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1. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star

Author

Zechmeister, M., Dreizler, S., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Bauer, F. F., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Herrero, E., Lalitha, S., López-González, M. J., Luque, R., Morales, J. C., Pallé, E., Rodríguez, E., López, C. Rodríguez, Tal-Or, L., Anglada-Escudé, G., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Abril, M., Aceituno, F. J., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Jiménez, R. Antona, Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Bluhm, P., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Ortega, R. Calvo, Cano, J., Guillén, C. Cardona, Carro, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Casasayas-Barris, N., Casanova, V., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Fernández, M., Fernández-Martín, A., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Fukui, A., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Cava, I. Gallardo, de la Fuente, J. Garcia, Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Rueda, J. Góngora, González-Álvarez, E., Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, T., Hermelo, I., Arabi, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Otero, F. Hernández, Hintz, D., Huke, P., Huber, A., Jeffers, S. V., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kaminski, A., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., Klahr, H., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lafarga, M., Llamas, M., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., Lázaro, F. J., Lodieu, N., del Fresno, M. López, López-Comazzi, A., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Fernández, P., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Montañés-Rodríguez, P., Montes, D., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Narita, N., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oshagh, M., Panduro, J., Parviainen, H., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Rabaza, O., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhardt, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Seifert, W., Shulyak, D., Solano, E., Sota, A., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Strachan, J. B. P., Stuber, T., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Pinto, M. Tala, Trifonov, T., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Teegarden's Star is the brightest and one of the nearest ultra-cool dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. For its late spectral type (M7.0V), the star shows relatively little activity and is a prime target for near-infrared radial velocity surveys such as CARMENES. Aims. As part of the CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, we obtained more than 200 radial-velocity measurements of Teegarden's Star and analysed them for planetary signals. Methods. We find periodic variability in the radial velocities of Teegarden's Star. We also studied photometric measurements to rule out stellar brightness variations mimicking planetary signals. Results. We find evidence for two planet candidates, each with $1.1M_\oplus$ minimum mass, orbiting at periods of 4.91 and 11.4 d, respectively. No evidence for planetary transits could be found in archival and follow-up photometry. Small photometric variability is suggestive of slow rotation and old age. Conclusions. The two planets are among the lowest-mass planets discovered so far, and they are the first Earth-mass planets around an ultra-cool dwarf for which the masses have been determined using radial velocities., Comment: A&A 627, A49. 26 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables. Press release available at http://www.astro.physik.uni-goettingen.de/~zechmeister/teegarden/teegarden.html. v2: two authors and one reference added

Published
2019
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2. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - HD 147379b: A nearby Neptune in the temperate zone of an early-M dwarf

Author

Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J. A., Trifonov, T., Dreizler, S., Morales, J. C., Tal-Or, L., Lafarga, M., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Kaminski, A., Jeffers, S. V., Aceituno, J., Béjar, V. J. S., Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E. W., Hagen, H. -J., Montes, D., Passegger, V. M., Seifert, W., Schweitzer, A., Cortés-Contreras, M., Abril, M., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Antona, R., Anglada-Escudé, G., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F. F., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Cano, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Galera, V. Gómez, Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Hermelo, I., Arabí, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Hernando, F. Hernández, Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lamert, A., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Launhardt, R., del Fresno, M. López, López-González, M. J., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Luque, R., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mathar, R. J., Mirabet, E., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rohloff, R. -R., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schiller, J., Schöfer, P., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Strachan, J. B. P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala, M., Tulloch, S. M., Ulbrich, R. -G., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We report on the first star discovered to host a planet detected by radial velocity (RV) observations obtained within the CARMENES survey for exoplanets around M dwarfs. HD 147379 ($V = 8.9$ mag, $M = 0.58 \pm 0.08$ M$_{\odot}$), a bright M0.0V star at a distance of 10.7 pc, is found to undergo periodic RV variations with a semi-amplitude of $K = 5.1\pm0.4$ m s$^{-1}$ and a period of $P = 86.54\pm0.06$ d. The RV signal is found in our CARMENES data, which were taken between 2016 and 2017, and is supported by HIRES/Keck observations that were obtained since 2000. The RV variations are interpreted as resulting from a planet of minimum mass $m_{\rm p}\sin{i} = 25 \pm 2$ M$_{\oplus}$, 1.5 times the mass of Neptune, with an orbital semi-major axis $a = 0.32$ au and low eccentricity ($e < 0.13$). HD 147379b is orbiting inside the temperate zone around the star, where water could exist in liquid form. The RV time-series and various spectroscopic indicators show additional hints of variations at an approximate period of 21.1d (and its first harmonic), which we attribute to the rotation period of the star., Comment: accepted for publication as A&A Letter

Published
2017
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3. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars

Author

Reiners, A., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J. A., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., Jeffers, S. V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Kaminski, A., Seifert, W., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Antona, R., Anglada-Escudé, G., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F. F., Becerril, S., Béjar, V. J. S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Cano, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dreizler, S., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Gómez, V., Galera, Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E. W., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hagen, H. -J., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Hermelo, I., Arabí, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Hernando, F. Hernández, Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E., de Juan, E., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Lamert, A., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Launhardt, R., del Fresno, M. López, López-González, J., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Luque, R., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Maroto, D., Fernández, Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mathar, R. J., Mirabet, E., Montes, D., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rohloff, R. -R., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, A., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Strachan, J. B. P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala, M., Trifonov, T., Tulloch, S. M., Ulbrich, R. G., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The CARMENES radial velocity (RV) survey is observing 324 M dwarfs to search for any orbiting planets. In this paper, we present the survey sample by publishing one CARMENES spectrum for each M dwarf. These spectra cover the wavelength range 520--1710nm at a resolution of at least $R > 80,000$, and we measure its RV, H$\alpha$ emission, and projected rotation velocity. We present an atlas of high-resolution M-dwarf spectra and compare the spectra to atmospheric models. To quantify the RV precision that can be achieved in low-mass stars over the CARMENES wavelength range, we analyze our empirical information on the RV precision from more than 6500 observations. We compare our high-resolution M-dwarf spectra to atmospheric models where we determine the spectroscopic RV information content, $Q$, and signal-to-noise ratio. We find that for all M-type dwarfs, the highest RV precision can be reached in the wavelength range 700--900nm. Observations at longer wavelengths are equally precise only at the very latest spectral types (M8 and M9). We demonstrate that in this spectroscopic range, the large amount of absorption features compensates for the intrinsic faintness of an M7 star. To reach an RV precision of 1ms$^{-1}$ in very low mass M dwarfs at longer wavelengths likely requires the use of a 10m class telescope. For spectral types M6 and earlier, the combination of a red visual and a near-infrared spectrograph is ideal to search for low-mass planets and to distinguish between planets and stellar variability. At a 4m class telescope, an instrument like CARMENES has the potential to push the RV precision well below the typical jitter level of 3-4ms$^{-1}$., Comment: accepted for publication in A&A, 13 pages plus 40 pages spectral atlas, first 10 atlas pages are reduced in quality to fit arXiv size limit; one CARMENES spectrum for each of the 324 stars is published in electronic format at http://carmenes.cab.inta-csic.es/

Published
2017
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4. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems

Author

Trifonov, T., Kürster, M., Zechmeister, M., Tal-Or, L., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Reffert, S., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, A. P., Kaminski, A., Launhardt, R., Henning, Th., Montes, D., Béjar, V. J. S., Mundt, R., Pavlov, A., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Seifert, W., Morales, J. C., Nowak, G., Jeffers, S. V., Rodríguez-López, C., del Burgo, C., Anglada-Escudé, G., López-Santiago, J., Mathar, R. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Guenther, E. W., Barrado, D., Hernández, J. I. González, Mancini, L., Stürmer, J., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Antona, R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Bauer, F. F., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., Cano, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Galera, V. Gómez, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hagen, H. -J., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Hermelo, I., Arabí, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Hernando, F. Hernández, Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E., de Juan, E., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Lafarga, M., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., del Fresno, M. López, López-González, J., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, Luque, R., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Moya, A., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reinhardt, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rohloff, R. -R., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schiller, J., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Strachan, J. B. P., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala, M., Tulloch, S. M., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context: The main goal of the CARMENES survey is to find Earth-mass planets around nearby M-dwarf stars. Seven M-dwarfs included in the CARMENES sample had been observed before with HIRES and HARPS and either were reported to have one short period planetary companion (GJ15A, GJ176, GJ436, GJ536 and GJ1148) or are multiple planetary systems (GJ581 and GJ876). Aims: We aim to report new precise optical radial velocity measurements for these planet hosts and test the overall capabilities of CARMENES. Methods: We combined our CARMENES precise Doppler measurements with those available from HIRES and HARPS and derived new orbital parameters for the systems. Bona-fide single planet systems are fitted with a Keplerian model. The multiple planet systems were analyzed using a self-consistent dynamical model and their best fit orbits were tested for long-term stability. Results: We confirm or provide supportive arguments for planets around all the investigated stars except for GJ15A, for which we find that the post-discovery HIRES data and our CARMENES data do not show a signal at 11.4 days. Although we cannot confirm the super-Earth planet GJ15Ab, we show evidence for a possible long-period ($P_{\rm c}$ = 7025$_{-629}^{+972}$ d) Saturn-mass ($m_{\rm c} \sin i$ = 51.8$_{-5.8}^{+5.5}M_\oplus$) planet around GJ15A. In addition, based on our CARMENES and HIRES data we discover a second planet around GJ1148, for which we estimate a period $P_{\rm c}$ = 532.6$_{-2.5}^{+4.1}$ d, eccentricity $e_{\rm c}$ = 0.34$_{-0.06}^{+0.05}$ and minimum mass $m_{\rm c} \sin i$ = 68.1$_{-2.2}^{+4.9}M_\oplus$. Conclusions: The CARMENES optical radial velocities have similar precision and overall scatter when compared to the Doppler measurements conducted with HARPS and HIRES. We conclude that CARMENES is an instrument that is up to the challenge of discovering rocky planets around low-mass stars., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 24 pages, 16 figures, 14 tables

Published
2017
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5. PANIC: the new panoramic NIR camera for Calar Alto

Author

Baumeister, H., Alter, M., Vazquez, M. C. Cardenas, Fernandez, M., Fried, J., Helmling, J., Huber, A., Mengual, J. Ibanez, Gomez, J. F. Rodriguez, Laun, W., Lenzen, R., Mall, U., Naranjo, V., Ramos, J., Rohloff, R., Segura, A. Garcia, Storz, C., Ubierna, M., and Wagner, K.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

PANIC is a wide-field NIR camera, which is currently under development for the Calar Alto observatory (CAHA) in Spain. It uses a mosaic of four Hawaii-2RG detectors and covers the spectral range from 0.8-2.5 micron(z to K-band). The field-of-view is 30x30 arcmin. This instrument can be used at the 2.2m telescope (0.45arcsec/pixel, 0.5x0.5 degree FOV) and at the 3.5m telescope (0.23arcsec/pixel, 0.25x0.25 degree FOV). The operating temperature is about 77K, achieved by liquid Nitrogen cooling. The cryogenic optics has three flat folding mirrors with diameters up to 282 mm and nine lenses with diameters between 130 mm and 255 mm. A compact filter unit can carry up to 19 filters distributed over four filter wheels. Narrow band (1%) filters can be used. The instrument has a diameter of 1.1 m and it is about 1 m long. The weight limit of 400 kg at the 2.2m telescope requires a light-weight cryostat design. The aluminium vacuum vessel and radiation shield have wall thicknesses of only 6 mm and 3 mm respectively., Comment: This paper has been presented in the SPIE of Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2008 in Marseille (France)

Published
2008
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