Search

In this article, we introduce a two-way factor model for a high-dimensional data matrix and study the properties of the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The proposed model assumes separable effects of row and column attributes and captures the correlation across rows and columns with low-dimensional hidden factors. The model inherits the dimension-reduction feature of classical factor models but introduces a new framework with separable row and column factors, representing the covariance or correlation structure in the data matrix. We propose a block alternating, maximizing strategy to compute the MLE of factor loadings as well as other model parameters. We discuss model identifiability, obtain consistency and the asymptotic distribution for the MLE as the numbers of rows and columns in the data matrix increase. One interesting phenomenon that we learned from our analysis is that the variance of the estimates in the two-way factor model depends on the distance of variances of row factors and column factors in a way that is not expected in classical factor analysis. We further demonstrate the performance of the proposed method through simulation and real data analysis., Comment: 35 pages, 5 figures

A space-borne hard X-ray collimator, comprising 91 pairs of grids, has been developed for the Hard X-ray Imager (HXI). The HXI is one of the three scientific instruments onboard the first Chinese solar mission: the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S). The HXI collimator (HXI-C) is a spatial modulation X-ray telescope designed to observe hard X-rays emitted by energetic electrons in solar flares. This paper presents the detailed design of the HXI-C for the qualification model that will be inherited by the flight model. Series tests on the HXI-C qualification model are reported to verify the ability of the HXI-C to survive the launch and to operate normally in on-orbit environments. Furthermore, results of the X-ray beam test for the HXI-C are presented to indirectly identify the working performance of the HXI-C., Comment: 16 pages, 21 figures