under the leadership of the former. As a clinician exposed in Berlin to the emerging new sciences of nutrition, microbiology, and immunology, which were particularly relevant to the care of sick children, Findlay created in Glasgow a department of medical pediatrics, which owed less to local factors, figures, and forces and more to his experience in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The discourses around globalisation and internationalisation within higher education to date have tended to focus on institutional change. While recognising the importance of these debates, this paper suggests that issues around curriculum change and teaching and learning through global professions such as health and engineering have so far been largely neglected. Using evidence from the UK and Ireland, the paper looks particularly at how students perceive the importance and value of global perspectives to their professions. It concludes by noting that there is evidence of interest in integrating global perspectives within health and engineering degree courses from students, but that this raises major challenges concerning discipline-based knowledge, valuing differing perspectives and approaches towards teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world in 2010 is a very different place to 1987 when Bhugra's paper on homophobia was published. Huge shifts have occurred in society's attitudes to gender, sex, sexuality and identity - notably by the internet, changes in HIV treatment, media representation of homosexuality and feminism and the role of women in society. This paper updates the literature review on homophobia revisiting society's assumptions about homosexuals. Changes are discussed in the context of definitions of homophobia, socio-cultural and politico-legal perspectives and homophobia and medicine. New current assumptions are drawn up and offered as a way of understanding both development and limitations - whilst there has been a reduction in the fear associated with gay men and women, discrimination remains. Newer issues such as internalised homophobia, globalisation and mainstream representations of homosexuality add complexity to this ongoing concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, medical regulation in the United Kingdom was fundamentally changed by the introduction of revalidation – a process by which all licensed doctors are required to regularly demonstrate that they are up to date and fit to practice in their chosen field and are able to provide a good level of care. This paper examines the implications of revalidation on the structure, governance, and performance management of the medical profession, as well as how it has changed the relationships between the regulator, employer organizations, and the profession. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with clinical and non‐clinical staff from a range of healthcare organizations. Our research suggests that organizations have become intermediaries in the relationship between the General Medical Council and doctors, enacting regulatory processes on its behalf and extending regulatory surveillance and oversight at local level. Doctors' autonomy has been reduced as they have become more accountable to and reliant on the organizations that employ them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Conventional systematic review techniques have limitations when the aim of a review is to construct a critical analysis of a complex body of literature. This article offers a reflexive account of an attempt to conduct an interpretive review of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups in the UK Methods: This project involved the development and use of the method of Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS). This approach is sensitised to the processes of conventional systematic review methodology and draws on recent advances in methods for interpretive synthesis. Results: Many analyses of equity of access have rested on measures of utilisation of health services, but these are problematic both methodologically and conceptually. A more useful means of understanding access is offered by the synthetic construct of candidacy. Candidacy describes how people's eligibility for healthcare is determined between themselves and health services. It is a continually negotiated property of individuals, subject to multiple influences arising both from people and their social contexts and from macro-level influences on allocation of resources and configuration of services. Health services are continually constituting and seeking to define the appropriate objects of medical attention and intervention, while at the same time people are engaged in constituting and defining what they understand to be the appropriate objects of medical attention and intervention. Access represents a dynamic interplay between these simultaneous, iterative and mutually reinforcing processes. By attending to how vulnerabilities arise in relation to candidacy, the phenomenon of access can be better understood, and more appropriate recommendations made for policy, practice and future research. Discussion: By innovating with existing methods for interpretive synthesis, it was possible to produce not only new methods for conducting what we have termed critical interpretive synthesis, but also a new theoretical conceptualisation of access to healthcare. This theoretical account of access is distinct from models already extant in the literature, and is the result of combining diverse constructs and evidence into a coherent whole. Both the method and the model should be evaluated in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A timeline is presented that shows the history of the development of the drug paroxetine and the Study 329 randomized controlled trial of paroxetine in adolescents with depression from 1992 to 2015.

This paper presents an overview of several evidence-based medicine and patient information studies conducted across the UK health service over a 4 year period, investigating clinicians', managers', and patients' perceptions of digital resources (primarily digital libraries) in hospitals, Primary Care Trusts, NHS Direct (patient call centre) and patient groups. In-depth interviews and focus groups are analysed using grounded theory methodologies and through content analysis used to produce quantitative finding. The perceived impacts of three different methods employed for delivering health informatics are presented. The findings highlight some generic issues relevant for health informatics in the UK health sector as well as some specific issues for medical digital libraries. This paper reviews in more detail the issues of medical technology implementation (traditional implementation, on the wards, and intermediaries within in communities). A breakdown of the clinicians' and patients' information journey (information initiation, facilitation and interpretation) is also presented with regard to medical digital libraries and online resources. Broad guidelines derived from these findings are provided for health-informatics deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the findings from an evaluation of a pilot interprofessional training ward project for pre-qualification medical, nursing, occupational therapy and physiotherapy students. This initiative required sustained collaboration from staff based in two National Health Service (NHS) trusts and four schools in three universities. The ward was based on a model of interprofessional education developed in Sweden, but adapted in the light of this experience and also to meet the needs and aspirations of the training ward stakeholders in London. The training ward was evaluated using a multi-method design. Data were collected from all participants involved in this pilot: students, facilitators and patients. The findings from the evaluation are presented and discussed. This paper pays particular attention to the collaborative experiences of the students, staff and institutions involved in this initiative. In addition, 1-year follow-up data collected from the students who had, by then, qualified as clinical practitioners are reported. The paper presents conclusions from the evaluation, and comments on the training ward's strengths, limitations and future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly outlines health advisor L.W. Harrison's contribution to venereology or genitourinary (GU) medicine, and shows how his principles of good practice fulfil many of the principles of clinical governance. The paper then outlines some general principles of clinical governance and indicate how they relate to GU medicine. Harrison set up the specialty on a firm foundation of clinical excellence that fulfils many of the latest requirements. He would have been thrilled to see how the specialty has broadened and would have applauded the drive for excellence. However, he might have been concerned over the literature on clinical governance, reminding that the pursuit is excellence of clinical care for the patient, and that clinical governance must not become an end in itself.

This paper explores the advice for fertility and health care contained in a late fifteenth-century manuscript: London, British Library MS Lansdowne 380. This study has chosen to engage with the larger theme of whether women had access to medical writings in the vernaculars of later-medieval England and whether this enabled them to control their own fertility. The paper shows that many women did have direct access to written knowledge, and that this knowledge combined theoretical and practical understanding for use in a domestic setting. Rather than being disenfranchised from responsibility for their own fertility, women collaborated with their husbands to ensure offspring and the future of their families. By refining the understanding of the use of manuscripts, the source of the knowledge they contained, and the question of ownership, the paper adds to our awareness of the scope and practice of fertility medicine in the later Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores health care in one Lancashire working-class community during the golden age of biomedicine. Both the biomedical and alternative medical services available in the town are examined. The services provided by one community ‘wisewoman’; ranging from the respectable, such as midwifery, to the illegal, including abortion are a key focus. This case study is used as a way to engage with a larger theme in the history of medicine, namely, the tension between orthodox biomedical science and more traditional and alternative approaches to health care. The ways in which during the early twentieth century, traditional healing networks found ways to survive despite the increasing power and reach of biomedicine are demonstrated. This evidence points to the complexity of working-class attitudes to medical authority and practice during the period in question. In Rochdale, the working-class community remained slow to accept the orthodox challenge to traditional beliefs concerning health and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Through an examination of the extensive papers, manuscripts and correspondence of American physician Benjamin Rush and his friends, this article argues that it is possible to map a network of Scottish-trained physicians in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Atlantic world. These physicians, whose members included Benjamin Rush, John Redman, John Morgan, Adam Kuhn, and others, not only brought the Edinburgh model for medical pedagogy across the Atlantic, but also disseminated Scottish stadial theories of development, which they applied to their study of the natural history and medical practices of Native Americans and slaves. In doing so, these physicians developed theories about the relationship between civilization, historical progress and the practice of medicine. Exploring this network deepens our understanding of the transnational intellectual geography of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century British World. This article develops, in relation to Scotland, a current strand of scholarship that maps the colonial and global contexts of Enlightenment thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adherence is vital for medicine to have an effect, yet adherence is considered to be low, with approximately half of the patients not fully adherent. However, research into adherence tends to focus on quantitative analysis of performance, which fails to perceive how people are adherent in their many different environments. As a contribution to gaining a deeper understanding, interviews were held with thirty individuals in the UK, Egypt, Kazakhstan, and six countries in sub-Saharan Africa to understand their perceptions on adherence to a range of drugs, and these were compared with an existing well-regarded list. New or undocumented reasons for non-adherence were discovered. Reasons for non-adherence were consistent across both developing and developed worlds. A new viewpoint on adherence is suggested, which considers adherence to be a single act and therefore as an individual opportunity to be adherent, permitting greater focus on the enablers and inhibitors of adherence at any given point in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicine is one of the most inaccessible professions in the United Kingdom (UK). The Plant a Seed (PAS) series was created to address this; it is an online pre-recorded three-part video series to "Inspire", "Educate" and "Motivate" pupils from widening participation backgrounds on Medicine. We explored the impact of PAS on pupils' knowledge, skills and attitude to Medicine. Methods: We conducted a national pretest-posttest study of Years 7–9 pupils in the UK. 503 schools were invited to PAS, following ethics approval. Consented pupils viewed all three episodes asynchronously and completed a pre-and post-series Likert scale confidence questionnaire, which evaluated their knowledge, skills and attitudes to a medical career. A Shapiro-Wilk test showed the lack of a normal distribution (p < 0.05); therefore, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistically compared pretest-posttest results of each pupil. Results: 70 pupils in Years 7–9 from 2 schools participated in this study. PAS was shown to significantly increase pupils' knowledge of the role and life of a doctor, medicine as a degree, admissions requirements, and careers in medicine (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in pupils believing they could study medicine. The intervention did not significantly increase the desire for pupils to study medicine (p = 0.187). Conclusion: PAS significantly improved pupils' knowledge, skills and confidence demonstrating the need and benefit to enrolment of the programme at scale. It did not significantly increase the number of pupils wishing to study medicine. Analysis at scale is required to evaluate the effectiveness of PAS as a key intervention to break down barriers to medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Debate is intensifying about how to assess the full range of impacts from medical research. Complexity increases when assessing the diverse funding streams of funders such as Asthma UK, a charitable patient organisation supporting medical research to benefit people with asthma. This paper aims to describe the various impacts identified from a range of Asthma UK research, and explore how Asthma UK utilised the characteristics of successful funding approaches to inform future research strategies. Methods: We adapted the Payback Framework, using it both in a survey and to help structure interviews, documentary analysis, and case studies. We sent surveys to 153 lead researchers of projects, plus 10 past research fellows, and also conducted 14 detailed case studies. These covered nine projects and two fellowships, in addition to the innovative case studies on the professorial chairs (funded since 1988) and the MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma (the 'Centre') which together facilitated a comprehensive analysis of the whole funding portfolio. We organised each case study to capture whatever academic and wider societal impacts (or payback) might have arisen given the diverse timescales, size of funding involved, and extent to which Asthma UK funding contributed to the impacts. Results: Projects recorded an average of four peer-reviewed journal articles. Together the chairs reported over 500 papers. All streams of funding attracted follow-on funding. Each of the various categories of societal impacts arose from only a minority of individual projects and fellowships. Some of the research portfolio is influencing asthmarelated clinical guidelines, and some contributing to product development. The latter includes potentially major breakthroughs in asthma therapies (in immunotherapy, and new inhaled drugs) trialled by university spin-out companies. Such research-informed guidelines and medicines can, in turn, contribute to health improvements. The role of the chairs and the pioneering collaborative Centre is shown as being particularly important. Conclusions: We systematically demonstrate that all types of Asthma UK's research funding assessed are making impacts at different levels, but the main societal impacts from projects and fellowships come from a minority of those funded. Asthma UK used the study's findings, especially in relation to the Centre, to inform research funding strategies to promote the achievement of impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the first American epidemiological studies of cardiovascular disease, the Framingham Heart Study, is considered to have played a central role in identifying the major risk factors for heart disease and in introducing and diffusing a risk factor approach. Today, a risk factor is usually presented as an individual and biological parameter rather than as a social characteristic, and it is most commonly used as a predictive rather than a causal notion. This paper examines the specific contribution of this prospective study to framing what I call a ‘restrictive’ concept of risk factor. I show that these characteristics owe much to some peculiarities of this study when compared to other contemporary cohort studies carried out in the USA and in the UK: in particular its conception as a large clinical study, its relationship to American constitutional medicine and the division of work between clinicians and statisticians. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper attempts a comprehensive account of 'fibre medicine' elaborated by iatromechanists from c. 1700 to c. 1740. Fibre medicine, a medical theory informed by the notion of the fibre, has been neglected by medical historians despite the pivotal role played by the fibre in animal economy. Referring to a wide range of medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, therapeutics and life sciences, this paper elucidates the ways that the fibre serves as an indispensable concept for iatromechanists to establish their medical theories. This paper also highlights the metaphorical dimension of the fibre as an integral part of fibre medicine. In re-evaluating the concept of the fibre, this paper seeks to redress the neuro-centric view of eighteenth-century medicine, and attempts to locate the fibre body amidst the fundamental shift from humoralism to solidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss findings from two studies designed to access and analyse the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours of health-care professionals and scientists working in morally contested fields of biomedicine that involve the embryo. We seek to support the view that the embryo typically ‘matters’ to the people we interviewed and whose work we observed, even though it is impossible for them to agree in terms of why that is, and even though their work is of the type to which the moral guardians of the embryo object. In the first part of this paper, we touch on the policy and legal position in relation to embryos, noting Margot Brazier's account of the development of the relevant regulation in the UK and the importance of her claim that the embryo is widely thought to have an important symbolic value. We then turn to explore some of the views, attitudes, and work practices of those whose work involves the embryo, whether that be in relation to fertility treatment services, including IVF and PGD, or research that uses embryos. Our discussion shows the extent to which the embryo typically matters, in various ways, to those working in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the discussions of ‘magical’ cures found in thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century English pastoral manuals (texts designed to teach the clergy how to preach and hear confessions). It discusses these writers' attitudes to spoken and written charms and non-verbal amulets, and compares them with a selection of charms and amulets found in contemporary medical texts. The paper discusses the reasons why authors of pastoral manuals condemned certain kinds of cure as ‘magical’, and argues that they were more concerned about cures that involved words than about non-verbal amulets. It also argues that a significant number, although not all, of the charms described in thirteenth-century medical texts would have been acceptable to many authors of pastoral manuals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is the start of a series on general medicine and surgery for dental practitioners. It follows on from a previous series, published in the British Dental Journal in 2003. The proportion of older people in the UK population has been on the increase for several years. Dental practitioners who treat the general public often see older patients on a regular basis. This paper considers aspects of clinical management in the older patient with particular reference to the presentation of disease and factors to be considered in prescribing medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislative restrictions on the sale of organs, gametes and surrogacy services are often seen as having no basis other than mere prejudice or taboo. This paper argues instead that they can be read as instances of a broader decommodification of healthcare provision established in Britain with the creation of the NHS in 1948. Restrictions on the marketisation of medicine were justified by Aneurin Bevan, the founder of the NHS, and by Richard Titmuss, one of its chief academic defenders, in distinctly utopian terms. On this vision, the NHS would function as a utopian enclave prefiguring an idealised non-capitalist future. This commonsense of post-war medicine was fatally destabilised by fiscal crisis and social critique in the 1970s. Influential commentators like Ian Kennedy developed an anti-utopian account of the real NHS and proposed legalistic and market-based reform. These reforms sought to dissolve the enclave, assimilating medical work and the NHS as a whole to broader systems of accounting and accountability. Insofar as they have been realised, they achieve a recommodification of medicine in Britain. The paper concludes by examining recent studies of the ‘new NHS’, which see in the latter-day idealisation of market processes a novel form of self-denying utopianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]