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2. The Rise and Fall of Sino-American Post-Secondary Partnerships. Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.12.2020
- Author
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University of California, Berkeley. Center for Studies in Higher Education, Gurtov, Mel, Julius, Daniel J., and Leventhal, Mitch
- Abstract
This article examines the rise and fall of a golden age of engagement between American and Chinese institutions of higher education. We assess the political context, examine institutional and demographic variables associated with successful initial joint efforts, and explore why current relationships are unraveling. The authors do not assume alignment in the interests promoting initial cooperation between the United States and China but a convergence of mutual interests. The paper discusses operational realities underpinning support for engagement (a need for coordination in organizational infrastructure, faculty support and what are referred to as "administrative nuts and bolts") associated with meaningful and long-term agreements. We present evidence of a dramatic decline in Sino-U.S. cooperative endeavors in post-secondary education and suggest that a new paradigmatic shift is underway and consider what this might mean for future engagement efforts. Finally, the paper poses recommendations to American institutional leaders for next steps to continue engagement with China.
- Published
- 2020
3. Between 'Scylla and Charybdis'? Trusteeship, Africa-China Relations, and Education Policy and Practice
- Author
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Obed Mfum-Mensah
- Abstract
Sub-Saharan African societies had contacts with China that stretch back to the early days of the Silk Road where the two regions facilitated trade relations and exchanged technology and ideas. Beginning in the 1950s China formalized relations with SSA based on South-South cooperation. At the end of the Cold War, China intensified its relations with SSA within the frameworks of "One Belt one Road" in Africa and the Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). The China-Africa relations have scored benefits in the areas of promoting infrastructural development, strong investments in SSA, trade links between the two regions, less expensive technical assistance for nations in SSA, cultural exchanges, and student scholarships. Nonetheless, the relations raise complicated issues around trade where China is flooding markets in SSA with inferior goods, acquisition of resources, Chinese mining companies causing environmental destruction in many countries in SSA, and the Chinese government's debt trapping of many sub-Saharan African nations. Many suspect that China is surreptitiously forging a relationship with SSA that may help it assert its "trusteeship" over sub-Saharan Africa's political, economic, and development processes. The paper is developed within these broader contexts to examine the paradoxes and contradictions of the China-sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relations and their potential impacts on education policy and practice in the region. The paper focuses on SSA, a region that constitutes forty-eight of the fifty-four countries of the African continent. This sociohistorical paper is part of my ongoing study to examine the impacts of external forces' economic and political relations on education policy and practice in the SSA and the potential of the relations to destabilize the epistemological processes of sub-Saharan African societies. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]
- Published
- 2024
4. South Africans Speak: Discussion Forum Presentations 1987-1989. South African Information Exchange Working Paper Number 12.
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Institute of International Education, New York, NY. and Micou, Ann M.
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Ten informal papers given at Discussion Forums to U.S. groups are provided which address current South African related issues as they touch upon the South African Information Exchange (SAIE) initiative. Papers have the following titles and authors: "Is There Space for American Involvement in South African Education?" (Merlyn C. Mehl); "Mapping the Future of Black South Africans in Science and Engineering Education" (Gordon Sibiya); "Education for Liberation/Transformation: The Role of Vocational Guidance and Counselling for Young Blacks" (Tahir Salie); "Education for Black South Africans: The Importance of Bursaries and Support Services for Black High School Students" (Pamela Tsolekile and Getti Mercorio); "The Community College Option: A Private Sector/Community Initiative to Break the Educational Logjam" (Stan Kahn); "UDUSA: Microcosm of a Society in Transition (Ratnamala Singh); "The Academic Boycott and Linkages Between U.S. Institutions and Eligible South African Academics" (Farouk Ameer); "Technical Education in South Africa and the Political Implications" (Brian De L. Figaji); "The Struggle to Realise the Freedom Charter in South Africa Today" (Raymond R. Suttner); "Coercion, Persuasion, and Liberation" (Vincent T. Maphai). Short biographical notes are included of each author. (GLR)
- Published
- 1990
5. Secondary School Student Exchanges. Discussion Paper
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US Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
- Abstract
Educational and cultural exchanges are the cornerstone of U.S. public diplomacy and an integral component of foreign policy. To further this policy objective, the Department of State designates U.S. government, academic, and private sector entities to conduct educational and cultural exchange programs pursuant to a broad grant of authority from the Congress. This paper provides an overview of the Secondary School Student Exchange Visitor Program and presents data describing the 2006-2007 academic year. It offers observations of the current state of these programs and their participants. It also identifies pitfalls that may lead to unsuccessful programs and seeks feedback on how best to avoid them. The Department of State intends that this paper be a first step in an industry-wide dialogue that will encourage best practices and successful programs. (Contains 16 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2007
6. Strengthening the U.S. Government's Leadership in Promoting International Education: A Discussion Paper.
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Department of Education, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
To continue to compete successfully in the global economy, play a leadership role in the world, and enhance national security, the United States must ensure that its citizens develop a broad understanding of the world, including other languages and cultures. This paper intends to stimulate discussion among senior federal policymakers and interested organizations about how the federal government and other organizations in the field of international education can best raise awareness on the importance of international education, encourage increased investments in international education, and identify and disseminate best practices in international education. After describing efforts made since the signing of President Clinton's international education policy directive in April 2000, the paper proposes a road map for future work in the directive's 10 core areas: (1) increasing and diversifying study and internship abroad; (2) attracting foreign students and scholars to the United States; (3) addressing obstacles to exchange; (4) supporting the development of international awareness, knowledge, and skills in classrooms and campuses; (5) coordinating and supporting U.S. government-sponsored agencies; (6) developing comparative information on educational performance and practice and sharing expertise with other countries; (7) strengthening cross-national academic partnerships; (8) building international expertise in U.S. institutions; (9) promoting the wise use of technology for international education; and (10) ensuring that results are measured and reported in conformance with Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). Within each of the 10 core areas, the paper describes briefly what the federal government is already doing and what the executive branch proposes to do as part of the international education initiative. The paper ends with an invitation for public-private collaboration and examples of the kinds of activities that interested groups and individuals might undertake. (BT)
- Published
- 2000
7. International Workforce Initiatives: Definitions, Design Options, and Project Profiles. Working Paper Series. No. 1
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Academy for Educational Development and Wright, J.W
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This publication is intended for three primary audiences: international development professionals who want to define "workforce" for program design purposes, those who seek information about field activities, and those who want to reflect on the implementation of successful, high impact programs--whether they were broad-based or sector-specific projects or local activities. The goal is to provide readers with options and strategies for connecting diverse sets of development objectives through international workforce initiatives. Following a brief introduction, the first chapter briefly reviews international workforce initiatives' historical roles in United States economic and political diplomacy and how they became part of the practice of development assistance. The chapters that follow provide definitions and design principles. The annexes contain more than 80 profiles of projects the Academy for Educational Development (AED) is currently or has recently implemented that have had workforce components. Most of the examples used come from projects implemented in partnership with the U.S. government, projects funded by the United Nations (UN), the Group of Eight (G-8), private foundations, and national governments are also included. Annexes contain: (1) AED Workforce Initiatives--Project Profiles ; (2) AED-Managed Global Technical Assistance Programs; and (3) Profiles of AED Projects with Workforce Components by Category.(Contains 23 endnotes.) [Primary support for this publication has come from AED's Leadership and Institutional Development Group and the AED Center for Enterprise and Capacity Development (CECD).]
- Published
- 2010
8. Internationalization of Higher Education: An Institutional Perspective. Papers on Higher Education.
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Bucharest (Romania). European Centre for Higher Education., Barrows, Leland C., Barrows, Leland C., and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Bucharest (Romania). European Centre for Higher Education.
- Abstract
The papers in this collection focus on ways higher education institutions might better promote strategies for the internationalization of teaching, learning, research, and other services. The papers explore the rationale of internationalization, the main barriers to internationalization, the distinction between globalization and internationalization, and the growth of transnational education. The papers are: (1) "Changing Rationales for the Internationalization of Higher Education" (Hans de Wit); (2) "Missing in Action: Leadership for International and Global Education for the Twenty-First Century" (Josef A. Mestenhauser); (3) "'The Show Is Not the Show/But They That Go': The Janus-Face of the Internationalized University at the Turn of the Century" (Dorothea Steiner); and (4)"Transnational Education and Recognition of Qualifications" (Lesley A. Wilson and Lazar Vlasceanu). The first two papers contain references. (SLD)
- Published
- 2000
9. Replicating Social Programmes: Approaches, Strategies and Conceptual Issues. Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Discussion Paper Series, No. 18.
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France)., van Oudenhoven, Nico, and Wazir, Rekha
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This paper reviews the key issues and methodologies involved in the replication of social programs, as they pertain to non-profit sector development in the United States and in international development. The related process of knowledge transfer and dissemination, as well as the more specific strategies involved in replication and going-to-scale are examined. Strategies discussed include the franchise approach, mandated replication, staged replication, concept replication, and spontaneous replication. The universalist and contextualist approaches are also discussed. A principal argument of the paper is that there are few effective and sustainable programs reaching out to large numbers, and that these are difficult to establish. The progress of replication efforts is often measured in terms of criteria such as the effect on participants, the numbers reached, the spread of project sites over a region, or the volume of services extended. Advances are seldom gauged against overall needs in a given country or region; the result is that program impact is often localized and may not significantly affect the total target population. Politicians, researchers, donors and policymakers are advised to use caution in evaluating proposals, as not all of them consider the broader impact of the program. (JPB)
- Published
- 1998
10. Teaching and Learning--Towards the Learning Society. White Paper on Education and Training.
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Commission of the European Communities, Brussels (Belgium). Directorate-General for Education, Training, and Youth.
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Among the many changes occurring in European society, three "factors of upheaval" are particularly important: the information society, internationalization, and the scientific and technical fields. Education and training can provide two possible solutions to eliminate their pernicious effects. The first involves reintroducing the merits of a broad base of knowledge. The second is building up employability. In addition to the traditional route--the quest for a paper qualification, a more open, more flexible approach is advocated that encourages the mobility of workers. Five general objectives have been identified to implement practical action to achieve a knowledge-based society. The first is to encourage the acquisition of new knowledge through new methods of recognizing skills, supporting mobility, and drawing on new communication technologies. The second general objective is to bring schools and the business sector closer together through apprenticeship/trainee schemes and vocational training. The third general objective is to combat exclusion by promoting two types of pilot schemes: "second chance" schools and voluntary service for young people. The fourth general objective is proficiency in three European Community languages. The fifth general objective is to treat capital investment and investment in training on an equal basis. (Appendixes include data and figures, examples of European Community programs, and statistical tables and graphs.) (YLB)
- Published
- 1995
11. Papers from the Round Table on Language Policy in Europe, April 22, 1994. ROLIG-papir 52.
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Roskilde Univ. Center (Denmark)., Phillipson, Robert, Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, Phillipson, Robert, Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, and Roskilde Univ. Center (Denmark).
- Abstract
This collection of seven papers addresses language policy in Europe, focusing on the role of national and supranational language policy on European integration. The papers include: (1) "Language Policy for the 21st Century: Lessons from History" (Gyorgy Szepe); (2) "Lessons for Eastern Europe from Language Policy in Africa" (Josef Schmied); (3) "The Spread of Dominant Languages (English, French, and German) in Multilingual Europe" (Robert Phillipson); (4) "Dominant 'International Languages' in Europe" (Claude Truchot); (5) "Language Policy in the Baltic States" (Mart Rannut); (6) "Educational Challenges in Multilingual Central Europe" (Zsofia Radnai); and (7) "Educational Challenges in Multilingual Western Europe" (Tove Skutnabb-Kangas). Two appendixes contain the program for the EUROLING Round Table, questions related to European language policy, and an extract from the EUROLING project description on project goals. (Contains 52 references.) (MDM)
- Published
- 1994
12. Education, Training and Work. Research Findings and Conclusions. Seminar Papers. (Thessaloniki, Greece, November 14, 1996.) CEDEFOP Panorama.
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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki (Greece).
- Abstract
These three keynote speeches from a European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) seminar "Research on Vocational Education and Training in Europe" focus on the links between education, training, work, and economic growth. "Education and Training Policies in the Transition towards a Global Information Society: Needs and Opportunities" (Eve Caroli) analyzes the links between new technologies, skill requirements, and economic growth. It promotes transferable skills as necessary in the transition to the information and knowledge based society and recommends integrating education and training policy on one hand and labor market and employment policy on the other. "The Relationships between Education, Training, Employment, and the Labor Market: Some Research Findings and Conclusions" (Manfred Tessaring) illustrates the positive contribution of education and training to earnings and economic growth as confirmed by a number of studies. It also discusses the opportunities and problems of identifying and quantifying new employment fields, occupations, and qualification requirements. "OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] Activities Related to Research on Vocational Education and Training" (Abrar Hasan) addresses three issues: where the Vocational and Technical Education Project (VOTEC) work fits into OECD's broader mandate in the area of education and training work; a review of OECD's work in the VOTEC area completed in recent years; policy issues that have emerged from this work and the research gaps they identify; and an outline of the work the OECD is now planning in this area. (YLB)
- Published
- 1996
13. Initial Training and Further Training in the Europe of the Nineties: Current Trends and Perspectives for the Future. Occasional Paper No. 130.
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Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center on Education and Training for Employment. and Piehl, Ernst
- Abstract
In the 1990s, vocational training must focus on improving the qualifications and competence of Europe's work force. The need for skilled labor and managerial staff will increase considerably in many European countries. As Europe moves toward economic, social, and political union, vocational education comes into the picture at four levels simultaneously: local, regional, national, and European. This will doubtless lead to an increasing number of disputes over fields of competence. The immediate effects of the internal market on training and further training will be relatively minor. Instead of a mass migration (i.e., emigration), people with special qualifications will move in both directions. Mobility will be intraindustry as well as with respect to particular occupational groups, skills, and regions. Mobility will also emerge in the educational and vocational training systems. The indirect effects of the internal market will be more important than the direct. Pressure to obtain qualifications will increase. Vocational training is already crossing national frontiers. Efforts to establish a European vocational training policy have multiplied and intensified. Milestones along the long road to this policy will be the European vocational training passport and European job profiles. (Appended is information on the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training.) (Contains 43 references.) (YLB)
- Published
- 1991
14. Swords into Plowshares: Converting to a Peace Economy. Worldwatch Paper 96.
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Worldwatch Inst., Washington, DC. and Renner, Michael
- Abstract
Recent world developments have created an opportune time for nations to vigorously pursue a policy of converting the huge portion of their economies that traditionally have been devoted to military expenditures to more socially productive uses. This paper outlines a strategy for such a conversion, and discusses the issues that must be confronted in such a process. Specific aspects of conversion include: (1) misconceptions about lessening military spending; (2) building a conversion coalition; (3) the paths forged by China and the Soviet Union; (4) upheaval in Eastern Europe; and (5) grassroots initiatives in the West. It is concluded that the gathering pressure for disarmament suggests that conversion will be a topic gaining importance during the 1990's. A number of statistical tables, charts, and maps appear throughout this paper, and 127 endnotes are provided. (DB)
- Published
- 1990
15. European NGOs Providing Resources for Development and Social Justice in South Africa: A Handbook. South African Information Exchange Working Paper Number 18.
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Institute of International Education, New York, NY. and Micou, Ann McKinstry
- Abstract
This handbook explores Europe's nonprofit nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have been working for change in South Africa and now are engaged, or planning to engage in the economic, social, and human resource development of a democratic South Africa. The purposes of the document are to: (1) illuminate for both donor agencies and groups seeking support the complex framework in which the NGOs operate; (2) clarify sources of financial, technical, and informational assistance for sustainable development programs in South Africa; and (3) draw lessons from development policies and experiences taken from the narrative. After an introduction, the report presents the institutional framework, describing both the intergovernmental organizations and the international nongovernmental networks of which it consists. This is followed by the core section of the document, a country-by-country description of European NGOs working with or for South Africa, arranged alphabetically by country from Belgium through the United Kingdom. A concluding section highlights recurring development issues and implications. An attached glossary provides a list of abbreviations for the NGOs discussed in the text. (LBG)
- Published
- 1991
16. U.S. College and University Initiatives for Change in South Africa: An Update. South African Information Exchange Working Paper Number 11.
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Institute of International Education, New York, NY. and Micou, Ann M.
- Abstract
This document offers two lists of universities within the United States that are participating, with the South African Information Exchange (SAIE) program. The SAIE was created to facilitate the sharing of experiences and expertise both among academic institutions in the United States in South Africa, and in other countries and among assistance agencies in the United States and abroad. One list is alphabetically arranged by area of program initiative such as: academic exchange, admissions test preparation, book donations, bursaries (internal), church leadership development, conflict resolution, distance education, English as a Second Language, faculty development, fellowships, health, institutional linkages, issue-oriented programs, management, refugee education/assistance, resource centers, scholarships (external), seminars/conferences, student activity/fundraising, teacher training, and women. The second list is alphabetically arranged by the 82 participating institutions. In addition, general comments that were made by some of the responding institutions are also included. (GLR)
- Published
- 1990
17. U.S. Foundation Funding for Change in South Africa: An Update. South African Information Exchange Working Paper Number 10.
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Institute of International Education, New York, NY. and Micou, Ann M.
- Abstract
The South African Information Exchange (SAIE) has published an update of 35 existing organizations who are engaged in funding initiatives for specific areas of South African and United States educational exchange programs. One list is alphabetical by such program categories as: academic exchange, academic support, adult education, advocacy, agriculture, alternative education, bridging education, bursaries (internal), business development, church leadership development, community development, conflict resolution, curriculum development, detainee assistance, distance education, emergency relief, employment, English as a Second Language, faculty fellowships, family planning, health, housing, human rights, leadership development, legal education/representation, literacy, management, materials development, numeracy, nutrition, outreach programs, political action, publications, race relations, refugee education/assistance research, rural education, scholarships (external), secondary schools, and technical/vocational training. The second list provides name, address, phone number, contact person, and other comments of the institutions responding to the survey. (GLR)
- Published
- 1990
18. The International Society for the Social Studies Annual Conference Proceedings (Orlando, Florida, February 26-27, 2015) Volume 2015, Issue 1
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International Society for the Social Studies (ISSS) and Russell, William Benedict, III
- Abstract
The "International Society for the Social Studies (ISSS) Annual Conference Proceedings" is a peer-reviewed professional publication published once a year following the annual conference. The following papers are included in the 2015 proceedings: (1) Local History and Local Culture at the Core of Elementary Social Studies Curriculum (C. Agcaoili and S. Oshihara); (2) An Analysis of Enrolment in Advanced Placement Classes in Florida from the 2010 to 2011 School Years (B. Bittman); (3) Looking Beyond the Textbook: Multimodal Intertextuality in a Secondary Social Studies Classroom (T. Brown and S. Nance); (4) School/Family Communication and Involvement: A Top Ten List for Elementary School Teachers (S. H. Bowden and C. Corlis); (5) Bi-epistemic Research in a Policy Context: Current Findings and Subsequent Studies (L. Cherubini); (6) Replacing the Birth Language for Internationally Adopted Children: Linguistic and Cognitive Effects (A. P. Davies); (7) Strategies for Managing Culturally Diverse Virtual Teams: Creating a Feeling of Globalness (M. Flammia); (8) Neoliberalism and Privatization of Urban Health Care Facilities in Bangladesh (K. S. Haq); (9) Engaging Students through the Dynamic Learning Approach (M. M. Hussein); (10) Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Strengthening Diplomatic Relations: A Case Study on U.S.-Bangladesh Relations (M. T. Islam and M. N. Nur); (11) Just Eat It: An Examination of the Sociological Factors that Influence the Eating Habits of College Students (A. Minnick); (12) Why We Should be Skeptical of Bandura's Bobo Dolls (A. Pulido); (13) Opportunity Costs of Planning with Mandated Assessments: A Case Study of Fourth Grade Social Studies (R. Reed); (14) RCAIntervention: An Intervention System for Traditional, Blended, and Online Courses (J. Reynolds and C. Cummings); (15) Millennials at the Ballot Box: Where Have All the Young Voters Gone? (M. L. Rogers); (16) Impacts of Socio-Economic Background on Participation in Various Sport Types (H. I. Sengör); (17) Using Film to teach Character Education and Social Justice Education in Social Studies (C. Van Zandt); (18) Creating lessons with the C3 Framework and Digital Literacy (C. Van Zandt and L. Smith); and (19) Examining Students' Patterns Based on Their Historical Knowledge and Ability by Cluster Analysis (D. Yongjun). (Individual papers contain references.) [For the 2014 proceedings, see ED565293.]
- Published
- 2015
19. Patterns of Daily Life. IREX Occasional Papers, Volume 1, Number 4.
- Author
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International Research and Exchange Board, New York, NY., Cole, John W., and Lapidus, Gail Warshofsky
- Abstract
Two papers are presented which were originally prepared for delivery at a conference to evaluate the results of 20 years of scholarly exchange between the United States, the USSR, and Eastern Europe. Participants included over 300 members of the public affairs community, including government officials, public policy makers, business leaders, journalists, and educators. Both papers deal with the daily life of Eastern European Citizens. In the first paper, "In a Pig's Eye: Daily Life and Political Economy in Southeastern Europe," by John W. Cole, emphasis is placed on the necessity of viewing Southeastern European culture in terms of its own past experience and in comparison with other agrarian areas rather than in comparison with Western Europe or the United States. Southeastern Europe is characterized as an agrarian society undergoing industrialization and urbanization. In most cases, the most intensive social and economic ties are between parents and their offspring, although there are also important links among village households. In the second paper, "Studying the Soviet Social System: The 'Soviet Citizen' Revisited," author Gail Warshofsky Lapidus focuses on the importance of and changes which have occurred since publication of the original "Soviet Citizen" (by Alex Inkeles and Raymond Bauer, Harvard University Press) in 1959. The author concludes that scholars will be able to produce new research as insightful as the "Soviet Citizen" if they are allowed to undertake social science research in outlying regions of the USSR, make an effort to conceptualize societal differences between the United States and the USSR through some other prism than the 'industrial society' model, and if they disseminate research findings in academic and governmental communities. (DB)
- Published
- 1980
20. A Critical Approach to Inter-University Co-operation. Paper No. 13.
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International Association of Universities, Paris (France).
- Abstract
International university cooperation is the main purpose of the International Association of Universities (IAU). Certain problems arise in the field of international cooperation and particularly in the field of assistance. The helping hand easily becomes a dominating hand while the notion of mutual exchange presupposes the existence and recognition of differences. Consequences of such recognition are reciprocity; an ability to let immediate objectives remain secondary to long-term ones; and the work of the universities. (Author/KE)
- Published
- 1974
21. Citius, Altius, Fortius: Faster, Higher, Stronger. The Academy Papers. No. 14. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Physical Education (51st, Detroit, Michigan, April 8-10, 1980).
- Author
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American Alliance for Health, Education, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Reston, VA. American Academy on Physical Education. and Scott, M. Gladys
- Abstract
The twelve papers in this volume were presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Physical Education in 1980. The topics addressed were: (1) the position of the American Academy of Physical Education on its roles and responsibilities to those involved in physical education; (2) social influences on the ancient and modern Olympic Games; (3) future directions of athletic amateurism and the Olympic movement; (4) joint biomechanical filming project by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1979-1980; (5) the growth of sport sociology; (6) values inherent in participating in sports; (7) play and sport as moral education; (8) research and use of sport psychology for the Olympics; (9) research findings on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and their application to sports performance; (10) implications of the Olympic games for physical education curricula; (11) the importance of competition and the breaking of athletic records; and (12) the spirit of the Olympics versus boycott. This last paper was the R. Tait McKenzie Memorial Lecture. An appendix provides lists of the members and fellows of the academy as of May, 1980 and of its presidents from 1926 to 1981. (FG)
- Published
- 1980
22. National Security and U.S.-Soviet Relations. Occasional Paper 26.
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Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Clemens, Walter C.
- Abstract
This paper provides an analytical look at the evolving relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. The author explores the prospects for international security and advocates a number of policies which would benefit both societies. The first section in the booklet discusses how U.S. security cannot be assured even if the Congress goes along with the administration's request to approve expenditures of more than a trillion dollars on defense over the next five years. What we buy and how we use it are more important than how much we spend. Soviet vulnerabilities and Western assets are then examined. Republican administrations have been more successful than Democratic administrations--at least since World War II--in defusing conflict with the Soviet Union. The records of various presidents are discussed. U.S. policy must flow from a judicious mixture of firmness and flexibility, of restraints and incentives. Specific steps that the United States can take to improve United States-Soviet relations are suggested. The booklet examines relationships between the superpowers and the Third World. Like it or not, linkage exists between superpower activities in the Third World and efforts to cap the volcano of United States-Soviet arms competition. The survival requirements of each country ought to outweigh any displeasure experienced over the actions of its rival in some remote region. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1981
23. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War. Papers Based on a Symposium of the Forum on Physics and Society of the American Physical Society, (Washington, D.C., April 1982).
- Author
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American Association of Physics Teachers, Washington, DC. and Morrison, Philip
- Abstract
Three papers on nuclear weapons and nuclear war, based on talks given by distinguished physicists during an American Physical Society-sponsored symposium, are provided in this booklet. They include "Caught Between Asymptotes" (Philip Morrison), "We are not Inferior to the Soviets" (Hans A. Bethe), and "MAD vs. NUTS" (Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky). Areas addressed in the first paper (whose title is based on a metaphor offered by John von Neumann) include the threat of nuclear war, World War III versus World War II, and others. The major point of the second paper is that United States strategic nuclear forces are not inferior to those of the Soviets. Areas addressed include accuracy/vulnerability, new weapons, madness of nuclear war, SALT I and II, proposed nuclear weapons freeze, and possible U.S. initiatives. The final paper considers the public consciousness of nuclear war, mutually assured destruction (MAD), nuclear utilization target selection (NUTS)- a conceptual approach to nuclear war which pretends that specialized applications of nuclear weapons are possible, and others. In addition, selected discussion questions from the symposium are provided. Since courses on science and society are proliferating in many colleges/universities, it is suggested that this booklet may serve as reading material for such courses. (JN)
- Published
- 1983
24. Soviet Security in Flux. Occasional Paper 33.
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Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Jamgotch, Nish
- Abstract
If U.S. foreign policy is to be prudent and effective, it must cease relying on the doctrinaire images and cold war rhetoric of the past and take into account five intactable problems, none of them specifically military, that the Soviet Union faces. These problems are: (1) unabating deficiencies in its economy; (2) a precarious battle with communist orthodoxy and alliance management in Eastern Europe; (3) a jittery relationship with China; (4) an adverse shift in the balance of world power; and (5) the constraint which global interdependency and the thermonuclear age impose on the rational formulation of defense policies. The future will be intensely demanding for the Soviet Union because it has achieved global military capabilities at precisely the time its economy appears worn out. U.S. leaders need to undertake frequent fresh appraisals of Soviet threats and realistic capabilities in the domestic and international contexts in which they occur. Defense strategists should not attribute to Soviet foreign policy nonexistent successes, but rather should be critical of claims that the balance of power has shifted to the Soviets. Both countries should agree to a moratorium on the habitual counting of weapons. Finally, the United States should be skeptical about the view that problems besetting Soviet decision makers can be resolved by war. (Author/KC)
- Published
- 1983
25. International Migration: The Search for Work. Worldwatch Paper 33.
- Author
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Worldwatch Inst., Washington, DC. and Newland, Kathleen
- Abstract
Approximately 20 million workers are presently living in countries other than their homelands in order to find better job opportunities. This labor migration is determined mainly by an income gap between the sending and receiving countries. Less important determinants are historical ties, cultural or linguistic affinity, and proximity. Emigrants include highly educated professionals such as doctors and engineers, and unskilled laborers who can assume low-paying jobs in agriculture and industry, for example. Countries from which the workers emigrate benefit in that unemployment rates drop and their economies are boosted by foreign money which the emigrees send back to relatives staying at home. However, the loss of human capital in selected areas often retards national development. Countries to which the workers immigrate benefit from incoming professionals whose training has been financed elsewhere, and from an availability of unskilled laborers willing to work for low wages. But at the same time countries of immigration suffer competition for jobs among the newcomers and indigenous minority groups, as well as effects of social tension among cultural groups. Problems caused by migration can be solved by restructuring economic relations so that people can earn a decent living in their home countries. Countries of emigration must emphasize labor-intensive development with egalitarian income distribution. Countries of immigration must restructure their labor markets to make exclusive use of indigenous worker populations. (Author/AV)
- Published
- 1979
26. Microelectronics at Work: Productivity and Jobs in the World Economy. Worldwatch Paper 39.
- Author
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Worldwatch Inst., Washington, DC. and Norman, Colin
- Abstract
A combination of revitalized employment policies, greater industrial democracy, and new ways of distributing both the hours of work and the fruits of technological change are essential if the benefits of the microelectronic revolution are to be equitably shared. Microelectronic technology promises an array of benefits, and the electronic age is already well under way. As it progresses during the last two decades of the twentieth century, it will lead to improvements in productivity in factories and offices, changes in the way information is processed, stored, and communicated, and alterations in the content of many jobs. Differing rates of development of the electronics industry may lead to shifting advantages of competition in the international marketplace. Like all major technological changes, the transition to microelectronics will raise difficult political issues, among which the impact on jobs and employment is the most prominent. (KC)
- Published
- 1980
27. Refugees: The New International Politics of Displacement. Worldwatch Paper 43.
- Author
-
Worldwatch Inst., Washington, DC. and Newland, Kathleen
- Abstract
Separate sections of this document deal with refugee concerns in terms of a global approach, definitions of a refugee, alternatives for refugees, the international response, and long-term prospects. The booklet states that the present number of 16 million refugees is bound to increase given increasing rivalry over land and resources. The global community must improve its ability to anticipate conflicts that have a high potential for generating refugees. In the international community, however, the definition of the term refugee is constantly evolving. It now extends beyond the persecuted individual to whole groups of people fleeing from dangerous circumstances. According to the United Nations High Commissioner, the task of the international community is to see that those who become refugees cease to be refugees within a reasonable amount of time. The three routes to this end are voluntary repatriation, settlement in the country of first asylum, or resettlement in a third country. International support takes the form of United Nations support, bilateral aid, and private, voluntary organizations. In the long term, a new consensus among nations must be made explicitly: that a government has an obligation to protect the interests of all its citizens. If not, it sacrifices its claim to sovereignty over them. Legally establishing a fundamental right of asylum and ensuring that neutral relief operations have guaranteed access to refugees are high priorities for the United Nations. (Author/KC)
- Published
- 1981
28. Radiological Weapons Control: A Soviet and US Perspective. Occasional Paper 29.
- Author
-
Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA., Issraelyan, Victor L., and Flowerree, Charles C.
- Abstract
Two international diplomats from the Soviet Union and the United States focus on the need for a treaty to ban the use of radiological weapons. Radiological weapons are those based on the natural decay of nuclear material such as waste from military or civilian nuclear reactors. Such devices include both weapons and equipment, other than a nuclear explosive, designed to cause destruction or injury by dissemination of radioactive material. They are generally considered one of many so-called "weapons of mass destruction." As yet undeveloped, radiological weapons have been the subject of investigation both in the Soviet Union and in the United States and could conceivably be perfected for military use in the future. It was with this possibility in mind that the United States and the Soviet Union proposed in 1979 a joint draft of a Radiological Weapons Treaty to the Geneva-based Committee on Disarmament. A Radiological Weapons Treaty would be a modest achievement at best. However, under the current circumstances of heightened cold war rhetoric and mushrooming military budgets of the two superpowers even a modest agreement to ban a potentially highly destructive new weapons system assumes an added significance. It suggests the two major nuclear-weapon states have concluded that arms limitation progress must proceed and that more substantive agreements may be possible in the future. (Author/RM)
- Published
- 1982
29. Research Papers Sponsored by the Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs. Volume II: Philanthropic Fields of Interest, Part I-Areas of Activity.
- Author
-
Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
Twenty papers review past activities and future prospects for philanthropic activity in specific social areas. The report is part of a five volume series examining the relationship between nonprofit institutions and their donors. The purpose of the series is to provide impetus for ongoing research and to focus public attention on the significance of the voluntary sector. Volume II, Part I explores privately-financed activities in areas of elementary, secondary, and higher education; the sciences, health; social welfare and social policy; the arts; environment; and public and international affairs. In general the papers examine the changing roles of philanthropy and government in each area and the prospects for the future. Philanthropic profiles of five U.S. cities are included also. These discuss survey methodology, donor allocation findings, and issues such as: Are local foundations meeting their responsibilities to the community? and What would be the impact of changes in federal tax laws affecting the deductibility of charitable donations? (Author/AV)
- Published
- 1977
30. Myths and Realities: U.S. Nuclear Strategy. Occasional Paper 32.
- Author
-
Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Beres, Louis Rene
- Abstract
To survive into the future, the United States must learn to recognize that its Soviet adversary has much to gain from a mutual and graduated process of de-escalation and conflict reduction. While this country must continue to ensure the survivability of its strategic triad, it is altogether clear that this objective can be satisfied without moving toward a capacity for expanded counterforce strike, expanded theater nuclear force deployments, and generally expanded preparations for nuclear war fighting. Indeed, such moves would have a deleterious effect on U.S. security since they would actually undermine the system of mutual deterrence. If it is to achieve real power, the United States must first come to grips with a sober awareness of the limits of violence and the requirements of coexistence. In "The Trojan Women," Euripides attributes the suffering of one people to the hatred of another. His wisdom suggests that enormous dangers lie latent in the continuing effort by the Reagan administration to cast USSR-U.S. rivalry in the form of a war between the sons of light and the sons of darkness. Unless this effort is quickly reversed, the United States will suffer the fate of folly brought on by the search for security in military might. (RM)
- Published
- 1982
31. Arms Control and the Strategic Defense Initiative: Three Perspectives. Occasional Paper 36.
- Author
-
Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Hough, Jerry F.
- Abstract
Three perspectives on President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which is intended to defend U.S. targets from a Soviet nuclear attack, are presented in separate sections. In the first section, "Soviet Interpretation and Response," Jerry F. Hough examines possible reasons for Soviet preoccupation with SDI. He discusses the perceived threat, diplomatic considerations, and domestic strategies. In the second section, "A New Dilemma for NATO," Stanley R. Sloan examines the web of political and military strategies and events that followed NATO's decision to embark on plans to deploy new U.S. intermediate-range nuclear missiles while continuing to pursue negotiations with the Soviets on limiting such weapons. He then applies the lessons from NATO's recent experiences to the next nuclear crisis looming on the horizon, SDI, and identifies its implications for NATO's future. In the final section, Paul Warnke and David Linebaugh appraise the arms race and the prospect for arms negotiations in "Breaking the Deadlock." They map a clear alternative to the present course, providing a formula that not only deals with SDI but also reduces warhead totals and bars destablizing weapon systems. A list of other Stanley Foundation publication and activities concludes the document. (LH)
- Published
- 1985
32. Khomeini, the Future, and U.S. Options. Policy Paper 38.
- Author
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Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Cottam, Richard W.
- Abstract
The popular revolution in Iran has been one of the most publicized yet least well understood events in world politics. This booklet was developed to contribute to the understanding of the complexities of the situation in relation to Iran's future and U.S.--Iranian relations. The booklet contains three parts that include: (1) the revolution; (2) the question of succession; and (3) U.S. policy options. The revolution had widespread support due to countrywide opposition to the royal regime. The liberal leaders of the revolution accepted the charismatic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini because of the powerful appeal of his personality. The revolution quickly polarized between the liberal reformists and the revolutionary religious elite. With the passing of Khomeini from the political scene, the dedication to achieving a consensus government based on Islamic ideology will subside. A struggle for leadership will occur, and a major effort will be made by the victors to achieve strong central control of the government and its institutions. Iran is militarily significant to the United States in containing the southward expansion of the Soviet Union. But the vicissitudes of U.S. policy toward Iran suggest that there has been no crystallization of a conclusion as to whether the Islamic Republican regime is a greater liability than an asset. A glossary of names and terms is provided. (SM)
- Published
- 1987
33. China under the Four Modernizations: Part 2. Selected Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee. Congress of the United States, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session.
- Author
-
Joint Economic Committee, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
The politics and performance of the post-Mao Chinese government (1976 to the present) in the areas of foreign economic relations and Sino-American normalization are examined. Realizing that the four modernizations program for bringing up to date agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense, initiated by Mao's successors in 1977, was too ambitious, China's current leadership is in the process of adjusting, reorienting, and retrenching the program into something more pragmatic, realistic, and attainable. Included among the topics discussed in this publication are: China's international trade and finance; China's capital construction and the prospects for foreign participation; China's hard currency export potential and import capacity through 1985; Sino-Japanese economic relations; China's grain imports; Chinese general agreement on tariff and trade; normalization of U.S. commercial relations with China; recent developments in China's trade practices; emerging functions of formal legal institutions in China's modernization; recent developments in China's treatment of intellectual property; U.S. firms in China trade; overcoming hindrances and impediments in U.S.-Chinese commercial negotiations; and the U.S.-China Joint Economic Committee. (RM)
- Published
- 1982
34. Rural Education and Under-Development: Aspects of the Politics of Education. IIEP Seminar Paper: 25.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). International Inst. for Educational Planning. and Lindsey, James K.
- Abstract
The nations of the capitalistic world devote a high percentage of their exports to trade with other nations in that group, while the underdeveloped nations send most of their exports to the capitalistic nations. The low wages in underdeveloped countries are critical for the maintenance of their position as dominated, for these low wages allow the dominant industrial countries to receive goods at relatively low cost and also to reduce the internal mass market of the underdeveloped countries to a minimum. In a colonial period, education is used by the capitalist countries to produce elites in the dominated countries. Today universal education policies in the underdeveloped countries keep these countries in a state of underdevelopment, for the costs of education and the growing unemployment rates of the educated in urban areas perpetuate a state of dependency. For the individual rural family, belief in advancement via education hinders the individual production and accumulation process and also creates a number of family liabilities in the form of children who cannot function within the existing rural society because they have never learned the required skills. By teaching things which have no obvious usefulness, institutionalized education plays a major role in creating the required mentality of a working class which can be and is controlled by the dominant classes in both the capitalistic and underdeveloped countries. (JC)
- Published
- 1975
35. The Geography of International Tourism. Resource Paper No. 76-1.
- Author
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Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC., Matley, Ian M., Matley, Ian M., and Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
The intention of this resource paper is to give an overview of the field of the geography of international tourism and to indicate specific topics within the field which offer possibilities for more specialized study by geographers. It is most appropriate for use at the college level. Section one defines international tourism and identifies international, national, and regional organizations which promote and study tourism. International tourism involves movement of persons across international boundaries for purposes of recreation, business, education, or family reasons. Section two identifies literature about international tourism, much of which is by European geographers. These sources analyze spatial and locational factors affecting tourism, such as modes of transportation and world patterns of tourist movements. Section three considers advantages and disadvantages of tourism on regional economy. Section four reviews the types of geographical studies which have been made about international tourism. Section five describes physical and cultural factors that influence the location of tourism. Among these are coastal and mountain areas, landscape attractions, hunting and fishing opportunities, urban or rural historical attractions, and sporting events. Section six explores the possibilities of international tourism as an applied field for geographers. A bibliography of 86 sources, many in foreign languages, concludes the document. (AV)
- Published
- 1976
36. Defining Concepts in the War/Peace Field: A Task for Academics and Curriculum Developers Alike. An Occasional Paper.
- Author
-
New York Friends Group, Inc., New York. Center for War/Peace Studies., Diablo Valley Education Project, Orinda, CA., and Freeman, Robert E.
- Abstract
Advocates of the new social studies have long urged the use of concepts as the basic building blocks in social studies. The question of what concepts and definitions of them should be taught is a matter of agreement among qualified judges. As qualified judges in the international relations-war/peace international education field, we can determine the concepts to which students should be exposed. Such a determination will undoubtedly be picked up by curriculum writers and teachers. We have attempted to take up the task of defining and choosing concepts, generalizations, and a rationale for them in the Diablo Valley Education Project. We have asked: What are the crucial concepts which must be taught if students are to be better prepared to participate in the democratic process, to the end of helping build the institutions of peace? Our initial answer to this is that they should include conflict, change, obligation and authority, power, interdependence, institutions, identity and role, with a discussion of values related approximately to each. We have attempted a definition, rationale, and attitude and knowledge objectives for the concept of conflict. We have also developed an outline of propositions for conflict which begins to provide the content around which we would encourage teachers to build specific units. Attached are excerpts from our work on the concept of conflict. (SO 002 078 is related.) (Author/JLB)
- Published
- 1971
37. Human Welfare and Technological Innovation. Open Grants Papers No. 2.
- Author
-
Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. East-West Center., Hayashi, Yujiro, Hayashi, Yujiro, and Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. East-West Center.
- Abstract
This publication on human welfare and technological innovation contains two sections. The first section examines the objectives and functions of technological innovation while the second section discusses the direction and analysis of technology transfer between Japan and other nations. Subtopics within the first section include: (1) characteristics of technology, (2) human and environmental problems associated with technology, and (3) countermeasures to offset the problems of increasing technology. Section 2 contains five subtopics dealing with Japan's technology and its relationship to Asia and the world. These subtopics analyze problems stemming from the change in the industrial structure of Japan, examine Japan's role in the international division of labor and in the energy crisis, discuss the characteristics of Japan's science and technology and her relations with the United States and the industrialized nations of Europe, analyze relationships in the international division of labor in Asia, and discuss the need to develop a new scale for perception of environmental quality. (Author/DE)
- Published
- 1974
38. Recent Materials on China and U.S.-China Relations. An Annotated Bibliography. Service Center Paper on Asian Studies, No. 8.
- Author
-
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Service Center for Teachers of Asian Studies. and Goldberg, Robert
- Abstract
This bibliographic essay of books, articles, and audiovisual aids on China is designed to help teachers and community educators identify new materials for use in planning classroom units and community education programs, and to present some emerging themes in America's new relationship with China around which discussions could be organized. The listings are arranged into six parts: (1) accounts by recent visitors to China, (2) general books about China and U.S.-China relations, (3) major areas of professional interest in China, (4) important issues in Sino-American relations, (5) Chinese periodicals and Chinese perspectives, and (6) resources for teachers. Most of the materials included in this annotated bibliography date from 1971-74. Each bibliographic selection includes the complete title, publisher, number of pages, price, and a short annotation. The unit on resources for teachers suggests resource and curriculum guides, periodicals and newspapers, starter kits, maps, and audiovisual materials appropriate for the secondary classroom. Exceptionally useful and highly recommended works are starred. (Author/JR)
- Published
- 1974
39. U.S. and Soviet Agriculture: The Shifting Balance of Power. Worldwatch Paper 51.
- Author
-
Worldwatch Inst., Washington, DC. and Brown, Lester R.
- Abstract
Analysts of U.S.-Soviet balance of power usually focus on relative military strength. But other factors determine a country's overall power and influence. Among the most basic is a country's capacity to feed its people. By this measure the Soviet Union appears to be in deep trouble. Massive spending has increased Soviet military strength in recent years, but the country has become weaker agriculturally. While the two superpowers now appear roughly equal in military strength, the advantage in agriculture has shifted dramatically toward the United States. The U.S. exportable food surplus is climbing, while Soviet dependence on food imports is growing. The dramatic shift in the agricultural balance of power between the two countries has been decades in the making, but contrasting food surpluses/deficits have been highly visible only in the last decade or so. As deterioration of Soviet agriculture continues, the need to import food will become even greater. The relationship between grain flow from the United States to the Soviet Union constitutes a new economic tie between the two countries, one that could eventually transform their political relations as well. (JN)
- Published
- 1982
40. Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. United States Department of State Discussion Paper.
- Author
-
Department of State, Washington, DC. and Cook, Philip R.
- Abstract
Intended to provide background for study and discussion, this publication gives updated information on development in sub-Saharan Africa and provides a basis for understanding U.S. policy toward this vital region. The strengths, problems, politics, natural resources, and language and ethnolinguistic groups of this area of the world and the international and regional organizations active here are discussed in detail. Extensive data tables include information on the population, culture, education, labor force, imports, exports, estimated U.S. economic assistance, date of independence, type of government, and chief of state and/or head of government for each of the 46 independent countries south of the Sahara. The 55-item bibliography is divided into three sections: reference and introductory material, historical and cultural background, and contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. (AA)
- Published
- 1985
41. A Practical Guide to Using ICONS (International Communication and Negotiation Simulations).
- Author
-
Vavrina, Vernon J.
- Abstract
The appallingly inadequate knowledge of current and international affairs among U.S. college students is well documented. ICONS, the International Communication and Negotiation Simulations program, offers an encouraging initiative for addressing the problem. ICONS is a "model United Nations" that the staff of the University of Maryland at College Park administers. Students from participating schools play the roles of decision makers of assigned countries as they negotiate a host of international issues. The schools generally get students involved through a course such as comparative foreign policy, a single-nation policy course, or international politics. Phase one, lasting 6 weeks, begins with the instructor offering students a pre-simulation questionnaire. Students then work to develop bibliographic and other library skills. At some schools, political science and foreign language students may work together, which makes the simulation more realistic. The first phase also includes a case study of one nation's foreign policy and an analysis of a detailed international scenario. The next step is the preparation of a class position paper on the scenario. In phase two the students communicate with peers around the country and world via regular mail and real time on-line conferencing through POLNET II. Phase three encompasses a debriefing of the students to determine what they have learned, a post-simulation questionnaire and course evaluation, testing, and grading. The exercise requires hard work and commitment on the part of instructor and students alike, but it also can be fun for all participants. (SG)
- Published
- 1993
42. 'To Be...or Not To Be': The U.S. Response to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Eleventh Grade Activity. Schools of California Online Resources for Education (SCORE): Connecting California's Classrooms to the World.
- Author
-
San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools, CA. and Krup, Carol
- Abstract
During the post-World War II era, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union became strained. Both countries feared that one would target the other with atomic warheads placed on missiles. Fear of a nuclear holocaust occupied the thinking of many people as they went about their daily activities. As a member of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EX-COMM) during President John F. Kennedy's administration, you (the student) are familiar with these fears that U.S. security could be so compromised or even lost by the presence of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) in the hands of enemies and possibly targeted at U.S. cities. Today, October 16, 1962, you receive a memo from the President's office that a U-2 airplane flyover has provided aerial photographs of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Your task is to advise President Kennedy about an appropriate and effective U.S. response to the apparent Soviet missile installation in Cuba. Your duty is to prepare a policy brief with recommendations for U.S. reaction to the news from the U-2 airplane. A policy brief contains background information to support a particular position which you recommend to the President. This activity plan outlines the process for implementing the task; provides an extensive resource list; gives learning advice; discusses evaluation; and presents reflection and conclusion questions. The teacher notes give grade level/unit; discuss California history/social studies standards; state a lesson purpose; suggest length of class periods; and list teacher resources. The plan also outlines detailed teaching steps and suggests lesson extensions. Contains two student handouts. (BT)
- Published
- 2002
43. 'Gaming in Education and E-Learning: Mock-Trials, Mock-Elections and Crisis-Simulations for Political Sciences and Communications Courses'
- Author
-
Rimanelli, Marco and Gurba, Krzysztof
- Abstract
Among recent e-Learning Pedagogical Strategies, gaming and crisis-simulation games are increasingly used in recent years in university-learning and Blended-courses as an out-of-context effective tool for role-playing and education, especially in Law Schools and Business Schools. Gaming covers several sub-fields (war-games; Law School Mock-Trials; Tailor-made educational games in Business; playing commercials-off-the-shelf games; programming and code-learning; games to promote social inclusion of marginalized groups; Model U.N. and crisis-simulations) and are recently enhanced by the impact of using multi-modality and on-line education to apply several concurrent modes of presentation/communications, which are now being applied also in Political Sciences and Communications courses. In recent years, the much-touted future role of the Net-Generation of children and youth who grew-up with computer games should find a natural educational outlet in gaming, but this has been limited to the entertainment field, rather than university education, or in computer coding and programming, where gaming (both on-line and face-to-face) has only marginal effects, due to students' inability to grasp theoretical concepts, poor preparation or poor motivation. Thus, despite already existing methods of gamification in education, its promise as a didactic method in schools and universities is still at its beginnings. This paper analyzes as case-studies the emerging impact of gaming simulations in Political Sciences Blended-courses at Saint Leo University, USA and in Communications courses at the Pedagogical University of Kraków, Poland. [For the full proceedings, see ED621557.]
- Published
- 2019
44. An appreciation of a paper by Vladimir Pavlovich Akimov, Senior Scientific Associate at the Institute of US and Canadian Studies
- Author
-
Reinhardt, G.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The Resolution of Identity in a Cross-Cultural Crisis.
- Author
-
Spaventa, Lou
- Abstract
This paper describes an educator's decision to change careers from that of foreign service officer to teacher of English as a Second Language is traced to a December 1985 event in Korea in which the American Cultural Center in Kwangju was occupied by protesting Korean students. Analysis of this event and its effect on the educator focuses on the interaction of culture, language, and personal identity within an individual in such a cross-cultural crisis. The event is described, and the ways in which public institutions and figures (American and Korean), the Korean press, participating students, and the Korean public responded are examined. The sit-in is then analyzed in terms of the language used by the protesting students, and the educator examines his own behavior during the event. It is concluded that the educator resolved his own personal crisis within the context of this international/intercultural crisis. Appended materials include reflections on the event written immediately after its occurrence and a list of questions for discussion of the paper. (Contains 22 references.) (MSE)
- Published
- 1998
46. Report of the Public Cryptography Study Group.
- Author
-
American Council on Education, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
Concerns of the National Security Agency (NSA) that information contained in some articles about cryptography in learned and professional journals and in monographs might be inimical to the national security are addressed. The Public Cryptography Study Group, with one dissenting opinion, recommends that a voluntary system of prior review of cryptology manuscripts be instituted on an experimental basis. Cryptography is the body of knowledge that deals with methods of information protection. NSA is concerned that research and dissemination in this field could lead to the publication of cryptographic principles or applications similar to those used by the United States Government. NSA claims that this work may enable foreign powers to engage more successfully in cryptanalytic attacks upon the secure telecommunications of our government and that papers dealing with weaknesses in cryptosystems may be used by other governments and prompt them to adopt more sophisticated and less vulnerable systems. Although the study group views any system of prior review involving governmental agencies as a possible disincentive to academics and others to undertake research, guidelines are suggested for a proposed voluntary system. The dissenting study group opinion to the voluntary system is also presented. In "The Case Against Restraints on Non-Governmental Research in Cryptography," George I. Davida argues that the national security interests of the country are broader than the narrow mission of the NSA, which is data-gathering; that restraints would adversely affect that quality and direction of basic research in computer science, engineering, and mathematics; that restraints would be unconstitutional and would lead to legal entanglements and international complications, and that restraints would be ineffective in achieving the NSA's objectives. (SW)
- Published
- 1981
47. The State of U.S. Science and Engineering. A View from the National Science Board.
- Author
-
National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. National Science Board.
- Abstract
This pamphlet highlights some of the important issues in U.S. science and engineering as identified by the National Science Board in the preparation of another document, "Science and Engineering Indicators--1987." Contained in this document are lists of signs of strength in the U.S. system and less optimistic economic indicators. Issues discussed include: (1) "The Human Resource Base"; (2) "Financial Resources"; and (3) "Institutions and Approaches." In each case, recommendations are made regarding federal policy and actions that should be taken. A commentary on international competition and the roles of the National Science Foundation concludes this document. (CW)
- Published
- 1988
48. International Education: Another View of Distance Learning.
- Author
-
Harrison, Derek
- Abstract
This paper argues that diversity and flexibility have been the cornerstones of the community college over the last three or four decades. Of recent interest has been the change in the student profile from that of the recent local high school graduate to the returning student, as well as a mix of international students. These international students range from the children of recent immigrants to newly arrived immigrants and refugees and children of well-off citizens of other countries. Those students come from a variety of economic and political situations, and they bring perspectives and experiences that enrich the educational community. The community college has responded with international campus organizations, language labs, multicultural textbooks, cultural events, and international fairs. This paper argues for making connections between the teaching profession and the possibilities for humanitarian action on a global level. The author suggests that community colleges put together credit-bearing humanitarian trips, particularly in light of the recent evidence of national isolation and defensiveness after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The paper concludes that the events of September 11 should encourage community colleges to broaden their outreach, and for the humanities to show that the idea of humanity has no borders. (NB)
- Published
- 2002
49. The Explanatory Power of Systemic Linguistics of G. P. Melnikov for International Relations
- Author
-
Ivanovna, Bykova Galina, Emilyevna, Petrova Elena, and Fyodorovna, Nikulina Elena
- Abstract
The article attempts to explain the features of the phenomenon of euroscepticism typical for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Visegrad group--Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) based on linguistic methods of research. This approach is due to the close relationship of ethno-cultural and value elements that manifest themselves ambiguously in the international field, and expressed mainly through language. System-typological concept of the language of the outstanding linguist, philosopher, culturologist and Cybernetics, G. P. Melnikov, who developed the ideas of V. von Humboldt, A. A. Potebna, I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay proposes to allocate the main characteristic or the main feature of the language (determinant), depending on how the communication function. Such a determinant, that is, the leading grammatical trend in the linguistic consciousness of the Indo-European peoples is the presentation of any plan according to the scheme of the developing event. This form is most developed in the Slavic languages, as the language technique that helps to preserve the inflection depends on the size of the language group, its homogeneity and the length of the information transmission chains, which provided the experience of settled agricultural Slavic peoples inhabiting the plains of Europe. The change in the ethno-cultural landscape associated with the influx of migrants meant recognition of the need to find new strategies in relation to migrants and the resulting cultural, linguistic and religious heterogeneity of the population. At the same time, it exacerbated the confrontation between the "supranational structure" - "national state", the EU -- member States, showing disappointment in mutual expectations. The phenomenon of euroscepticism, formed in the countries of the "Visegrad group", often defined as populism and known by statements of politicians and precedent texts broadcasted through the media, should be considered in connection with the system of values developed by the centuries-old way, and fixed oral and written tradition in the languages of these countries. The protagonists of euroscepticism under the pressure of the population declare the protection of morality, religion, traditional family and criticize same-sex marriage, sex education, liberal interpretation of reproductive rights and quotas for refugees, positioning themselves as an alternative to the liberal project. Based on the systematic approach, which states that the properties of the element included in the structure can be understood only on the basis of its links with other elements of this structure, the authors conclude that the Visegrad four countries represent a mild version of euroscepticism. According to the authors, the most complete reflection of the socio-cultural reality in the consciousness of a native speaker, which can be traced both on the actual grammatical material, and taking into account external factors, provides system linguistics, the main directions of which were outlined by V. von Humboldt. In Russian linguistics this direction is represented by the works of G. P. Melnikov, whose scientific school is developed by a number of research centers, as well as his students and followers in the RUDN, where G. P. Melnikov taught and wrote the main works. [For "NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings: Education and Language Edition (Athens, Greece, August 19, 2019). Book 1. Volume 2," see ED603411.]
- Published
- 2019
50. NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings: Education and Language Edition (Athens, Greece, August 19, 2019). Book 1. Volume 2
- Author
-
NORDSCI
- Abstract
This volume includes two sections of the 2019 NORDSCI international conference proceedings: (1) Education and Educational Research; and (2) Language and Linguistics. Education and Educational Research includes 11 papers covering scientific topics in the full spectrum of education, including history, sociology and economy of education, educational policy, strategy and technologies. This section also covers pedagogy and special education. Language and Linguistics includes 11 papers covering scientific topics related to theoretical, literary and historical linguistics, as well as stylistics and philology.
- Published
- 2019
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