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The electric field is the driving force behind every plasma. Electric field induced second harmonic generation (E-FISH) is a diagnostic able to obtain the electric field with high temporal and spatial resolution, is considered non-invasive and can be applied to almost any type of plasma with high sensitivity. However, the high power laser beam used as a probe in this technique, can interact with the gas and induce charges, which can subsequently influence the plasma. In this work, E-FISH is applied on non-thermal pulsed plasma jets in N2 flowing into atmospheric air. In these jets, ionization fronts propagate along the axis of the jet, which are highly reproducible and periodic. This allows for phase resolved measurements. A nanosecond and a picosecond pulsed laser, both operating at 1064 nm, are used as sources. For the first time, the obtained E-FISH signals measured with both lasers are compared to each other. The results deviate significantly between the two lasers, which can be explained by laser induced guiding of the streamers. This is observed by taking ICCD images of the plasma trajectory. At the position where the plasma crosses the laser beam path, the plasma branches. This reveals that E-FISH is also invasive under some conditions. The profiles obtained with the picosecond laser are in good qualitative agreement with previous coherent Raman scattering-based four-wave mixing results on the same plasma source and therefore the picosecond laser is considered non-invasive. In future E-FISH measurements, the influence of the laser beam on the E-FISH signal should be taken into account to prevent changing the plasma behavior. By decreasing the laser power or using a shorter laser pulse, successful measurements can be performed.

Using electric field induced second harmonic generation (E-FISH), we performed direction-resolved absolute electric field measurements on single-channel streamer discharges in 70 mbar (7 kPa) air with 0.2 mm and 2 ns resolutions. In order to obtain the absolute (local) electric field, we developed a deconvolution method taking into account the phase variations of E-FISH. The acquired field distribution shows good agreement with the simulation results under the same conditions, in direction, magnitude and in shape. This is the first time that E-FISH is applied to streamers of this size (> 0.5cm radius), crossing a large gap. Achieving these high resolution electric field measurements benefits further understanding of streamer discharges and enables future use of E-FISH on cylindrically symmetric (transient) electric field distributions., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

The third-generation of gravitational wave observatories, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) and Cosmic Explorer (CE), aim for an improvement in sensitivity of at least a factor of ten over a wide frequency range compared to the current advanced detectors. In order to inform the design of the third-generation detectors and to develop and qualify their subsystems, dedicated test facilities are required. ETpathfinder prototype uses full interferometer configurations and aims to provide a high sensitivity facility in a similar environment as ET. Along with the interferometry at 1550 nm and silicon test masses, ETpathfinder will focus on cryogenic technologies, lasers and optics at 2090 nm and advanced quantum-noise reduction schemes. This paper analyses the underpinning noise contributions and combines them into full noise budgets of the two initially targeted configurations: 1) operating with 1550 nm laser light and at a temperature of 18 K and 2) operating at 2090 nm wavelength and a temperature of 123 K.

The interplay between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom strongly influences molecular charge transport. Herein, we report on transport through a porphyrin dimer molecule, weakly coupled to graphene electrodes, that displays sequential tunneling within the Coulomb-blockade regime. The sequential transport is initiated by current-induced phonon absorption and proceeds by rapid sequential transport via a non-equilibrium vibrational distribution. We demonstrate this is possible only when the vibrational dissipation is slow relative to sequential tunneling rates, and obtain a lower bound for the vibrational relaxation time of 8 ns, a value that is dependent on the molecular charge state., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

Many-body electron interactions are at the heart of chemistry and solid-state physics. Understanding these interactions is crucial for the development of molecular-scale quantum and nanoelectronic devices. Here, we investigate single-electron tunneling through an edge-fused porphyrin oligomer and demonstrate that its transport behavior is well described by the Hubbard dimer model. This allows us to study the role of electron-electron interactions in the transport setting. In particular, we empirically determine the molecule's on-site and inter-site electron-electron repulsion energies, which are in good agreement with density functional calculations, and establish the molecular electronic structure within various charge states. The gate-dependent rectification behavior is used to further confirm the selection rules and state degeneracies resulting from the Hubbard model. We therefore demonstrate that current flow through the molecule is governed by a non-trivial set of vibrationally coupled electronic transitions between various many-body states, and experimentally confirm the importance of electron-electron interactions in single-molecule devices., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures

Here, we report the catalytic degradation of organic compounds by exploiting the magnetoelectric (ME) nature of cobalt ferrite-bismuth ferrite (CFO-BFO) core-shell nanoparticles. The combination of magnetostrictive CFO with the multiferroic BFO gives rise to a magnetoelectric engine that purifies water under wireless magnetic fields via advanced oxidation processes, without involvement of any sacrificial molecules or co-catalysts. Magnetostrictive CoFe2O4 nanoparticles are fabricated using hydrothermal synthesis, followed by sol-gel synthesis to create the multiferroic BiFeO3 shell. We perform theoretical modeling to study the magnetic field induced polarization on the surface of magnetoelectric nanoparticles. The results obtained from these simulations are consistent with the experimental findings of the piezo-force microscopy analysis, where we observe changes in the piezoresponse of the nanoparticles under magnetic fields. Next, we investigate the magnetoelectric effect induced catalytic degradation of organic pollutants under AC magnetic fields and obtained 97% removal efficiency for synthetic dyes and over 85% removal efficiency for routinely used pharmaceuticals. Additionally, we perform trapping experiments to elucidate the mechanism behind the magnetic field induced catalytic degradation of organic pollutants by using scavengers for each of the reactive species. Our results indicate that hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are the main reactive species in the magnetoelectrically induced catalytic degradation of organic compounds.

Off-resonant charge transport through molecular junctions has been extensively studied since the advent of single-molecule electronics and it is now well understood within the framework of the non-interacting Landauer approach. Conversely, gaining a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the resonant transport regime has proven more elusive. Here, we study resonant charge transport through graphene-based zinc-porphyrin junctions. We experimentally demonstrate an inadequacy of the non-interacting Landauer theory as well as the conventional single-mode Franck-Condon model. Instead, we model the overall charge transport as a sequence of non-adiabatic electron transfers, the rates of which depend on both outer and inner-sphere vibrational interactions. We show that the transport properties of our molecular junctions are determined by a combination of electron-electron and electron-vibrational coupling, and are sensitive to the interactions with the wider local environment. Furthermore, we assess the importance of nuclear tunnelling and examine the suitability of semi-classical Marcus theory as a description of charge transport in molecular devices., Comment: version accepted in Nature Communications; SI available at https://researchportal.hw.ac.uk/en/publications/understanding-resonant-charge-transport-through-weakly-coupled-si

In the search for an electron antineutrino detection method with sensitivity below the 1.8 MeV threshold for the inverse beta decay reaction, beta decay counting experiments with ca. 3 kBq 22Na and 60Co sources were conducted at unit #1 (2.775 GW_th) of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in South Africa. The setup consisted of one NaI crystal to measure de-excitation and annihilation photons associated with beta decay. Its volume and well shape were chosen to use coincidence summing in order to differentiate between electron capture and beta+ emission in 22Na. The setup was shielded from the reactor core by 8 m of uninterrupted concrete. Background radiation, responsible for ca. 1% of the total countrate with either source, increased by merely 3% when the reactor status changed from OFF to ON. Normalized countrates of three energy regions-of-interest (TOT, MED, HI) were parameterized to jointly describe the time dependence of two instrumental effects and a reactor-status step function in a least-squares regression analysis. With the 22Na source, the fractional countrate changes in the step from reactor OFF to ON were: (delA/A)_TOT = [-3.02 +- 0.14(stat) +- 0.07(syst)] x 10^-4, (delA/A)_MED = [+1.44 +- 0.42(stat) +- 0.07(syst)] x 10^-4, and (delA/A)_HI = [-2.70 +- 0.26(stat) +- 0.04(syst)] x 10^-4. The uncertainty budget is incomplete because it does not contain the possible influence from environmental factors and the finite stability of the MCA clock-oscillator. No reactor-status dependence was observed with the 60Co source. The corresponding cross sections are [1.55 +- 0.07(stat)] x 10^-25 cm^2 for EC + beta+ decay in 22Na and [0.5 +- 1.5(stat)] x 10^-26 cm^2 for beta- decay of 60Co. The negative sign for TOT and HI activity changes in 22Na points to an antineutrino related interference effect on the beta+ decay of 22Na and rules out reactor neutron induced reactions., Comment: resubmitted to Physical Review C after addressing shortcomings raised during review of the original submission; 9 figures

We introduce the notion of Universally Decodable Matrices of Genus g (UDMG), which for g=0 reduces to the notion of Universally Decodable Matrices (UDM) introduced in [8]. A UDMG is a set of L matrices over a finite field, each with K rows, and a linear independence condition satisfied by collections of K+g columns formed from the initial segments of the matrices. We consider the mathematical structure of UDMGs and their relation to linear vector codes. We then give a construction of UDMG based on curves of genus g over the finite field, which is a natural generalization of the UDM constructed in [8]. We provide upper (and constructable lower) bounds for L in terms of K, q, g, and the number of columns of the matrices. We will show there is a fundamental trade off (Theorem 5.4) between L and g, akin to the Singleton bound for the minimal Hamming distance of linear vector codes., Comment: 23 pages

This article explores the following questions: first, "Do colleges of higher vocational education vary in the mean success of their graduates on the labor market?" and, second, "Are the differences between these colleges stable over time?". The analysis drew upon school effectiveness, quality assurance and labor market research. The school effectiveness literature shows that schools differ in the educational output of their students. The relationship between the organizational context and structure and the paradigms of these colleges affect the quality of the outcomes of educational policy. The leading assumption in human capital theory is that since education makes people more productive, education is an investment in human capital. An annual survey of graduates of colleges in the Netherlands collects information about destination, labor market entry, unemployment spells and the jobs held by graduates. Statistical analysis showed: (1) systematic differences between departments and colleges in the labor market outcomes of their graduates even after controlling for student and regional factors, (2) stable department effects with respect to the length of unemployment and job level; (3) difference between the net and gross quality indicators of a department; and (4) no correlation between a department's improving graduates' chances of finding work and the quality of work. (Contains 33 references.) (CK)

We present a new class of micro lasers based on nanoporous molecular sieve host-guest systems. Organic dye guest molecules of 1-Ethyl-4-(4-(p-Dimethylaminophenyl)-1,3-butadienyl)-pyridinium Perchlorat were inserted into the 0.73-nm-wide channel pores of a zeolite AlPO$_4$-5 host. The zeolitic micro crystal compounds where hydrothermally synthesized according to a particular host-guest chemical process. The dye molecules are found not only to be aligned along the host channel axis, but to be oriented as well. Single mode laser emission at 687 nm was obtained from a whispering gallery mode oscillating in a 8-$\mu$m-diameter monolithic micro resonator, in which the field is confined by total internal reflection at the natural hexagonal boundaries inside the zeolitic microcrystals., Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett