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Liouville conformal field theory is a prototypical example of an exactly solvable quantum field theory, in the sense that the correlation functions in an arbitrary background can be determined exactly using only the constraints of unitarity and crossing symmetry. For example, the three point correlation functions are given by the famous formula of Dorn-Otto-Zamolodchikov-Zamolodchikov (DOZZ). Unlike many other exactly solvable theories, Liouville theory has a continuously tunable parameter -- essentially $\hbar$ -- which is related to the central charge of the theory. Here we investigate the nature of the perturbative expansion in powers of $\hbar$, which is the loop expansion around a semi-classical solution. We show that the perturbative coefficients grow factorially, as expected of a Feynman diagram expansion, and take the form of an asymptotic series. We identify the singularities in the Borel plane, and show that they are associated with complex instanton solutions of Liouville theory; they correspond precisely to the complex solutions described by Harlow, Maltz, and Witten. Both single- and multi-valued solutions of Liouville appear. We show that the perturbative loop expansions around these different saddle points mix in the way expected for a trans-series expansion. Thus Liouville theory provides a calculable example of a quantum field theory where perturbative and instanton contributions can be summed up and assembled into a finite answer., Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures

The double-cone geometry is a saddle of the gravitational path integral, which explains the chaotic statistics of the spectrum of black hole microstates. This geometry is the usual AdS-Schwarzschild black hole, but with a periodic identification of the time coordinate; the resulting singularity at the black hole horizon is regulated by making the geometry slightly complex. Here, we consider generalizations of the double-cone geometry which include the Lorentzian cosmology that sits between the event horizon and the black hole singularity. We analyze this in two and three dimensions, where the cosmology has compact spatial sections and big bang/crunch singularities. These singularities are regulated in the same way by slightly complexifying the metric. We show that this is possible while satisfying the Kontsevich-Segal criterion, implying that these geometries can be interpreted as perturbatively stable saddle points in general relativity. This procedure leads to a novel description of the cosmology in terms of standard observables in the dual boundary CFT. In three dimensions, the cosmological solution gives a new contribution to the two-point function of the density of states in the boundary CFT. Unlike the usual double cone, it describes correlations between black hole microstates with different masses, and in a limit describes correlations between the statistics of heavy states and states near the BTZ threshold., Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures; v2: minor corrections

Two-dimensional conformal field theory is a powerful tool to understand the geometry of surfaces. Here, we study Liouville conformal field theory in the classical (large central charge) limit, where it encodes the geometry of the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. Generalizing previous work, we employ this to study moduli spaces of higher genus surfaces, surfaces with boundaries, and surfaces with cone points. In each case, the knowledge of classical conformal blocks provides an extremely efficient approximation to the Weil-Petersson metric on moduli space. We find detailed agreement with analytic results for volumes and geodesic lengths on moduli space., Comment: 38 pages, 9 figures

In two dimensional conformal field theories the limit of large central charge plays the role of a semi-classical limit. Certain universal observables, such as conformal blocks involving the exchange of the identity operator, can be expanded around this classical limit in powers of the central charge $c$. This expansion is an asymptotic series, so - via the same resurgence analysis familiar from quantum mechanics - necessitates the existence of non-perturbative effects. In the case of identity conformal blocks, these new effects have a simple interpretation: the CFT must possess new primary operators with dimension of order the central charge. This constrains the data of CFTs with large central charge in a way that is similar to (but distinct from) the conformal bootstrap. We study this phenomenon in three ways: numerically, analytically using Zamolodchikov's recursion relations, and by considering non-unitary minimal models with large (negative) central charge. In the holographic dual to a CFT$_2$, the expansion in powers of $c$ is the perturbative loop expansion in powers of $\hbar$. So our results imply that the graviton loop expansion is an asymptotic series, whose cure requires the inclusion of new saddle points in the gravitational path integral. In certain cases these saddle points have a simple interpretation: they are conical excesses, particle-like states with negative mass which are not in the physical spectrum but nevertheless appear as non-manifold saddle points that control the asymptotic behaviour of the loop expansion. This phenomenon also has an interpretation in $SL(2,{\mathbb R})$ Chern-Simons theory, where the non-perturbative effects are associated with the non-Teichm\"uller component of the moduli space of flat connections., Comment: 37 pages, 7 figures; References added

Large language models with a huge number of parameters, when trained on near internet-sized number of tokens, have been empirically shown to obey neural scaling laws: specifically, their performance behaves predictably as a power law in either parameters or dataset size until bottlenecked by the other resource. To understand this better, we first identify the necessary properties allowing such scaling laws to arise and then propose a statistical model -- a joint generative data model and random feature model -- that captures this neural scaling phenomenology. By solving this model in the dual limit of large training set size and large number of parameters, we gain insight into (i) the statistical structure of datasets and tasks that lead to scaling laws, (ii) the way nonlinear feature maps, such as those provided by neural networks, enable scaling laws when trained on these datasets, (iii) the optimality of the equiparameterization scaling of training sets and parameters, and (iv) whether such scaling laws can break down and how they behave when they do. Key findings are the manner in which the power laws that occur in the statistics of natural datasets are extended by nonlinear random feature maps and then translated into power-law scalings of the test loss and how the finite extent of the data's spectral power law causes the model's performance to plateau., Comment: 73 + 23 pages, 14 + 5 figures

Liouville theory describes the dynamics of surfaces with constant negative curvature and can be used to study the Weil-Petersson geometry of the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. This leads to an efficient algorithm to compute the Weil--Petersson metric to arbitrary accuracy using Zamolodchikov's recursion relation for conformal blocks. For example, we compute the metric on $\mathcal M_{0,4}$ numerically to high accuracy by considering Liouville theory on a sphere with four punctures. We numerically compute the eigenvalues of the Weil-Petersson Laplacian, and find evidence that the obey the statistics of a random matrix in the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble., Comment: references added

A two-dimensional CFT dual to a semiclassical theory of gravity in three dimensions must have a large central charge $c$ and a sparse low energy spectrum. This constrains the OPE coefficients and density of states of the CFT via the conformal bootstrap. We define an ensemble of CFT data by averaging over OPE coefficients subject to these bootstrap constraints, and show that calculations in this ensemble reproduce semiclassical 3D gravity. We analyze a wide variety of gravitational solutions, both in pure Einstein gravity and gravity coupled to massive point particles, including Euclidean wormholes with multiple boundaries and higher topology spacetimes with a single boundary. In all cases we find that the on-shell action of gravity agrees with the ensemble-averaged CFT at large $c$. The one-loop corrections also match in the cases where they have been computed. We also show that the bulk effective theory has random couplings induced by wormholes, providing a controlled, semiclassical realization of the mechanism of Coleman, Giddings, and Strominger., Comment: 96 pages (typos fixed, references added)

We apply the theory of harmonic analysis on the fundamental domain of $SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ to partition functions of two-dimensional conformal field theories. We decompose the partition function of $c$ free bosons on a Narain lattice into eigenfunctions of the Laplacian of worldsheet moduli space $\mathbb H/SL(2,\mathbb Z)$, and of target space moduli space $O(c,c;\mathbb Z)\backslash O(c,c;\mathbb R)/O(c)\times O(c)$. This decomposition manifests certain properties of Narain theories and ensemble averages thereof. We extend the application of spectral theory to partition functions of general two-dimensional conformal field theories, and explore its meaning in connection to AdS$_3$ gravity. An implication of harmonic analysis is that the local operator spectrum is fully determined by a certain subset of degeneracies., Comment: 35+24 pages, v2: corrected a mistake in Sec 3, v3: minor errors fixed

We study the spectral statistics of primary operators in the recently formulated ensemble average of Narain's family of free boson conformal field theories, which provides an explicit (though exotic) example of an averaged holographic duality. In particular we study moments of the partition function by explicit computation of higher-degree Eisenstein series. This describes the analog of wormhole contributions coming from a sum of over geometries in the dual theory of "U(1) gravity" in AdS$_3$. We give an exact formula for the two-point correlation function of the density of primary states. We compute the spectral form factor and show that the wormhole sum reproduces precisely the late time plateau behaviour related to the discreteness of the spectrum. The spectral form factor does not exhibit a linear ramp., Comment: 39 pages + appendices. v2: references added, typos corrected

We revisit the proposal that the ensemble average over free boson CFTs in two dimensions - parameterized by Narain's moduli space - is dual to an exotic theory of gravity in three dimensions dubbed $U(1)$ gravity. We consider flavored partition functions, where the usual genus $g$ partition function is weighted by Wilson lines coupled to the conserved $U(1)$ currents of these theories. These flavored partition functions obey a heat equation which relates deformations of the Riemann surface moduli to those of the chemical potentials which measure these $U(1)$ charges. This allows us to derive a Siegel-Weil formula which computes the average of these flavored partition functions. The result takes the form of a "sum over geometries," albeit with modifications relative to the unflavored case., Comment: 30 pages

Euclidean wormholes -- geometries which connect disconnected boundaries -- present a challenge to a standard quantum mechanical interpretation of the theory. One potential resolution is that the gravitational path integral computes the ensemble average of many theories. The connected topologies contribute to the simplest possible observable: the free energy, which is computed using a replica trick. This is distinct from the replica trick used to compute entanglement entropies, and appears in the computation of any extensive quantity. We argue that both JT gravity and a simplified version of CGHS admit a regime where the contribution of connected replica wormholes to the free energy is larger than that of disconnected topologies. In both theories we find evidence of replica symmetry breaking, which is reminiscent of the behavior of certain spin glasses. We discuss possible insights about ensemble averaging in gravity from this perspective., Comment: 38+2 pages, 7 figures. v2: added references, clarified discussion of ensemble averaging. v3: fixed typo in equation (2.1)

Recent developments involving JT gravity in two dimensions indicate that under some conditions, a gravitational path integral is dual to an average over an ensemble of boundary theories, rather than to a specific boundary theory. For an example in one dimension more, one would like to compare a random ensemble of two-dimensional CFT's to Einstein gravity in three dimensions. But this is difficult. For a simpler problem, here we average over Narain's family of two-dimensional CFT's obtained by toroidal compactification. These theories are believed to be the most general ones with their central charges and abelian current algebra symmetries, so averaging over them means picking a random CFT with those properties. The average can be computed using the Siegel-Weil formula of number theory and has some properties suggestive of a bulk dual theory that would be an exotic theory of gravity in three dimensions. The bulk dual theory would be more like $U(1)^{2D}$ Chern-Simons theory than like Einstein gravity., Comment: 46 pages

We revisit the spectrum of pure quantum gravity in AdS$_3$. The computation of the torus partition function will -- if computed using a gravitational path integral that includes only smooth saddle points -- lead to a density of states which is not physically sensible, as it has a negative degeneracy of states for some energies and spins. We consider a minimal cure for this non-unitarity of the pure gravity partition function, which involves the inclusion of additional states below the black hole threshold. We propose a geometric interpretation for these extra states: they are conical defects with deficit angle $2\pi(1-1/N)$, where $N$ is a positive integer. That only integer values of $N$ should be included can be seen from a modular bootstrap argument, and leads us to propose a modest extension of the set of saddle-point configurations that contribute to the gravitational path integral: one should sum over orbifolds in addition to smooth manifolds. These orbifold states are below the black hole threshold and are regarded as massive particles in AdS, but they are not perturbative states: they are too heavy to form multi-particle bound states. We compute the one-loop determinant for gravitons in these orbifold backgrounds, which confirms that the orbifold states are Virasoro primaries. We compute the gravitational partition function including the sum over these orbifolds and find a finite, modular invariant result; this finiteness involves a delicate cancellation between the infinite tower of orbifold states and an infinite number of instantons associated with $PSL(2,{\mathbb Z})$ images., Comment: 31 pages, 3 figures. v2: corrected typos, added references

We obtain an asymptotic formula for the average value of the operator product expansion coefficients of any unitary, compact two dimensional CFT with $c>1$. This formula is valid when one or more of the operators has large dimension or -- in the presence of a twist gap -- has large spin. Our formula is universal in the sense that it depends only on the central charge and not on any other details of the theory. This result unifies all previous asymptotic formulas for CFT$_2$ structure constants, including those derived from crossing symmetry of four point functions, modular covariance of torus correlation functions, and higher genus modular invariance. We determine this formula at finite central charge by deriving crossing kernels for higher genus crossing equations, which give analytic control over the structure constants even in the absence of exact knowledge of the conformal blocks. The higher genus modular kernels are obtained by sewing together the elementary kernels for four-point crossing and modular transforms of torus one-point functions. Our asymptotic formula is related to the DOZZ formula for the structure constants of Liouville theory, and makes precise the sense in which Liouville theory governs the universal dynamics of heavy operators in any CFT. The large central charge limit provides a link with 3D gravity, where the averaging over heavy states corresponds to a coarse-graining over black hole microstates in holographic theories. Our formula also provides an improved understanding of the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) in CFT$_2$, and suggests that ETH can be generalized to other kinematic regimes in two dimensional CFTs., Comment: 60 pages, 8 figures. v2: fixed typos, added sections 1.6 and 5 elaborating on the connection between the universal formula and Liouville theory

We study aspects of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) quantum gravity in two-dimensional nearly de Sitter (dS) spacetime, as well as pure de Sitter quantum gravity in three dimensions. These are each theories of boundary modes, which include a reparameterization field on each connected component of the boundary as well as topological degrees of freedom. In two dimensions, the boundary theory is closely related to the Schwarzian path integral, and in three dimensions to the quantization of coadjoint orbits of the Virasoro group. Using these boundary theories we compute loop corrections to the wavefunction of the universe, and investigate gravitational contributions to scattering. Along the way, we show that JT gravity in dS$_2$ is an analytic continuation of JT gravity in Euclidean AdS$_2$, and that pure gravity in dS$_3$ is a continuation of pure gravity in Euclidean AdS$_3$. We define a genus expansion for de Sitter JT gravity by summing over higher genus generalizations of surfaces used in the Hartle-Hawking construction. Assuming a conjecture regarding the volumes of moduli spaces of such surfaces, we find that the de Sitter genus expansion is the continuation of the recently discovered AdS genus expansion. Then both may be understood as coming from the genus expansion of the same double-scaled matrix model, which would provide a non-perturbative completion of de Sitter JT gravity., Comment: 106 pages, 13 figures; v2: published version, subsection on complex metrics added

Two-dimensional CFTs have an infinite set of commuting conserved charges, known as the quantum KdV charges. We study the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble with chemical potentials for these charges at high temperature. In a large central charge limit, the partition function can be computed in a saddle-point approximation. We compare the ensemble values of the KdV charges to the values in a microstate, and find that they match irrespective of the values of the chemical potentials. We study the partition function at finite central charge perturbatively in the chemical potentials, and find that this degeneracy is broken. We also study the statistics of the KdV charges at high level within a Virasoro representation, and find that they are sharply peaked., Comment: 19 pages, no figures; v2: references added & updated

Two dimensional CFTs have an infinite set of commuting conserved charges, known as the quantum KdV charges, built out of the stress tensor. We compute the thermal correlation functions of the these KdV charges on a circle. We show that these correlation functions are given by quasi-modular differential operators acting on the torus partition function. We determine their modular transformation properties, give explicit expressions in a number of cases, and give a general form which determines an arbitrary correlation function up to a finite number of functions of the central charge. We show that these modular differential operators annihilate the characters of the (2m+1,2) family of non-unitary minimal models. We also show that the distribution of KdV charges becomes sharply peaked at large level., Comment: 56 pages, 1 figure; v2, references added & updated

We study symmetric products of the chiral 'Monster' conformal field theory with c=24 in the grand canonical ensemble by introducing a complex parameter \rho, whose imaginary part represents the chemical potential \mu conjugate to the number of copies of the CFT. The grand canonical partition function is given by the DMVV product formula in terms of the multiplicities of the seed CFT. It possesses an O(2,2;\ZZ) symmetry that enhances the familiar SL(2,\ZZ) modular invariance of the canonical ensemble and mixes the modular parameter \tau with the parameter \rho. By exploiting this enhanced modular symmetry and the pole structure of the DMVV product formula we are able to extend the region of validity of Cardy's formula, and explain why it matches the semi-classical Bekenstein-Hawking formula for black holes all the way down to the AdS-scale. We prove that for large c the spectrum contains a universal perturbative sector whose degeneracies obey Hagedorn growth. The transition from Cardy to Hagedorn growth is found to be due to the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of ground state CFTs at low temperatures. The grand canonical partition function has an interesting phase structure, which in addition to the standard Hawking-Page transition between low and high temperature, exhibits a wall-crossing transition that exchanges the roles of \tau and \rho., Comment: 28 pages, 3 figures

We study conformal blocks for thermal one-point-functions on the sphere in conformal field theories of general dimension. These thermal conformal blocks satisfy second order Casimir differential equations and have integral representations related to AdS Witten diagrams. We give an analytic formula for the scalar conformal block in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. As an application, we deduce an asymptotic formula for the three-point coeffcients of primary operators in the limit where two of the operators are heavy., Comment: 39 pages, 2 figures, v2: added minor clarification and references

We show that for three dimensional gravity with higher genus boundary conditions, if the theory possesses a sufficiently light scalar, there is a second order phase transition where the scalar field condenses. This three dimensional version of the holographic superconducting phase transition occurs even though the pure gravity solutions are locally AdS$_3$. This is in addition to the first order Hawking-Page-like phase transitions between different locally AdS$_3$ handlebodies. This implies that the R\'enyi entropies of holographic CFTs will undergo phase transitions as the R\'enyi parameter is varied, as long as the theory possesses a scalar operator which is lighter than a certain critical dimension. We show that this critical dimension has an elegant mathematical interpretation as the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of a quotient group of AdS$_3$, and use this to compute it, analytically near the boundary of moduli space and numerically in the interior of moduli space. We compare this to a CFT computation generalizing recent work of Belin, Keller and Zadeh, bounding the critical dimension using higher genus conformal blocks, and find a surprisingly good match.

We study the "complexity equals volume" (CV) and "complexity equals action" (CA) conjectures by examining moments of of time symmetry for $\rm AdS_3$ wormholes having $n$ asymptotic regions and arbitrary (orientable) internal topology. For either prescription, the complexity relative to $n$ copies of the $M=0$ BTZ black hole takes the form $\Delta C = \alpha c \chi $, where $c$ is the central charge and $\chi$ is the Euler character of the bulk time-symmetric surface. The coefficients $\alpha_V = -4\pi/3$, $\alpha_A = 1/6 $ defined by CV and CA are independent of both temperature and any moduli controlling the geometry inside the black hole. Comparing with the known structure of dual CFT states in the hot wormhole limit, the temperature and moduli independence of $\alpha_V$, $\alpha_A$ implies that any CFT gate set defining either complexity cannot be local. In particular, the complexity of an efficient quantum circuit building local thermofield-double-like entanglement of thermal-sized patches does not depend on the separation of the patches so entangled. We also comment on implications of the (positive) sign found for $\alpha_A$, which requires the associated complexity to decrease when handles are added to our wormhole., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures; v2: minor modifications

We derive constraints on two-dimensional conformal field theories with higher spin symmetry due to unitarity, modular invariance, and causality. We focus on CFTs with $\mathcal{W}_N$ symmetry in the "irrational" regime, where $c>N-1$ and the theories have an infinite number of higher-spin primaries. The most powerful constraints come from positivity of the Kac matrix, which (unlike the Virasoro case) is non-trivial even when $c>N-1$. This places a lower bound on the dimension of any non-vacuum higher-spin primary state, which is linear in the central charge. At large $c$, this implies that the dual holographic theories of gravity in AdS$_3$, if they exist, have no local, perturbative degrees of freedom in the semi-classical limit., Comment: 31 pages+refs, 4 figures

We give a holographic description of global conformal blocks in two dimensional conformal field theory on the sphere and on the torus. We show that the conformal blocks for one-point functions on the torus can be written as Witten diagrams in thermal AdS. This is accomplished by deriving a general conformal Casimir equation for global conformal blocks, and showing that Witten diagrams obey the same equation. We study the semi-classical limit of n-point conformal blocks, and show that these equal the action of a network of bulk world-lines obeying appropriate geodesic equations. We give an alternate description in the Chern-Simons formulation of 3D gravity, where the conformal blocks are described by networks of Wilson lines, and argue that these formulations are equivalent., Comment: 32 pages, 6 figures

We derive an asymptotic formula for operator product expansion coefficients of heavy operators in two dimensional conformal field theory. This follows from modular invariance of the genus two partition function, and generalises the asymptotic formula for the density of states from torus modular invariance. The resulting formula is universal, depending only on the central charge, but involves the asymptotic behaviour of genus two conformal blocks. We use monodromy techniques to compute the asymptotics of the relevant blocks at large central charge to determine the behaviour explicitly., Comment: 32 pages, 2 figures, 1 appendix, 2 moose, a bear and an ox

We investigate the constraints of crossing symmetry on CFT correlation functions. Four point conformal blocks are naturally viewed as functions on the upper-half plane, on which crossing symmetry acts by PSL(2,Z) modular transformations. This allows us to construct a unique, crossing symmetric function out of a given conformal block by averaging over PSL(2,Z). In some two dimensional CFTs the correlation functions are precisely equal to the modular average of the contributions of a finite number of light states. For example, in the two dimensional Ising and tri-critical Ising model CFTs, the correlation functions of identical operators are equal to the PSL(2,Z) average of the Virasoro vacuum block; this determines the 3 point function coefficients uniquely in terms of the central charge. The sum over PSL(2,Z) in CFT2 has a natural AdS3 interpretation as a sum over semi-classical saddle points, which describe particles propagating along rational tangles in the bulk. We demonstrate this explicitly for the correlation function of certain heavy operators, where we compute holographically the semi-classical conformal block with a heavy internal operator., Comment: 52 pages, 6 figures; v2: Minor corrections, addition of fig 6 and JHEP version

Modular covariance of torus one-point functions constrains the three point function coefficients of a two dimensional CFT. This leads to an asymptotic formula for the average value of light-heavy-heavy three point coefficients, generalizing Cardy's formula for the high energy density of states. The derivation uses certain asymptotic properties of one-point conformal blocks on the torus. Our asymptotic formula matches a dual AdS_3 computation of one point functions in a black hole background. This is evidence that the BTZ black hole geometry emerges upon course-graining over a suitable family of heavy microstates., Comment: 23 pages, 1 Figure

Pure theories of AdS$_3$ quantum gravity are conjectured to be dual to CFTs with sparse spectra of light primary operators. The sparsest possible spectrum consistent with modular invariance includes only black hole states above the vacuum. Witten conjectured the existence of a family of extremal CFTs, which realize this spectrum for all admissible values of the central charge. We consider the quantum corrections to the classical spectrum, and propose a specific modification of Witten's conjecture which takes into account the existence of "small" black hole states. These have zero classical horizon area, with a calculable entropy attributed solely to loop effects. Our conjecture passes various consistency checks, especially when generalized to include theories with supersymmetry. In theories with $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetry, this "near-extremal CFT" proposal precisely evades the no-go results of Gaberdiel et al., Comment: 41 pages + appendices, 6 figures

We consider the holographic computation of two dimensional conformal field theory partition functions on non-orientable surfaces. We classify the three dimensional geometries that give bulk saddle point contributions to the partition function, and find that there are fewer saddles than in the orientable case. For example, for the Klein bottle there is a single smooth saddle and a single additional saddle with an orbifold singularity. We argue that one must generally include singular bulk saddle points in order to reproduce the CFT results. We also discuss loop corrections to these partition functions for the Klein bottle., Comment: 26 pages, 1 figure

The space of permutation orbifolds is a simple landscape of two dimensional CFTs, generalizing the well-known symmetric orbifolds. We consider constraints which a permutation orbifold with large central charge must obey in order to be holographically dual to a weakly coupled (but possibly stringy) theory of gravity in AdS. We then construct explicit examples of permutation orbifolds which obey these constraints. In our constructions the spectrum remains finite at large N, but differs qualitatively from that of symmetric orbifolds. We also discuss under what conditions the correlation functions factorize at large N and thus reduce to those of a generalized free field in AdS. We show that this happens not just for symmetric orbifolds, but also for permutation groups which act "democratically" in a sense which we define., Comment: 31 pages

We study microstates of the three dimensional black hole obtained by quantizing topologically non-trivial geometries behind the event horizon. In chiral gravity these states are found by quantizing the moduli space of bordered Riemann surfaces. In the semi-classical limit these microstates can be counted using intersection theory on the moduli space of punctured Riemann surfaces. We make a conjecture (supported by numerics) for the asymptotic behaviour of the relevant intersection numbers. The result is that the geometric microstates with fixed topology have an entropy which grows too slowly to account for the semiclassical Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. The sum over topologies, however, leads to a divergence. We conclude with some speculations about how this might be resolved to give an entropy proportional to horizon area., Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures

We compute the contribution of the vacuum Virasoro representation to the genus-two partition function of an arbitrary CFT with central charge $c>1$. This is the perturbative pure gravity partition function in three dimensions. We employ a sewing construction, in which the partition function is expressed as a sum of sphere four-point functions of Virasoro vacuum descendants. For this purpose, we develop techniques to efficiently compute correlation functions of holomorphic operators, which by crossing symmetry are determined exactly by a finite number of OPE coefficients; this is an analytic implementation of the conformal bootstrap. Expanding the results in $1/c$, corresponding to the semiclassical bulk gravity expansion, we find that---unlike at genus one---the result does not truncate at finite loop order. Our results also allow us to extend earlier work on multiple-interval Renyi entropies and on the partition function in the separating degeneration limit., Comment: 63 pages + refs

In this note we point out that the one-loop partition function of three-dimensional flat gravity, computed along the lines originally developed for the anti-de Sitter case, reproduces characters of the BMS3 group., Comment: 8 pages. v2: Minor misprints corrected, reference [10] updated. Published in JHEP

The hypothesis that every theory of quantum gravity in AdS_3 is a dimensional reduction of string/M-theory leads to a natural conjecture for the density of states of two dimensional CFTs with a large central charge limit. We prove this conjecture for 2D CFTs which are orbifolds by permutation groups. In particular, we characterize those permutation groups which give CFTs with well-defined large N limits and can thus serve as holographic duals to bulk gravity theories in AdS_3. We then show that the holographic dual of a permutation orbifold will have a Hagedorn spectrum in the large N limit. This is evidence that, within this landscape, every theory of quantum gravity with a semi-classical limit is a string theory., Comment: 19 pages

We investigate the stability of massless topological black holes in AdS_d when minimally coupled to a scalar field of negative mass-squared. In many cases such black holes are unstable even though the field is above the BF bound and the geometry is locally AdS. The instability depends on the choice of boundary conditions for the scalars: scalars with non-standard (Neumann) boundary conditions tend to be more unstable, though scalars with standard (Dirichlet) boundary conditions can be unstable as well. This leads to an apparent mismatch between boundary and bulk results in the Vasiliev/Vector-like matter duality., Comment: 15 pages, v2: Note added in the introduction

We study the question of how reliably one can distinguish two quantum field theories (QFTs). Each QFT defines a probability distribution on the space of fields. The relative entropy provides a notion of proximity between these distributions and quantifies the number of measurements required to distinguish between them. In the case of nearby conformal field theories, this reduces to the Zamolodchikov metric on the space of couplings. Our formulation quantifies the information lost under renormalization group flow from the UV to the IR and leads us to a quantification of fine-tuning. This formalism also leads us to a criterion for distinguishability of low energy effective field theories generated by the string theory landscape., Comment: v2: 7 pages, clarifications and references added

Modular invariance strongly constrains the spectrum of states of two dimensional conformal field theories. By summing over the images of the modular group, we construct candidate CFT partition functions that are modular invariant and have positive spectrum. This allows us to efficiently extract the constraints on the CFT spectrum imposed by modular invariance, giving information on the spectrum that goes beyond the Cardy growth of the asymptotic density of states. Some of the candidate modular invariant partition functions we construct have gaps of size (c-1)/12, proving that gaps of this size and smaller are consistent with modular invariance. We also revisit the partition function of pure Einstein gravity in AdS3 obtained by summing over geometries, which has a spectrum with two unphysical features: it is continuous, and the density of states is not positive definite. We show that both of these can be resolved by adding corrections to the spectrum which are subleading in the semi-classical (large central charge) limit., Comment: 36 pages, 2 figures

Charged Renyi entropies were recently introduced as a measure of entanglement between different charge sectors of a theory. We investigate the phase structure of charged Renyi entropies for CFTs with a light, charged scalar operator. The charged Renyi entropies are calculated holographically via areas of charged hyperbolic black holes. These black holes can become unstable to the formation of scalar hair at sufficiently low temperature; this is the holographic superconducting instability in hyperbolic space. This implies that the Renyi entropies can be non-analytic in the Renyi parameter n. We find the onset of this instability as a function of the charge and dimension of the scalar operator. We also comment on the relation between the phase structure of these entropies and the phase structure of a holographic superconductor in flat space., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures

The AdS/CFT correspondence relates quantum entanglement between boundary Conformal Field Theories and geometric connections in the dual asymptotically Anti-de Sitter space-time. We consider entangled states in the n-fold tensor product of a 1+1 dimensional CFT Hilbert space defined by the Euclidean path integral over a Riemann surface with n holes. In one region of moduli space, the dual bulk state is a black hole with n asymptotically AdS_3 regions connected by a common wormhole, while in other regions the bulk fragments into disconnected components. We study the entanglement structure and compute the wave function explicitly in the puncture limit of the Riemann surface in terms of CFT n-point functions. We also use AdS minimal surfaces to measure entanglement more generally. In some regions of the moduli space the entanglement is entirely multipartite, though not of the GHZ type. However, even when the bulk is completely connected, in some regions of the moduli space the entanglement is almost entirely bipartite: significant entanglement occurs only between pairs of CFTs. We develop new tools to analyze intrinsically n-partite entanglement, and use these to show that for some wormholes with n similar sized horizons there is intrinsic entanglement between at least n-1 parties, and that the distillable entanglement between the asymptotic regions is at least (n+1)/2 partite., Comment: 64 pages; v2: Improved argument for large L_3 limit

We present the basic $\mathcal{N} =1$ superconformal field theories in four-dimensional de Sitter space-time, namely the non-abelian super Yang-Mills theory and the chiral multiplet theory with gauge interactions or cubic superpotential. These theories have eight supercharges and are invariant under the full $SO(4,2)$ group of conformal symmetries, which includes the de Sitter isometry group $SO(4,1)$ as a subgroup. The theories are ghost-free and the anti-commutator $\sum_\alpha\{Q_\alpha, Q^{\alpha\dagger}\}$ is positive. SUSY Ward identities uniquely select the Bunch-Davies vacuum state. This vacuum state is invariant under superconformal transformations, despite the fact that de Sitter space has non-zero Hawking temperature. The $\mathcal{N}=1$ theories are classically invariant under the $SU(2,2|1)$ superconformal group, but this symmetry is broken by radiative corrections. However, no such difficulty is expected in the $\mathcal{N}=4$ theory, which is presented in appendix B., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures

We construct a new class of entanglement measures by extending the usual definition of Renyi entropy to include a chemical potential. These charged Renyi entropies measure the degree of entanglement in different charge sectors of the theory and are given by Euclidean path integrals with the insertion of a Wilson line encircling the entangling surface. We compute these entropies for a spherical entangling surface in CFT's with holographic duals, where they are related to entropies of charged black holes with hyperbolic horizons. We also compute charged Renyi entropies in free field theories., Comment: 58 pages, v2 - figures fixed and references added

The dS/CFT proposal of Anninos, Hartman, and Strominger relates quantum Vasiliev gravity in dS_4 to a large N vector theory in three dimensions. We use this proposal to compute the Wheeler-de Witt wave function of a universe having a particular topology at future infinity. This amplitude is found to grow rapidly with the topological complexity of the spatial slice; this is due to the plethora of states of the Chern-Simons theory that is needed to impose the singlet constraint. Various mechanisms are considered which might ameliorate this growth, but none seems completely satisfactory. We also study the topology dependence in Einstein gravity by computing the action of complex instantons; the wave function then depends on a choice of contour through the space of metrics. The most natural contour prescription leads to a growth with genus similar to the one found in Vasiliev theory, albeit with a different power of Newton's constant., Comment: 1+32 pages

We consider Renyi entropies of conformal field theories in flat space, with the entangling surface being a sphere. The AdS/CFT correspondence relates this Renyi entropy to that of a black hole with hyperbolic horizon; as the Renyi parameter $n$ increases the temperature of the black hole decreases. If the CFT possesses a sufficiently low dimension scalar operator the black hole will be unstable to the development of hair. Thus, as $n$ is varied, the Renyi entropies will exhibit a phase transition at a critical value of $n$. The location of the phase transition, along with the spectrum of the reduced density matrix $\rho$, depends on the dimension of the lowest dimension non-trivial scalar operator in the theory., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, v3 - References added. Neumann boundary conditions added in section 5

We study scattering coefficients in black hole spacetimes using analytic properties of complexified wave equations. For a concrete example, we analyze the singularities of the Teukolsky equation and relate the corresponding monodromies to scattering data. These techniques, valid in full generality, provide insights into complex-analytic properties of greybody factors and quasinormal modes. This leads to new perturbative and numerical methods which are in good agreement with previous results., Comment: 28 pages + appendices, 2 figures. For Mathematica calculation of Stokes multipliers, download "StokesNotebook" from https://sites.google.com/site/justblackholes/techy-zone

The analytic structure of solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation in a black hole background, as represented by monodromy data, is intimately related to black hole thermodynamics. It encodes the "hidden conformal symmetry" of a non-extremal black hole, and it explains why features of the inner event horizon appear in scattering data such as greybody factors. This indicates that hidden conformal symmetry is generic within a universality class of black holes., Comment: 20 pages, v2 minor corrections, updated references

We consider quantum general relativity in three dimensions with a positive cosmological constant. The Hartle-Hawking wave function is computed as a function of metric data at asymptotic future infinity. The analytic continuation from Euclidean Anti-de Sitter space provides a natural integration contour in the space of metrics, allowing us -- with certain assumptions -- to compute the wave function exactly, including both perturbative and non-perturbative effects. The resulting wave function is a non-normalizable function of the conformal structure of future infinity which is infinitely peaked at geometries where I^+ becomes infinitely inhomogeneous. We interpret this as a non-perturbative instability of de Sitter space in three dimensional Einstein gravity., Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures

We consider CFTs conjectured to be dual to higher spin theories of gravity in AdS_3 and AdS_4. Two dimensional CFTs with W_N symmetry are considered in the lambda=0 (k --> infinity) limit, where they are conjectured to be described by continuous orbifolds. The torus partition function is computed, using reasonable assumptions, and equals that of a free field theory. We find no phase transition at temperatures of order one; the usual Hawking-Page phase transition is removed by the highly degenerate light states associated with conical defect states in the bulk. Three dimensional Chern-Simons-matter CFTs with vector-like matter are considered on T^3, where the dynamics is described by an effective theory for the eigenvalues of the holonomies. Likewise, we find no evidence for a Hawking-Page phase transition at large level k., Comment: 23 pages, LaTeX, 2 figures; v2: refs added

We evaluate the partition function of three dimensional theories of gravity in the quantum regime, where the AdS radius is Planck scale and the central charge is of order one. The contribution from the AdS vacuum sector can - with certain assumptions - be computed and equals the vacuum character of a minimal model CFT. The torus partition function is given by a sum over geometries which is finite and computable. For generic values of Newton's constant G and the AdS radius L the result has no Hilbert space interpretation, but in certain cases it agrees with the partition function of a known CFT. For example, the partition function of pure Einstein gravity with G=3L equals that of the Ising model, providing evidence that these theories are dual. We also present somewhat weaker evidence that the 3-state and tricritical Potts models are dual to pure higher spin theories of gravity based on SL(3) and E_6, respectively., Comment: 42 pages

We investigate higher spin theories of gravity in three dimensions based on the gauge group SL(N,R)*SL(N,R). In these theories the usual diffeomorphism symmetry is enhanced to include higher spin gauge transformations under which traditional geometric notions of curvature and causality are no longer invariant. This implies, for example, that apparently singular geometries can be rendered smooth by a gauge transformation, much like the resolution of orbifold singularities in string theory. The classical solutions, including the recently constructed higher spin black hole, are characterized by their holonomies around the non-contractible cycles of space-time. The black hole solutions are shown to be gauge equivalent to a BTZ black hole which is charged under a set of U(1) Chern-Simons fields. Nevertheless, depending on the choice of embedding of the gravitational gauge group, the space-time geometry may be non-trivial. We study in detail the N=3 example, where this observation allows us to find a gauge where the black hole geometry takes a simple form and the thermodynamic properties can be studied., Comment: 1+26 pages

The holographic principle implies a vast reduction in the number of degrees of freedom of quantum gravity. This idea can be made precise in AdS_3, where the the stringy or gravitational exclusion principle asserts that certain perturbative excitations are not present in the exact quantum spectrum. We show that this effect is visible directly in the bulk gravity theory: the norm of the offending linearized state is zero or negative. When the norm is negative, the theory is signaling its own breakdown as an effective field theory; this provides a perturbative bulk explanation for the stringy exclusion principle. When the norm vanishes the bulk state is null rather than physical. This implies that certain non-trivial diffeomorphisms must be regarded as gauge symmetries rather than spectrum-generating elements of the asymptotic symmetry group. This leads to subtle effects in the computation of one-loop determinants for Einstein gravity, higher spin theories and topologically massive gravity in AdS_3. In particular, heat kernel methods do not capture the correct spectrum of a theory with null states., Comment: 17 pages

We identify a special information-theoretic property of quantum field theories with holographic duals: the mutual informations among arbitrary disjoint spatial regions A,B,C obey the inequality I(A:BC) >= I(A:B)+I(A:C), provided entanglement entropies are given by the Ryu-Takayanagi formula. Inequalities of this type are known as monogamy relations and are characteristic of measures of quantum entanglement. This suggests that correlations in holographic theories arise primarily from entanglement rather than classical correlations. We also show that the Ryu-Takayanagi formula is consistent with all known general inequalities obeyed by the entanglement entropy, including an infinite set recently discovered by Cadney, Linden, and Winter; this constitutes strong evidence in favour of its validity., Comment: 21 pages, 1 figure; v2: minor changes, references added