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Injection from metallic electrodes serves as a main channel of charge generation in organic semiconducting devices and the quantum effect is normally regarded to be essential. We develop a dynamic approach based upon the surface hopping (SH) algorithm and classical device modeling, by which both quantum tunneling and thermionic emission of charge carrier injection at metal/organic interfaces are concurrently investigated. The injected charges from metallic electrode are observed to quickly spread onto the organic molecules following by an accumulation close to the interface induced by the built-in electric field, exhibiting a transition from delocalization to localization. We compare the Ehrenfest dynamics on mean-field level and the SH algorithm by simulating the temperature dependence of charge injection dynamics, and it is found that the former one leads to an improper result that the injection efficiency decreases with increasing temperature at room-temperature regime while SH results are credible. The relationship between injected charges and the applied bias voltage suggests it is the quantum tunneling that dominates the low-threshold injection characteristics in molecular crystals, which is further supported by the calculation results of small entropy change during the injection processes. An optimum interfacial width for charge injection efficiency at the interface is also quantified and can be utilized to understand the role of interfacial buffer layer in practical devices., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures

All-polymer solar cells gained substantial achievements in recent years, offering numerous unsettled subjects for mechanical researchers. Based on the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model, we then simulate the ultrafast dynamics of charge-transfer (CT) state considering a molecular electrostatic potential drop at the interface between two polymer chains, which are respectively regarded as donor and acceptor in all-polymer solar cells. The formation of a stable CT state is found to be sensitive to the distance between two oppositely charged polarons and the relevant critical electrostatic potential is thus quantified. In order to get insight into the dependence of dissociation of CT state on the width of interfacial layer, two quantities are calculated: One is the Coulomb capture radius between two polarons and the other is the quantum trace distance which serves as the fingerprint of the quantum coherence between them. The dissociation of CT state is found to take place within an ultrafast timescale for an optimum interfacial width. The classical spatial distance and the quantum trace distance manifest converging trend suggesting a decoherence scenario for the charge separation in all-polymer solar cells., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

Network coding in geometric space, a new research direction also known as Space Information Flow, is a promising research field which shows the superiority of network coding in space over routing in space. Present literatures proved that given six terminal nodes, network coding in space is strictly superior to routing in space in terms of single-source multicast in regular (5+1) model, in which five terminal nodes forms a regular pentagon centered at a terminal node. In order to compare the performance between network coding in space and routing in space, this paper quantitatively studies two classes of network coding in space and optimal routing in space when any terminal node moves arbitrarily in two-dimensional Euclidean space, and cost advantage is used as the metric. Furthermore, the upper-bound of cost advantage is figured out as well as the region where network coding in space is superior to routing in space. Several properties of Space Information Flow are also presented.