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This study describes a new approach for material decomposition in x-ray imaging, utilising phase contrast to both increase sensitivity to weakly-attenuating samples and to act as a complementary measurement to attenuation, therefore allowing two overlaid materials to be separated. The measurements are captured using the single-exposure, single-grid x-ray phase contrast imaging technique, with a novel correction that aims to remove propagation-based phase effects seen at sharp edges in the attenuation image. The use of a single-exposure technique means that images could be collected in a high-speed sequence. Results are shown for both a known two-material sample and for a biological specimen.