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In the current context, after a pandemic that has left traces in all socio-economic fields and during major geopolitical problems, Basic research is needed in order to identify directions for rapid and sustainable socio-economic recovery. The agricultural sector has played a particularly important role in speeding economic growth and development in less developed countries. As a result, we may argue that the agriculture sector has aided these countries' integration into global trade. The proposed paper aims to identify the degree of dependence of the Moldovan economy on agriculture and how this dependence can be transformed into a challenge that will help the country's economy. Also, the paper aims to identify the link between agricultural production and gross domestic product at the level of the Moldovan economy, as well as the need to create a stability in the labour market in agriculture. The above mentioned will be achieved in the conditions in which there is already a decrease in the labour force, a decrease due to medical, geo-political and migration factors. To develop a sustainable economy, sustainable agricultural public policies must be enacted, resulting in the attraction of personnel from metropolitan regions (where unemployment is higher) to rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the current state, retrospective, and perspective of the development of the export potential of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy. The share of agricultural exports in the structure of the total export of goods from Ukraine was analyzed. The geographical structure of the export of goods from Ukraine, in particular the agro-industrial complex, was studied. Special attention was paid to the issue of the change in the structure of the export of goods in 2022. The structure of the export of products from Ukraine, in particular agricultural products, was studied in terms of partner countries. Special attention was focused on considering changes in the structure of exports in 2022 in Ukraine. In 2022, the logistics of exporting agricultural products became significantly more complicated. Neighbouring European countries felt a significant burden during the restructuring of the logistics channels for the export of Ukrainian agricultural products before the opening of the «grain corridor». Customs crossings, railway infrastructure and the infrastructure of sea and river ports of the European Union countries were fully involved. In the article, we substantiated that in order to unblock the export of agricultural products from Ukraine through the domestic Black Sea seaports, the significant burden of building export logistics flows was taken on by European neighboring countries, which fully utilized all their logistics infrastructure. In 2022, there was a reduction in the export of agricultural products, and in 2023, its further decline is predicted. Using the example of grain crops, polynomial approximation was used to forecast their gross harvest, as well as calculate domestic consumption and export potential in 2023. The study indicates that in 2023, export revenue from the sale of grain crops should be expected to be more than twice as much as in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of computer based information systems in managing the resources of agricultural companies in order to forecast agricultural production and to study, from several points of view, the impact of climate change, respectively the changes brought by them. The Internet of Things involves the use of the Internet to connect different devices, services, and automated systems, thus forming a network of objects. Internet of Things devices will be integrated, connected to computer based information systems to increase the efficiency of agricultural production, by remotely monitoring sensors that can detect soil moisture and crop growth, ensuring (for example) remote management of smart combine harvesters and equipment of irrigation. The data provided by different sensors will be collected and the operational data obtained will be analyzed. The analysis will be performed using artificial intelligence methods that, through specific algorithms, allow the learning of new processing procedures, using data and previous knowledge collected, correlated with information obtained from meteorological services, to improve the making process. of decisions. Climate change is affecting agriculture by decreasing agricultural areas and reducing crops in the affected areas. These changes ultimately lead to a reduction in the amount of food available to humans and animals, to starvation, a phenomenon that still affects millions of people today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the impact of agricultural enterprises' digitization and the performance and bankruptcy risk. Analyzing financial insolvency and predicting bankruptcy risk is a constant focus of research. Company managers and their creditors, auditors, counterparties, etc., are very interested in this issue. Many economists are constantly looking for adequate models and methods by which to establish the financial health of companies with the most significant degree of precision. This paper answers whether some of the most commonly used bankruptcy prediction models also apply in the agricultural sector. For this purpose, a study was made of the annual statistical reports of medium and large Bulgarian agricultural enterprises operating in this sector for five years. Next, the paper's authors also look for evidence that agricultural enterprises with a higher level of digitalization and application of information and communication technologies face a lower risk of bankruptcy and better performance, applying the fixed effect and probit models. The econometric analysis clearly shows a statistically significant relationship between the risk of bankruptcy and the productivity of agricultural enterprises, measured by ROA. Applying the probit model reveals a higher probability of bankruptcy for firms with lower productivity and higher leverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to analyse the role of public agricultural spending as a panacea for agricultural subsector production in Cameroon. The data were taken from World Bank development database and processed using growth model, and error correction model. Despite the agricultural sector's significant contributions to the country's economy throughout the years, the country has made little headway in reducing it. Recent interest in the relationship between government spending and economic output has not focused on the central question of whether government spending, particularly agricultural spending increases agricultural subsector output or otherwise. With instantaneous and compound growth rates of 6.7 percent and 6.93 percent, 3.03 percent and 3.08 percent, 13.66 percent and 14.64 percent, respectively, the results demonstrated stagnation in agricultural and livestock subsector production and labor. In contrast, public agriculture spending increased at a faster rate, with instantaneous and compound growth rates of 6.09 percent and 6.27 percent, respectively. In the short run, agricultural land, labor, and public agricultural spending all have a substantial impact on animal productivity. Cutting public agricultural spending by 25% is the most cost-effective way to maintain crop and livestock production in the short term. Incentives such as tax reductions and infrastructure development should be established to attract more private investors, knowledge transfer, and significant capital inflows to ensure the agricultural sub-long-term sector's viability. In the short term, privatization of the government's agricultural development projects will be critical for efficient use of public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widening supply-demand gap of poultry products in Nigeria calls for urgent attention toward improving the production and productivity of poultry with a special interest in underutilized poultry species. This study was carried out to examine the level of production of underutilized poultry species and the factors influencing it in the Iwo ADP Zone of Osun State. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted to select 150 poultry farmers for the study. Data were obtained through physical interview of the farmers, then analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinary least square (OLS) regression. Results showed higher percentage of males in poultry production and mean age of the poultry farmers was 49.19±12.40 years with a mean length of experience in poultry keeping of 11.0±7.4 years and mean flock size of 68± 17. It was deduced from the study that majority (77.3%) of the poultry farmers had no or limited access to extension services. As determinants of the rearing of underutilized poultry species in the study area, results of multiple linear regressions showed the coefficients of the age of poultry farmers, and length of poultry farming experience was positive and statistically significant (P< 0.01). Household size was also positive and statistically significant (P< 0.05). Based on the findings, the study, therefore recommends the need for an enlightenment campaign and awareness on the importance of rearing underutilized poultry species and strengthening the livestock extension services for effective and result-oriented service delivery to the poultry farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania has an agriculture in which approximately 37% of the population carries out their activity, with approximately 3 million plots, whose average surface is 1.5 ha, a fact that acutely requires the organization of farmers in associative forms, in order to modernize this important economic branch. Starting from these considerations, we analyszed, using the survey method based on a questionnaire, in 3 communes from Călărași county, the situation of farmers, on a structured sample based on the information taken from the Agricultural Register of the town halls, with a number of 238 respondents, having as its main objective the identification and drawing of development directions for small farmers, starting from the situation highlighted by means of processed and analyzed statistical data, but also by applying the opinion survey among small farmers. In order to evaluate the correlation of two important variables in the questionnaire, respectively, the farmer age and the farm size, the chisquare test was used, a test of statistical significance, through which we analyzed the frequencies for the measurable variables, on a nominal or ordinal scale. The possibility of association with other owners of farms in order to develop was analyzed: for the use of the land, the possibility of association being accepted by 46.2% of the respondents; for the association for the purpose of joint use of agricultural machinery, more than 33% support this possibility; for the valorization of agricultural products, over 30% want association with other farmers; 37% would associate for the joint rearing of animals; 34.5% want an association for the processing of agricultura products, 34.5% are followers of this association. We conclude that the organization of agricultural producers in associative forms opens new opportunities for economic development, by attracting local, zonal or regional advantages, and through collective bargaining power to increase the prosperity of the associated members and the communities they belong to. We also appreciate that among the factors of progress for the sustainable development of agriculture and the rural environment, an important place is occupied by the establishment and development of efficient associative structures, which contribute to the socio-economic stabilization of rural areas by favoring the development of agrarian structures integrated with market flows and economically efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient management of the agricultural land fund is one of the basic priorities of each state. The given resource represents the totality of the agricultural lands within a territorial-administrative unit. The Republic of Moldova, having a specific geopolitical position, during the twentieth century was subjected to various areas of influence, which imposed their own views on how to manage the land. As a result, all the political and administrative changes involved the fundamental reform of the agricultural sector and, directly, of the agricultural land fund. The paper is a reflection of the evolution of the country's land fund in the context of social and political change during the XX-XI century. The analysis of that period showed that the only viable and efficient method of managing the land fund agricultural is private property based on the implementation of modern production technologies. The general research methods (empirical and theoretical methods) were used in the process of elaborating this report, the analysis of statistical data reflecting the evolution of the national land fund as well as of the agricultural land areas were widely applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the research, it has been highlighted that there are no two countries in the world where the legal regulation of land relations would be identical, and the following four typical models of platform interactions have been established: closed market model, open market model, with some minor restrictions for agricultural and natural real estate (lands); closed for foreigners; open with restrictions. It has been substantiated that there is a stereotype in Ukraine as regards the efficiency of large-scale agriculture, and has been highlighted that most European countries prefer family farms, by ownership, and try to maintain small/medium-sized farm size, rather than increase the influence of monopolistic companies with large-size land use. Also, the paper highlights the factor of land consumption, in the process of which it has been found that in European countries this indicator is much better as compared to that in Ukraine. The authors’ correlation analysis revealed a close relationship between these factors and the average value of agricultural lands. SWOT analysis tools have been applied to study the institutionalization of the land market. In addition, the authors have analyzed the average value of land plots of the owners of land shares(units) after the lifting of the moratorium on the turnover of agricultural lands, which allowed to state a significant regional difference in the value of these lands. Where twelve regions of Ukraine have a lower market value of land plots compared to the lowest limit of normative monetary valuation of arable lands. Using the diagram, the authors have shown the lack of mutual coordination between the indicators of the normative monetary valuation of arable lands and the average value of sold land plots of the owners of land shares (units). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the status of Sorghum cultivated area, production and yield at the EU-28 level and in each producing country in the period 2008-2019, and then the forecast for these indicators was estimated for the horizon 2020-2024. Fixed index, trend line, descriptive statistics and regression modeling were used to process the data. The cultivated surface with sorghum in the EU reached 197 thousand ha in 2019, being almost double than on 2008. The cultivated area with Sorghum increased in all sorghum producing countries: France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria and Greece, except Spain and Slovakia were it remained constant. The largest cropped areas are in France, Italy and Romania, accounting for 76%. Sorghum output doubled its figure and in 2019 reached 1,019 thousand tons. About 91% of production being achieved by France (431), Italy (312), Hungary (117) and Romania (68). The EU yield was 5,179 kg/ha, but higher yields were recorded by Austria, Italy and France. In 2024, it is estimated that the EU will produce 1,045 thousand tons sorghum. Production will increase in Italy, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece, will decline in France and Hungary and will remain constant in Spain and Slovakia. The EU will continue to pay attention to this crop as a response to climate change. The main purposes of sorghum being animal feed, biomass for bio-fuels, raw material in food industry, component in crop rotation, maintenance of biodiversity and environment preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the situation of honey production in Romania and by micro-region of development using the empirical data provided by National Institute of Statistics for the period 2007-2015, it determine de trend lines and regression functions and set up the forecast for the period 2016-2020. In 2015, Romania had 1,392.8 thousand bee families, by 41.81 % more than in 2007. They produced 27,893 tons by 66.35 % more than in 2007 according to NIS, but according to the EU Commission Romania came on the top position with 35,000 tons honey. The contribution of the micro-regions of development to honey production is in the decreasing order the following one: South West Oltenia, Center, North East, South Muntenia, West, North West, South East and Bucharest-Ilfov. The general trend in honey production was an increasing one, as reflected by the linear regression functions, both at country level and almost all the micro-regions except Bucharest-Ilfov. In 2020, it is estimated as Romania will produce 34,400 tons based on the average growth rate of 9.06 %. To increase honey production, beekeepers should keep more than 100 bee families per apiary, apply new technologies, use modern hives, selected bee queens, assure a corresponding feeding, maintenance and health to the bee families. Honey market should be extended by a more intensive promotion of the bee products, a higher quality of honey and development of organic honey and Romanian brands. In this way, beekeepers' income and living standard will increase as well as of the rural communities where they belong to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the importance of the optimal size of an agricultural holding for increasing the efficiency of the activity carried out, the objective of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis between 2 development regions of Romania regarding the situation of agricultural holdings. The choice of the two regions, South-Muntenia and South-East, was made based on their agricultural potential, and the monitored indicators were both the number of agricultural holdings and their size. The analysis assumed the monitoring of the evolution of the indicators in the period 2010-2020. The comparison was made not only between the two development areas, but also at the national and community level, the aim being to identify some solutions for the development and increase of the economic performance within the agricultural holdings in Romania and for the reduction of existing gaps both at the national and regional level and community. In order to carry out the research, we started from the analysis of specialized literature, following the role that agriculture has in economic development, as well as how it contributes to the formation of the GDP, followed by the collection, processing and analysis of regional and community statistical data regarding to the situation of agricultural holdings. The processing and interpretation of the data allowed us to formulate conclusions regarding the situation of agricultural holdings in the two development regions and to formulate recommendations. From the conducted research, it emerged that there are differences in Romania's agriculture both at the national and regional levels. For the year 2020, the average surface of an agricultural holding in Romania was 4.42 ha, which shows that in the Sud-Muntenia region the holdings are the closest to this average, having an area of 4.4 ha. At the level of the South-East region, the agricultural area is almost 50% larger than the average area, given that it is 6.7 ha. This influences both the way agricultural land is exploited and the profitability of agricultural holdings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to objectively analyze the situation of agricultural holdings in Dambovita county, both in terms of their size and dimension, but also their evolution, with the aim of highlighting the existing gaps compared to the European Union average, problems and dysfunctions what characterizes the agricultural sector, but also its prospects for development and performance growth. The research methodology first of all assumed the analysis of specialized literature regarding the importance of agriculture for the economy and its role in increasing income for farmers, and on the other hand, the collection and processing of national and county statistical data regarding agricultural holdings. Based on the analyzed data, conclusions and recommendations were formulated regarding the reduction of existing gaps between Romanian agriculture, Dambovita County and community agriculture. It was thus established that compared to the average size of the agricultural holding registered at the national level, of 2.37 ha, at the level of Dambovita county, it is 4.37 ha. This is due to the specific relief and activity. However, the average size of agricultural holdings is well below the average size of existing holdings at European Union level, where it is 152.4 ha in the Czech Republic, 90.4 ha in the United Kingdom or 77.5 ha in Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the achievement of Croatian agricultural policy goals (AP) in the area of self-sufficiency and agricultural income. Previous studies do not provide specific quantitative estimates of the achievement of Croatian agricultural policy goals. Therefore, in this research self-sufficiency is considered achieved if 6 out of 11 selected products have an average self-sufficiency rate above 100%. Income, as AP goal, is considered achieved when agricultural income is lower than income from non-agricultural activities by up to 30%. In the analyzed period (from 1997 to 2020), the goal of self-sufficiency was not achieved. Considering that the income from agricultural activity is usually 30% lower than the income from non-agricultural activity, it can be concluded that the income goal has been achieved. Looking only at the statistics, without conducting empirical research, one can conclude that the Croatian agricultural policy is indeed "the most successful agricultural policy in the world". On the other hand, the same agricultural policy has not resulted in a competitive agricultural sector, developed rural areas, or sufficient production to meet the needs of the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural producers' financial resources should be available to undertake agricultural innovation-derived investments. Although Azerbaijan is now undergoing a lot of reforms in this area, the situation is still far from satisfactory. The article emphasizes the importance of state support in particular for ensuring the sustainability of the activities of agricultural producers. Nowadays, more than 90 percent of agricultural products are owned by private owners, family-peasant farms and households. Nonetheless, those economic subjects' access to financial sources is not at a satisfactory level. The article also discussed the effect of subsidies in agricultural producers' revenue and established the unique weight of subsidies in income for a number of major goods. The state's policies in this direction in Azerbaijan, as well as its positive outcomes, were also highlighted. The data collected by the systematic approach were analyzed utilizing horizontal, vertical, and trend analysis methods from financial analysis techniques. To ensure the data's legibility, comparison charts have been created. Based on the economic growth in this industry during the previous two years, it was determined that the manufacturing of crops is a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the agricultural sector, of the organic production and of the agricultural labour market leads the authors to study their dynamics and characteristics with regard to Romania. Food safety is linked to the agricultural activity's robustness and its evolution, given that the primary sector is the one that defines economic growth. The paper studies the link between the economic growth and the organic agricultural production in Romania, including labour market's characteristics. The time period is 2010-2019, and the methodology is that of a cross-sectional study. The multiple regression model is used to analyse the relationship between Romania's economic growth and seven factors which characterize the agricultural sector. The results show that, between Romania's economic growth and the variables under study, there is a link that is maintained over time, and which is positive in some cases and negative in other cases. Agricultural technology decreases the role and contribution of salaried and non-salaried labour in agriculture to Romanian economic growth. Processing of agricultural products has the same effect on growth. Instead, the authors outline the important role of organic agriculture, of agricultural services and of livestock production in the Romanian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the commercialization of the results of scientific work of agricultural universities of Ukraine and the formation of their ratings according to these indicators. Data from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for the years 2018-2020 were used to achieve the goal. The research was carried out in three stages: analysis of absolute indicators of commercialization (amounts of earned funds based on the results of scientific work) using the ABC method; analysis of relative indicators of commercialization (amount of earned funds based on the results of scientific work per one scientific-pedagogical worker); formation of ratings of agricultural higher education institutions of Ukraine according to absolute and relative indicators of commercialization of scientific work. The following results were obtained: during the analyzed period, agricultural higher education institutions of Ukraine improved the overall effectiveness of scientific activity. In 2019, 7 higher education institutions, and in 2020, 11 higher education institutions increased the absolute financial indicators of their scientific work, compared to the previous year. In 2019, 8 higher educational institutions, and in 2020, 11 higher educational institutions increased the relative financial indicators of their scientific work, compared to the previous year. According to the rating of agricultural higher education institutions of Ukraine, four leaders were identified according to these indicators. It is expedient to study and implement their experience in attracting funds for financing scientific work in other 12 agricultural higher education institutions of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current situation of the Ukrainian economy's agricultural sector and investment processes associated to its development, as well as the essential organizational measures aimed at assuring the long-term economic impact of the state economy's agrarian sector development, have been studied. The study is divided into three sections that provide the theoretical foundation of the concept of "investment"; analysis of the development of the agrarian sector of Ukraine, its role in the national economy with the determination of trends in the export potential of agricultural production; analysis of the capital investments volumes in the agricultural sector by their production directions and types of assets. Correlation and regression analysis has been applied in order to assess the influence of the actual amount of capital investment during 2010-2021 in the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian economy on the effectiveness of agricultural production, which is evaluated by the indicator of the gross added value amount of the agrarian sector. It has been established that the investment policy of Ukraine's agrarian sector is currently not an effective driver of the economic processes development in the agrarian industry. Due to this, the results of the activities of business entities are inefficient, which is caused, first of all, by the lack of financial and material resources, the disparity of prices and other organizational, economic and institutional factors. The importance of ensuring the competitiveness of agricultural production through the activation of investment support aimed at updating the organization of technological processes of production, the introduction of scientifically based norms of economic activity, and the systematization of the organizational and management system is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic efficiency, the yield of the agricultural activities of the enterprise were the basis of some in-depth studies and researches, constituting the preoccupation of several scientists and specialists in the field. Currently, there are a multitude of scientific works on agricultural management, but there is very little research on the management of agricultural activities in terms of computerization, given that the process is relatively new, is being implemented and has not yet been completed, accumulated enough data to conduct scientific research. Despite the lack of data in agriculture, the computerization process has proven its importance in industry, services, etc. In this regard, it becomes useful to study the aspects of agricultural management in the context of economic computerization. The main purpose of this research is to identify opportunities for sustainable development of the agricultural enterprise by managing agricultural activities through the implementation of information technologies on the farm, taking into account the fact that many routine processes can be easily automated. General scientific research methods were used within the framework of comparative statistical analysis, as well as an analysis of the structure and dynamics, graphical interpretation of data on the informatization of agricultural enterprises at the international and national levels. In this research is noted the value of open, cooperative, publicly funded and locally funded data systems and technologies as first steps in supporting solutions that contribute to data justice for farmers. Greater economic barriers in agriculture certainly limit the extent to which digitalization can support the interests of marginalized farmers and food producers. Then is needed to work much more learned and pragmatically if we are to better understand what data justice means to the agri-food community and how it can be done sooner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of fixed assets of the agricultural sector in the Penza region and their use. The information resources were the results of scientific research by leading scientists in the field of the use of fixed assets, as well as data generated by the authors on the basis of official statistical materials for the Penza region. For analytical data processing, methods of scientific generalization, systematization and statistical groupings were used. In the course of the current research, indicators of the provision of agricultural organizations with fixed assets were calculated and systematized, and trends in their change were determined. For the period from 2014 to 2020, the indicators of capital ratio and capital-labor ratio of agricultural organizations in the region increased by more than 4 times. In order to identify the influence of factors on the capital ratio per 100 hectares of agricultural land, 125 agricultural organizations of the Penza region were examined and grouped. In the group with the highest capital ratio (5 million rubles or more of fixed assets per 100 hectares of agricultural land), the maximum return on fixed assets is 5.5% and the profitability of production is 17.9%. The article identifies strengths and weaknesses in the use of fixed assets, opportunities and threats. Opportunities to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets by agricultural organizations of the Penza region can be achieved through the technical improvement of machinery and equipment, production technologies; focus on the high technical level of fixed production assets; fuller use of available fixed assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the theoretical foundations of agricultural enterprises competitiveness in today's conditions, based on statistical data, an analysis of their activities is carried out. The production intensification mechanism of competitive agricultural products is substantiated. The issue of introducing innovations to improve the quality of agricultural products as the main component of competitiveness is considered. It is the innovation infrastructure that will promote the development of agricultural enterprises, strengthen their competitive advantages and increase competitiveness. Strategic directions of the enterprises competitiveness increase on the basis of an information platform creation of providers' activity for the purpose of innovative maintenance of the agricultural enterprises are offered. The author's approach to the study of agricultural enterprises competitiveness problem in conditions of economic risks is presented in the article and the directions of its solution are stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union on Member States in the period 2014-2020 by highlighting the measures applied, the values allocated and the resulting gains. The funds used under this policy are the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) on the basis of agreements between the European Commission and the Member States. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has responded positively to the implementation of reforms and the achievement of the objectives of the European Union's agricultural policy by accelerating development, increasing competitiveness and modernizing the agricultural sector. The Community agricultural sector has developed internal markets, diversified marketed products and developed the activity of services together with a correct efficiency of the use of renewable energy. These targets have had an important effect on protecting the environment through the responsible use of natural resources. The methodology used focused on the study of bibliographic sources, the collection, processing, analysis and interpretation of data provided by the European Commission but also by articles published in journals. Following the research carried out on the basis of the article, the following results were obtained: a) the desire of the European Commission to improve the common agricultural market since its establishment with each implemented period; b) raising awareness among Member States about the maximum use of the two European funds EAGF and EAFRD (currently the average percentage allocated by states was 59%); c) clarifying the European market but also encouraging trade with non-EU countries; d) highlighting in the article and in the tables the data on the topics addressed e) a structured picture of the evolution of the common agricultural policy from the establishment to the present, continuing with a much more concrete future. The formulation of the conclusions followed the situation of the allocated funds, the amounts used, the achievement of the targets and the measures that can be taken further in order to support the activities in the agricultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cash is the most important resource, since an organization, if there are sufficient funds, can acquire everything that is necessary for carrying out production activities. The research was based on an agricultural organization that is engaged in the production of sugar beets and grain, as well as dairy and beef cattle breeding. Analysis of cash flows by direct, indirect and coefficient method showed that the company under study in the current year belongs to a "normal enterprise", since it received a positive net cash flow from operating and financial activities and a negative one from investment. The calculated ratios of the efficiency of using the organization's funds over the past years have either increased or remained stable. To synchronize flows over time intervals and reduce the risks of a shortage of funds, the authors have developed cash flow forecasts for a year and a half by direct and indirect methods. Both plans showed that cash flow from current activities is positive, that is, the company's activities are profitable and generate income. The organization will be able to pay off the accumulated liabilities. The developed budgets will make it possible to predict the flow of cash flows of the enterprise, to control the synchronization of receipts and expenditures of funds, thereby maintaining their required volume to fulfill payment obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania is one of the European countries with the most favorable soil and climate conditions in order to obtain quality agricultural productions and in significant quantities, which can cover an important segment of the domestic demand for agri-food products. Despite the considerable potential, the profitability in Romanian agriculture is still modest, indicating a use of production factors below the level of optimal values. Based on these considerations and predicting that in 2021, the population need for agri-food products consumption will increase, as a result of the repatriation of approximately two million Romanian citizens, who worked in the European Union countries due to the crisis generated by Covid-19, we initiated the present study on the agricultural production evolution in Călărași county, in comparison to South Muntenia Region, of which it is part and with the production at national level. For the data processing and interpretation, the method of statistical indicators was used, respectively, the comparative analysis of the researched phenomena. The comparison method was used in the analysis of the data series that covered time periods between 2000 and 2007 and 2008 and 2018, depending on the available data. For each period, the indicators were calculated: average, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and annual growth rate. It results clearly that for the next period it is important to intensify some measures to provide subsidies, to use on large scale the need for irrigation, fertilization and other activities that will give perspective to evolution in this area and lead to the agrio-food security and independence of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of research of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of marketing mechanism formation of agricultural enterprises development. The essence of the notion «marketing mechanism of agricultural enterprises development» is defined. This mechanism is considered as a set of management levers of economic, organizational, analytical and diagnostic aspiration, means, principles, methods and marketing tools, which are used in the activity management, directed to the transformation of enterprise potential into the concrete production results, capable to satisfy the consumers' needs at the market, providing the agricultural producers with the weighty levers in competitive fight. The suggestions concerning the methodical approaches to the evaluation of the marketing mechanism efficiency of agricultural enterprises development are formulated. They provide for the complex analysis of application efficiency of structural components of this mechanism, which are: market segmentation and choice of target segments; positioning of agricultural enterprise production; formation of effective assortment policy; formation and realization of strategy of bringing new products to the market; differentiation of price policy; optimization of sales system; construction of effective communication policy. The assessment of these components will make it possible to identify potential opportunities for the improvement of some of them. Methodical approaches to the estimation of marketing instruments influence and intangible assets on the formation and use of marketing potential of agricultural enterprises are worked out in the article. With the help of correlation-regression analysis a number of interdependencies between the investigated features has been revealed. The proposals regarding the allocation of agricultural enterprises with high, medium, satisfactory and low level of marketing potential use are formulated. The proposed gradation and its implementation methodology makes it possible to assess the impact of marketing potential on the market position of agricultural enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges, risks and constraints are intrinsic part of any business; fish farming is not an exception. These limit the potential and expected profit of the business. This study analysed the profitability and the challenges limiting the profitability of catfish production in Southwest Nigeria. A 2-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 400 catfish farmers in four randomly selected states in Southwest Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was designed to collect data. Descriptive statistics, Gross margin analysis, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Expense Structure Ratio (ESR) were used to analyse data. The results show that on the average, size of catfish at harvest was 1.02Kg, production period was 4.37 months, market price was ₦645.45 and the breakeven price was ₦474.43. Also, the total revenue was ₦1,269,961.60, total cost was ₦933,467.98, profit was ₦336,493.62, BCR was 1.36 and ESR was 0.05. Although catfish farming is profitable in Southwest Nigeria, five categories of challenges limiting the profitability of catfish production were identified; profitability, weather, fish diseases and predators, security, and fish marketing challenges. Lack of technical know-how on the part of fish farmers contribute to the severity of business risks and challenges. These challenges have to be thoroughly analysed and adequate plans have to be made to reduce or eliminate their effects on the expected profit and success of the business. Fish farmers should prepare their business plans, analyze the market and evaluate their strengths and opportunities to minimize or eliminate the weaknesses and threats against the success and profitability in catfish business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General concept of the formation and functioning of a forecasting model of scientific and technological development of the region’s agriculture in the digital economy, which is forming in accordance with the well-known Federal program is proposed. It can be based on summary reporting tables of production processes in crop production and animal husbandry with electronic technological maps being connected to them, through which information about innovative products is passed in order to identify the expediency of their use in forecasting the development of agriculture. The calculation blocks are connected with an extensive and versatile information database, control and forecast modules. The main array of information on the activities of agricultural organizations is formed in the form of a multidimensional database (MO - LAP) and is subjected to full-format analysis by comparing data from full tables of different years or of different entities (organizations, regions, etc.) of annual financial statements for all types (groups) ) crops, animals, products. A selection of the most satisfactory innovations and a forecast of a possible level of development of organizations in a certain perspective are presented. For this purpose, parameters and target indicators from the Agricultural Development Programs and other sectors of the agro-industrial complex are used. In the process of forecasting, the optimization of the available own resources of organizations and the budget funds of all levels identified in the programs is given in order to obtain the maximum financial result through the use of the most acceptable innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is a significant raw material source for textiles, food, and other sectors, as well as a major influence in worldwide and national trade and industry. The primary goals of this research are to examine the cotton production and trade in which Türkiye plays a significant role in global production; to analyse international competitiveness; and to forecast the next ten years using data from 1961 to 2020. The Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) method will be employed to investigate its international competitiveness, and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Box-Jenkins model will be used to forecast the comparative advantage of the Turkish cotton industry. According to the findings, Türkiye ranks seventh in cotton production, but there was a 21% decrease in 2020 (1.8 million tonnes) compared to 2005 (2.3 million tonnes). When world cotton exports were examined, the USA, Brazil, and India came to the fore, while Türkiye ranked 14th with 87 thousand tonnes in 2020. When the observed cotton RSCA indices for Türkiye were examined, the results revealed no competitive advantage and no specialisation in cotton exports over time. While the RSCA index was 0.68 in 1980, it was down until -0.42 in 2010. In 2020, the RSCA index was -0.03. Furthermore, the forecasting analysis shows that the RSCA indices for cotton export will gradually decline due to periodic fluctuations, eventually falling to -0.18 by 2030. Consequently, the inadequacy of cotton production to meet consumption, as well as cotton imports, may be expressed as reasons for Türkiye's comparative disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study looked into the use of input in sesame production with the view on seeing the returns to its production in Ringim Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Data were obtained from 100 randomly selected farmers using the multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net farm income and regression model were used in data analysis. The result showed that the mean age of the respondents was 38 years with secondary education been most popularly attained. The respondents had a household size of 3 persons cultivating a farm size of 3.5ha with experience of 8 years on average in sesame production. The results also reveal net farm income and return on naira invested of N 46,190.59 and 1.54 respectively, an indication of a profitable enterprise. The semi-log functional form gave the best fit based on the normal econometric criteria with coefficient of multiple determination of 0.312 implying that about 31 percent of the variation in yield of sesame was explained by the specified explanatory variables. It also revealed that there was under utilization of all the production inputs under consideration. It is therefore encouraged that more of the limiting factors (farm size, quantity of seed and quantity of organic manure) observed be put into cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an effective staff assessment system is crucial for businesses. Labor effectiveness influences on the results of enterprise activity. It is possible to improve labor effectiveness by introducing system of assessment and motivation of employees. Modern practices in assessing and motivating the staff of agricultural enterprises that are used in the world are rapidly developing. However, the peculiarities of functioning of developing enterprises and general economic processes do not allow to use existing best practices for agricultural enterprises. Possibilities of introducing innovative methods for personnel assessment that are adapted for modern agricultural enterprises are still not fully researched. On the basis of comparison of personnel management systems according to American, European and Japanese approaches, the peculiarities of the management system are determined by the Ukrainian approach. The complex system of personnel assessment for agricultural enterprises is substantiated in the form of a matrix. This system takes into account two descriptive criteria: periodicity (systematic and final assessment) and on object of assessment (current activity and trends of employee development). The proposed system of personnel assessment based on the KPI method has been shown in details, as well as the criteria of evaluation and indicators by the KPI method have been substantiated. The developed system for the personnel assessing of agricultural enterprises is relevant for the specifics of the activity of farms, and allows assessing the current activity and trends of employees' development in the context of systematic and final evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to substantiation of the forecast scenarios of development of the internal consumer organic products market in Ukraine. The essence of organic agriculture as a complete system and management of agroecosystems, including the assessment of environmental threats and risks of environmental safety in the agricultural sector, and establishes the relationship between economic actors in the agricultural organic production. The current state and trends of the main indicators of organic agriculture development in Ukraine are analyzed. Taking into account probable economic changes and possible variants of the transformation of market conditions, we have grounded three basic adaptation scenarios for the development of domestic organic agriculture for the future: inertial, moderate and innovative. The prognostic model of indices of the internal consumer market of organic produce is suggested, which provides for their modeling based on multiple regression. The study of trends and the calculation of predictive values of independent variables of the model for the near future are based on the extrapolation method. Based on the model data of organic farming, a forecast of the internal consumer market in this area for the period up to 2022 has been made. The use of the proposed model will enable the formation of credible prospect balances of demand and supply on the organic market, depending on the factors of influence and scenarios of its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice farming is one of the main sources of income in many rural areas in the Philippines. The purpose of this study is to model the different constraints that influence the level of rice farmers' income in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines. Survey data from an available sample of participants were gathered through a face-to-face interview consisting of the rice farmers' income and its determining constraints. Some descriptive measures were calculated to summarize the gathered variables and ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was employed to predict the significant constraints of farmers' monthly income. Results revealed that the rice farmers' monthly income is below the poverty line as the Philippine poverty threshold is concerned, that is, rice farmers in rural areas are considered "poor". The farmers have said that their rice production and income level are "affected" by the following constraints: "high prices of agricultural inputs", "inadequate capital", and "pest and diseases". Additionally, their rice production and income are moderately affected by "lack of credit facilities", "lack of technical services", and "weeds". Moreover, the two constructed statistical models showed that the following constraints are significant factors affecting the income level of rice farmers: "high prices of agricultural inputs", "lack of credit facilities", "high cost of transportation", "low educational attainment", and "land rent". Conclusively, farmers are in need of assistance from the local government concerning access to credit for capital, adoption of new technologies in farming, and other facilities that might improve their production. Furthermore, farmers must undergo some seminars and training to strengthen their knowledge of rice farming and improve their practices to increase their level of production, well-being, and monthly income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account that agricultural production interacts with various biological and natural processes, it is considered a fairly complex type of economic activity. The study of factors affecting the economic efficiency of agricultural production plays an important role in terms of efficient organization of production. The article presents the results of the analysis of the influence of the main factors on the gross output of the agricultural sector. The results obtained can be useful for both agricultural enterprises and private farmers, as well as government agencies for the optimal assessment of the state of agricultural policy and the development of the necessary conditions for the sustainable development of this industry. The main purpose of the article is to determine the level of influence of the most important factors on agricultural products, as well as forecasting these indicators for the prospective period. In the study of this issue in the article, methods of econometric analysis and modeling, economic and statistical analyzes, and the method of comparative analysis of indicators were used. For this, the literature was studied, including articles, scientific journals, textbooks. The empirical statistical data were taken from the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The results of research by some scientists were also considered, as well as their methodologies were used in econometric analysis. At the end of the study, using the software, predictive indicators of the degree of influence of factors on agricultural products were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proved that the application of the «AGMEMOD-Ukraine» model allowed conduct forecasting the development indicators of agricultural producers in the context of sustainable rural development, namely: yield, gross harvest and sown areas of major crops, changes in demographic indicators on the basic and optimistic forecast, the results of which allow competitive strategies, the implementation of which will increase the volume of sales, profits, market share, penetration into a new market segment, etc. It is considered that the use of the model «AGMEMOD-Ukraine», which covers the multicriteria measurement of functional components of agricultural producers, provides an opportunity to analyze and predict not only key competitive advantages but also secondary characteristics, which together have a significant impact on solving problems of strategic management of economic efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. According to the results of the study, there were substantiated in the article the main strategic goals and priority areas for the development of agricultural producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study established the empirical relationship between agricultural production indicators and some key macroeconomic fundamentals in Nigeria. Data (time series from 1961 to 2020) were collected from the World Bank, Food and Agricultural Organization and the Central Bank of Nigeria. The properties of the series were tested with the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and improved ADF-GLS unit root test. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was used to establish the existence of the cointegration among the specified series. The empirical results revealed that, the per capita real GDP, land density and consumer price index are the determinants of crop production gross index in the long run, whereas, per capita income, lending rate, land density and total import are the short run determinants. Also, the per capita income, land density, consumer price index and the nominal exchange rate influence the agricultural gross production index in the long run; while the per capita income and land density were the short run determinants. Moreover, land density, per capita income and balance of trade were found to determine the livestock gross production index in the long run; while the lending rate, land density and inflation rate were the short run determinants. Based on the findings, it is recommended that, specific policy to focus on the improvement of the per capita income, restricted trade policy and reduction and or stabilization of inflation rate in the country are inevitable. The lending interest rate should be regulated to provide more credit to the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the industry specifics of the agricultural business and on the basis of the results of the structural and coefficient analysis of the organization's cash flows, the article substantiates the need for rational cash management and forecasting their future flows. To carry out competent coordination of calculations and ensure timely cash flow, methodological approaches to forecasting cash flows based on the use of a multiplicative time series model and a study of the influence of seasonal and random components are proposed. Application of the proposed methodology on the example of a specific agricultural organization led to the conclusion that when using an adaptive model with a seasonal component, the calculated values have significant discrepancies with the actual data. The average value of the relative error exceeded 5%. Checking the randomness of the levels of the residual component based on the turning point criterion made it possible to characterize the constructed model as adequate, make a forecast for the coming year, and identify the main tools for improving the efficiency of cash flow management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fact that, Turkey is a importing energy, we must determine the energy needs in the Turkish agricultural sector. In this study, consumed energy data in agriculture was used between 1972 and 2015 years. According to Turkish Statistical Institute's database, agriculture sector shares in GDP 6.2 percent in 2016 and percentage change compared to same period in previous year -0.1 percent. Agriculture sector shares in GDP 6.1 percent in 2017 and percentage change compared to same period in previous year 17.2 percent. Gross domestic product increased by 5.2% compared with the same quarter of the previous year in the second quarter of 2018. When the activities which constitute gross domestic product were analysed the total value added decreased by 1.5% in the agricultural sector compared with the same quarter of the previous year in the chained linked volume index. Trend model was used to energy trend in the econometric analysis of this study. Granger causality analysis results show that one-way causality relation at 5% level of significance towards GDP denoted EC was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]