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Let $G=G_{n}=GL(n)$ be the $n\times n$ complex general linear group and embed $G_{n-1}=GL(n-1)$ in the top left hand corner of $G$. The standard Borel subgroup of upper triangular matrices $B_{n-1}$ of $G_{n-1}$ acts on the flag variety of $G$ with finitely many orbits. In this paper, we show that each $B_{n-1}$-orbit is the intersection of orbits of two Borel subgroups of $G$ acting on the flag variety of $G$. This allows us to give a new combinatorial description of the $B_{n-1}$-orbits by associating to each orbit a pair of Weyl group elements. The closure relations for the $B_{n-1}$-orbits can then be understood in terms of the Bruhat order on the Weyl group, and the Richardson-Springer monoid action on the orbits can be understood in terms of the classical monoid action of the Weyl group on itself. This approach makes the closure relation more transparent than in earlier work of Magyar and the monoid action significantly more computable than in our earlier papers, and also allows us to obtain new information about the orbits including a simple formula for the dimension of an orbit., Comment: 23 pages

Can generative AI help us speed up the authoring of tools to help self-represented litigants? In this paper, we describe 3 approaches to automating the completion of court forms: a generative AI approach that uses GPT-3 to iteratively prompt the user to answer questions, a constrained template-driven approach that uses GPT-4-turbo to generate a draft of questions that are subject to human review, and a hybrid method. We use the open source Docassemble platform in all 3 experiments, together with a tool created at Suffolk University Law School called the Assembly Line Weaver. We conclude that the hybrid model of constrained automated drafting with human review is best suited to the task of authoring guided interviews.

This paper is the sequel to ``$B_{n-1}$-bundles on the flag variety, I". We continue our study of the orbits of a Borel subgroup $B_{n-1}$ of $G_{n-1}=GL(n-1)$ (resp. $SO(n-1)$) acting on the flag variety $\mathcal{B}_{n}$ of $G=GL(n)$ (resp. $SO(n)$). We begin by using the results of the first paper to obtain a complete combinatorial model of the $B_{n-1}$-orbits on $\mathcal{B}_{n}$ in terms of partitions into lists. The model allows us to obtain explicit formulas for the number of orbits as well as the exponential generating functions for the sequences $\{|B_{n-1}\backslash \mathcal{B}_{n}|\}_{n\geq 1}$ . We then use the combinatorial description of the orbits to construct a canonical set of representatives of the orbits in terms of flags. These representatives allow us to understand an extended monoid action on $B_{n-1}\backslash \mathcal{B}_{n}$ using simple roots of both $\mathfrak{g}_{n-1}$ and $\mathfrak{g}$ and show that the closure ordering on $B_{n-1}\backslash \mathcal{B}_{n}$ is the standard ordering of Richardson and Springer., Comment: 45 pages

The Littlewood-Richardson coefficients $c^{\lambda}_{\mu\nu}$ give the multiplicity of an irreducible polynomial ${\rm GL}_n$-representation $F^{\lambda}_n$ in the tensor product of polynomial representations $F^{\mu}_n\otimes F^{\nu}_n$. In this paper, we generalize these coefficients to an $r$-fold tensor product of rational representations, and give a new method for computing them using an analogue of statistical contingency tables. We demonstrate special cases in which our method reduces to counting statistical contingency tables with prescribed margins. Finally, we extend our result from the general linear group to both the orthogonal and symplectic groups., Comment: 15 pages

In this paper, we use the theory of algebraic groups to prove a number of new and fundamental results about the orthogonal Gelfand-Zeitlin system. We show that the moment map (orthogonal Kostant-Wallach map) is surjective and simplify criteria of Kostant and Wallach for an element to be strongly regular. We further prove the integrability of the orthogonal Gelfand-Zeitlin system on regular adjoint orbits and describe the generic flows of the integrable system. We also study the nilfibre of the moment map and show that in contrast to the general linear case it contains no strongly regular elements. This extends results of Kostant, Wallach, and Colarusso from the general linear case to the orthogonal case., Comment: 34 pages

In recent work, we related the structure of subvarieties of $n\times n$ complex matrices defined by eigenvalue coincidences to $GL(n-1,\mathbb{C})$-orbits on the flag variety of $\mathfrak{gl}(n,\mathbb{C})$. In the first part of this paper, we extend these results to the complex orthogonal Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{so}(n,\mathbb{C})$. In the second part of the paper, we use these results to study the geometry and invariant theory of the $K$-action on $\mathfrak{g}$, in the cases where $(\mathfrak{g}, K)$ is $(\mathfrak{gl}(n,\mathbb{C}), GL(n-1,\mathbb{C}))$ or $(\mathfrak{so}(n,\mathbb{C}), SO(n-1,\mathbb{C}))$. We study the geometric quotient $\mathfrak{g}\to \mathfrak{g}//K$ and describe the closed $K$-orbits on $\mathfrak{g}$ and the structure of the zero fibre. We also prove that for $x\in \mathfrak{g}$, the $K$-orbit $Ad(K)\cdot x$ has maximal dimension if and only if the algebraically independent generators of the invariant ring $\mathbb{C}[\mathfrak{g}]^{K}$ are linearly independent at $x$, which extends a theorem of Kostant. We give applications of our results to the Gelfand-Zeitlin system., Comment: 38 pages

In this paper, we develop the fundamentals of Lie-Poisson theory for direct limits $G=\dirlim G_{n}$ of complex algebraic groups $G_{n}$ and their Lie algebras $\fg=\dirlim \fg_{n}$. We show that $\fg^{*}=\invlim\fg_{n}^{*}$ has the structure of a Poisson provariety and that each coadjoint orbit of $G$ on $\fg^{*}$ has the structure of an ind-variety. We construct a weak symplectic form on every coadjoint orbit and prove that the coadjoint orbits form a weak symplectic foliation of the Poisson provariety $\fg^{*}$. We apply our results to the specific setting of $G=GL(\infty)=\dirlim GL(n,\C)$ and $\fg^{*}= M(\infty)=\invlim \fgl(n,\C)$, the space of infinite complex matrices with arbitrary entries. We construct a Gelfand-Zeitlin integrable system on $M(\infty)$, which generalizes the one constructed by Kostant and Wallach on $\fgl(n,\C)$. The system integrates to an action of a direct limit group $A(\infty)$ on $M(\infty)$, whose generic orbits are Lagrangian ind-subvarieties of the corresponding coadjoint orbit of $GL(\infty)$ on $M(\infty)$., Comment: 31 pages

We study the variety $\mathfrak{g}(l)$ consisting of matrices $x \in \mathfrak{gl}(n,\C)$ such that $x$ and its $n-1$ by $n-1$ cutoff $x_{n-1}$ share exactly $l$ eigenvalues, counted with multiplicity. We determine the irreducible components of $\mathfrak{g}(l)$ by using the orbits of $GL(n-1,\C)$ on the flag variety $\B_n$ of $\mathfrak{gl}(n,\C)$. More precisely, let $\mathfrak{b} \in \B_n$ be a Borel subalgebra such that the orbit $GL(n-1,\C)\cdot \mathfrak{b}$ in $\B_n$ has codimension $l$. Then we show that the set $Y_{\fb}:= \{\Ad(g)(x): x\in \mathfrak{b} \cap \mathfrak{g}(l), g\in GL(n-1,\C)\}$ is an irreducible component of $\mathfrak{g}(l)$, and every irreducible component of of $\mathfrak{g}(l)$ is of the form $Y_{\mathfrak{b}}$, where $\mathfrak{b}$ lies in a $GL(n-1,\C)$-orbit of codimension $l$. An important ingredient in our proof is the flatness of a variant of a morphism considered by Kostant and Wallach, and we prove this flatness assertion using ideas from symplectic geometry., Comment: 17 pages

In this expository paper, we provide an overview of the Gelfand-Zeiltin integrable system on the Lie algebra of $n\times n$ complex matrices $\fgl(n,\C)$ introduced by Kostant and Wallach in 2006. We discuss results concerning the geometry of the set of strongly regular elements, which consists of the points where Gelfand-Zeitlin flow is Lagrangian. We use the theory of $K_{n}=GL(n-1,\C)\times GL(1,\C)$-orbits on the flag variety $\mathcal{B}_{n}$ of $GL(n,\C)$ to describe the strongly regular elements in the nilfiber of the moment map of the system. We give an overview of the general theory of orbits of a symmetric subgroup of a reductive algebraic group acting on its flag variety, and illustrate how the general theory can be applied to understand the specific example of $K_{n}$ and $GL(n,\C)$., Comment: 33 pages

In two 2006 papers, Kostant and Wallach constructed a complexified Gelfand-Zeitlin integrable system for the Lie algebra $\fgl(n+1,\C)$ and introduced the strongly regular elements, which are the points where the Gelfand-Zeitlin flow is Lagrangian. Later Colarusso studied the nilfibre, which consists of strongly regular elements such that each $i\times i$ submatrix in the upper left corner is nilpotent. In this paper, we prove that every Borel subalgebra contains strongly regular elements and determine the Borel subalgebras containing elements of the nilfibre by using the theory of $K_{i}=GL(i-1,\C) \times GL(1,\C)$-orbits on the flag variety for $\fgl(i,\C)$ for $2\leq i\leq n+1$. As a consequence, we obtain a more precise description of the nilfibre. The $K_{i}$-orbits contributing to the nilfibre are closely related to holomorphic and anti-holomorphic discrete series for the real Lie groups $U(i,1)$, with $i \le n$., Comment: 19 pages

We generalize a result of Kostant and Wallach concerning the algebraic integrability of the Gelfand-Zeitlin vector fields to the full set of strongly regular elements in $gl(n,\mathbb{C})$. We use decomposition classes to stratify the strongly regular set by subvarieties $X_{D}$. We construct an \'{e}tale cover $\hat{\mathfrak{g}}$ of $X_{D}$ and show that $X_{D}$ and $\hat{\mathfrak{g}}$ are smooth and irreducible. We then use Poisson geometry to lift the Gelfand-Zeitlin vector fields on $X_{D}$ to Hamiltonian vector fields on $\hat{\mathfrak{g}}$ and integrate these vector fields to an action of a connected, commutative algebraic group., Comment: 28 pages

In recent work (\cite{KW1},\cite{KW2}), Kostant and Wallach construct an action of a simply connected Lie group $A\simeq \mathbb{C}^{{n\choose 2}}$ on $gl(n)$ using a completely integrable system derived from the Poisson analogue of the Gelfand-Zeitlin subalgebra of the enveloping algebra. In \cite{KW1}, the authors show that $A$-orbits of dimension ${n\choose 2}$ form Lagrangian submanifolds of regular adjoint orbits in $gl(n)$. They describe the orbit structure of $A$ on a certain Zariski open subset of regular semisimple elements. In this paper, we describe all $A$-orbits of dimension ${n\choose 2}$ and thus all polarizations of regular adjoint orbits obtained using Gelfand-Zeitlin theory., Comment: 30 pages: Version 2 contains a stronger result in section 5.3 (Theorem 5.15)

In recent work Bertram Kostant and Nolan Wallach ([KW1], [KW2]) have defined an interesting action of a simply connected Lie group $A$ isomorphic to \mathbb{C}^{{n\choose 2}} on gl(n) using a completely integrable system derived from Gelfand-Zeitlin theory. In this paper we show that an analogous action of \mathbb{C}^{d} exists on the complex orthogonal Lie algebra so(n), where d is half the dimension of a regular adjoint orbit in so(n). In [KW1], Kostant and Wallach describe the orbits of $A$ on a certain Zariski open subset of regular semisimple elements in gl(n). We extend these results to the case of so(n). We also make brief mention of the author's results in [Col1], which describe all $A$-orbits of dimension {n\choose 2} in gl(n)., Comment: 27 pages

The report discusses the findings of a study on the reading and writing demands of college-level courses at Maryland's Charles County Community College (College of Southern Maryland as of July 1, 2000). The Language and Literature Department wanted to determine whether its developmental courses were actually preparing students for the reading and writing demands in college-level classes. The results of the survey were used to re-evaluate and revise the developmental English and reading course objectives. Data from a survey of all full-time and part-time faculty revealed that students are expected to perform a significant number of sophisticated reading and writing tasks at the freshmen and sophomore levels. Information about writing assignments revealed that of the 216 faculty respondents, 36 percent required research papers, 14 percent journals, 28 percent essays, and 19 percent summaries. The survey revealed various other issues that should be addressed in the future, such as reading and writing prerequisites for certain college-level courses, student attitudes that inhibit their ability to learn and persist, and supplemental support for developmental students. The report includes an overview of the most frequent faculty comments, from which some of the more valuable information came. Attachments contain faculty survey instruments, data from the survey, and the revised syllabus for the developmental classes. (JA)

Thermal radiation absorptance and vacuum outgassing characteristics of protective coatings

The article examines how the U.S. Army accesses, develops, retains, and employs officer talents to fight and win wars. The authors state that accessing the right officer talent directly improves the efficiency and productivity of the Officer Corps by shortening developmental time, reducing rework, and retaining costs. They mention that the Army must understand the market place in which it competes, must know how to communicate with prospects, and understand how they may respond to information.

The book "Talent: Implications for a U.S. Army Officer Corps Strategy," by Casey Wardynski, David S. Lyle, and Michael J. Colarusso is presented.