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Your search keyword '"Livingston, Robert"' showing total 9 results
Start Over Author "Livingston, Robert" Publication Type Reports
9 results on '"Livingston, Robert"'

1. An Investigation of Transformational Leadership in a Virtual Learning Environment

Author

Livingston, Robert K.

Abstract

With the advancement of technology, the changing landscape of education has brought about challenging issues that necessitate a clearer understanding of the leadership role of an online instructor. In this exploratory study, it was found that business administration students (n=107) from a Southern California community college expect their online instructors to be transformational/transactional leaders and not passive/avoidant leaders. The study showed that online instructors (n=13) understand what is expected of them but not to the extent that students indicated their expectations of the instructor's transformational/transactional leadership role. No significant differences in leadership expectations were found based upon gender, generational groupings of students, or the number of online classes students had taken. Transformational leadership was strongly correlated with transactional leadership, extra effort, effectiveness, and student satisfaction. Further study is needed on the causal relationship between transformational/transactional leadership and student success. Once understood, online instructors need to learn how to provide a transformational/transactional leadership presence in their virtual classrooms. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2011

2. Probabilities of Underdevelopment of the Human Brain as a Consequence of Undernutrition in the United States.

Author

Livingston, Robert B.

Abstract

The degree to which under nourishment exists in a local community such as San Diego, California, and in the U.S. at large, and whether it is severe enough to interfere with brain development is the focus of this report. After establishing criteria for nutrition intake that would represent unambiguous jeopardy to brain development, these criteria are applied to the two best available sources of nutritional and developmental evidence based on large and presumably representative populations in the U.S. Results indicate that, as of 1970, more than two million pregnant women, infants, and children under four years of age are under nourished to such a severe degree that the brain development of the unborn and young child is in jeopardy. Evidence is also found that indicates that nutritional intake, blood and urinary bio-chemistry, and anthropometric measures are deficient but tend to be ameliorated as family incomes rise. The presumptive outcome of such severe under nutrition may be the introduction into the U.S. school systems and ultimately into adult society between one-third and one-half million youngsters annually who may be lastingly or permanently handicapped in relation to functions that depend upon brain structure and organization. The criteria used for predicting jeopardy to brain development deliberately selected to be conservative should be reconsidered. (Author/AM)

Published
1975

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