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The article highlights the situation of the energy sector in developing countries. A total of 1.5 billion people without access to electricity was estimated by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2008 and about 85% of them are in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In developing and emerging countries like China, hydroelectricity is being tapped as the major energy source. Micro-hydro is another technology employed in China.

The article presents a study of 10 projects to mitigate green house gas (GHG) emissions through Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) in accordance to the Kyoto Protocol as of 2010. The projects cited come from Europe, Africa, Asia and Pacific, as well as Latin American, and cover a range of topics including waste management, energy consumption and transportation. It reports that these projects demonstrate how urban authorities can implement them in their own areas.

The article discusses the development of climate change mitigation technologies (CCMT) and climate change adaptation technologies in Africa. About 657 CCMT and 56 climate adaptation technology patents are filed in Africa from 1980-2009, which address problems relating to energy storage and renewable energy. The potential of the continent as a market for foreign CCMT inventions and adaptation technologies is assessed.