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This paper describes how some of the semantics of ALGOL 60 can be formalized by establishing a correspondence between expressions of ALGOL 60 and expressions in a modified form of Church's λ-notation. First a model for computer languages and computer behavior is described, based on the notions of functional application and functional abstraction, but also having analogues for imperative language features. Then this model is used as an "abstract object language" into which ALGOL 60 is mapped. Many of ALGOL 60's features emerge as particular arrangements of a small number of structural rules, suggesting new classifications and generalizations. The correspondence is first described informally, mainly by illustrations. The second part of the paper gives a formal description, i.e. an "abstract compiler" into the "abstract object language." This is itself presented in a "purely functional" notation, that is one using only application and abstraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the framework of t -norm based logics, Gödel propositional logic G and drastic product logic DP are strictly connected. In this paper we explore the even stricter relation between DP and the logic G Δ , the expansion of G with Baaz–Monteiro connective Δ. In particular we provide functional representations of free algebras in the corresponding algebraic semantics. We use then these functional representations to develop a theory of states, that is, finitely additive probability measures, for both G Δ and DP. Finally, we use dual equivalences for the algebraic semantics of both G Δ and DP, to provide a completely combinatorial characterization of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the instructions embedded in the meaning of the evidential points of view materialized by the encontrar [find] + direct object + objective predicative structure and by different tenses (conditional, imperfect, morphological future and periphrastic future) in Spanish. Besides, to show similarities and divergences between Spanish and French on this topic, translations of those structures into the latter language are proposed. The corpus is composed by actual statements taken from the CREA and Internet news portals. The theoreticalmethodological framework is provided by the Dialogical Approach to Argumentation and Polyphony, which, unlike referentialist and cognitivist perspectives of evidentiality, characterizes the evidential meaning in relation to the dialogical and polyphonic-argumentative representation posed by the enunciation regarding the discursive cause that triggers it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Software vulnerabilities have been the greatest threat to the software industry for a long time. Many detection techniques have been developed to address this kind of issue, such as Fuzzing, but mere Fuzz Testing is not good enough, because the Fuzzing only alters the input of program randomly, and does not consider the basic semantics of the target software. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new vulnerability exploring system, called "SEVE" to explore the target software more deeply and to generate more test cases with more accuracy. Design/methodology/approach - Symbolic execution is the core technique of SEVE. The user can just input a standard input, and the SEVE system will record the execution path, alter the critical branches of it, and generate a totally different test case which will make the software under test execute a different path. In this way, some potential bugs or defects, even the exploitable vulnerabilities will be discovered. To alleviate path explosion, the authors propose heuristic method and function abstraction, which in turn improve the performance of SEVE even further. Findings - We evaluate SEVE system to record critical data about its efficiency and performance. We have tested some real-world vulnerabilities, from which the underlying file-input programs suffer. After that, the results show that SEVE is not only re-creating the discovery of these vulnerabilities, but also at a higher performance level than traditional techniques. Originality/value - The paper proposes a new vulnerability exploring system, called "SEVE" to explore the target software and generate test cases automatically and also heuristic method and function abstraction to handle path explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possibility distribution provides an alternative explanation of linguistic terms in an hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS). It is generated from a given HFLTS based on the assumption that all linguistic terms in an HFLTS follow a uniform distribution. In decision making contexts, linguistic terms in each HFLTS are assumed to exhibit the same possibility to represent the decision-maker(DM)’s assessment rating. However, DMs may give ratings based on different assessing attitudes because of individual differences in cognitive styles. In practice, comparative linguistic expressions are generally converted into HFLTSs through the transformation process as DMs usually use comparative linguistic expressions instead of HFLTSs when giving ratings. The transformed HFLTSs likewise exclude the DMs’ assessing attitudes. To enhance the interpretability of generated possibility distributions, this paper relaxes the original assumption of uniform distribution and incorporates an attitudinal dimension into the transformation process that converts comparative linguistic expressions to HFLTSs. With these modified conditions for possibility distribution generation, an assessing attitude-driven approach is proposed based on probability density functions (PDFs) to generate HFLTS possibility distributions. The proposed PDF-based HFLTS possibility distributions personalize individual semantics and further facilitate the process of computing with words to obtain assessing attitude-embedded accurate linguistic results that are easy for individuals to interpret and understand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, morphological studies have started to focus again on compounding, from a crosslinguistic point of view as well as for the particular case of Spanish. In this paper, we will first review a number of classifications of Spanish compounds, with special attention to coordinative compounds. Then we will focus our attention on a particular kind of construction which has been sometimes included among coordinative compounds: the nominal combination (madre-hija) that appears in the relación madre-hija ('mother-daughter relationship') structure. It will be shown that there are formal characteristics which take these structures away from compounds and bring them closer to free syntactic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The complexity and impact of many real world decision making problems lead to the necessity of considering multiple points of view, building group decision making problems in which a group of experts provide their preferences to achieve a solution. In such complex problems uncertainty is often present and although the use of linguistic information has provided successful results in managing it, these are sometimes limited because the linguistic models use single-valued and predefined terms that restrict the richness of freely eliciting the preferences of the experts. Usually, experts may doubt between different linguistic terms and require richer expressions to express their knowledge more accurately. However, linguistic group decision making approaches do not provide any model to make more flexible the elicitation of linguistic preferences in such hesitant situations. In this paper is proposed a new linguistic group decision model that facilitates the elicitation of flexible and rich linguistic expressions, in particular through the use of comparative linguistic expressions, close to human beings’ cognitive models for expressing linguistic preferences based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and context-free grammars. This model defines the group decision process and the necessary operators and tools to manage such linguistic expressions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a method to generate test cases for sequential programs and concurrent programs written in a flow based program language. Test cases of sequential programs are generated based on condition calculation, and can be combined together to form SYN-sequences for concurrent program testing. Semantics of the language provides an infrastructure for the test case generation, and thus our method may be considered as a rigorous and systematic approach to the program testing. Compared with some formal testing methods, our method can avoid hitting state explosion problem in the test formation. Besides, the complexity analysis reveals that our method is time saving. Our method has been applied to generate test cases for PPP over ATM, a subsystem of IAD that runs data and voice over DSL. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce a kind of computational model, called possibility computation, to deal with non-determinism. Both its denotational and logical semantics in the framework of domain theory are established and their equivalence is verified. In this approach, the denotational semantics will be set up by assigning to programs possibility state transformers, i.e., Scott-continuous functions from the domain of input states to the possibility powerdomain of the codomain of final states. This possibility powerdomain of a dcpo will consist of all possibility valuations, ordered pointwise, of this dcpo. The logical semantics will be given by fuzzy predicate transformers introduced by the first author and Jung following Dijkstra’s predicate transformers. Two semantics equivalence will be verified in terms of the integration of fuzzy predicates with respect to possibility valuations. The categorical monad of the possibility powerdomain will be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: From the viewpoint of semantics, lattice implication algebras provide a basis to establish lattice-valued logic with truth value in a relatively general lattice. In this paper, we first introduce two notions of lattice implication n-ordered semigroup and lattice implication p-ordered semigroup, which induced by lattice implication algebras. Secondly, we study some of their basic properties and prove that a lattice implication n-ordered semigroup is a residuated semigroup, and a lattice implication p-ordered semigroup is an arithmetic lattice ordered semigroup. We also define the homomorphism mapping between lattice implication n-ordered semigroups. Finally, we discuss some properties of filters and sl ideals in lattice implication n-ordered semigroups and lattice implication p-ordered semigroups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Temporal distance and modality have been proposed as core meanings of the indicative (simple and periphrastic) future tense forms in Spanish. In general, the research carried out on the topic has prioritized the first meaning over the second. This paper claims that it is the semantic feature of modality that organizes the contrast between those forms. It also argues that temporal distance simply emerges as an epiphenomenon or byproduct of the main semantic value. These statements are supported by evidence based on oral speech samples of 65 Cuban American living in Miami, Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to consider the need to describe semantics starting from the point of view of forms of content rather than-forms of expression. In this sense, the characterization of semantics facts analyzed from the signifier and not from the signified has been considered incorrect. Approaching the issue in this way, as the instances of linguistic relationships belonging to different levels of semantic analysis exposed illustrate, implies an inadequate mode of setting out the problem. From this starting point, it is proposed that a semantic theory ought to start from its object of study which is the linguistic meaning of its constitutive units. Therefore the true semantic relationships need to be established between single meanings of linguistic signs rather than between signs as a whole. Starting from these epistemological presuppositions, a typology of semantic relationships outline has been put forward in which a basic dinstinction is made between a semiotic dimension constituted by what we have generically denominated «ignificative» relationships, which in turn can also be subdivided in linguistic and designative relationships (each of them includes different subtypes), and the genuine significative ones which only start from the content and only establish connexions between the meaning of linguistics signs. The former makes up the true semantic relationships which we have respectively labelled, in accordance with linguistic level where it works, morphological relationships, lexical relationships, subsentential relationships and sentential relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]