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We report on measurements and modeling studies performed from 2021 to 2024 on the 76 sextupole magnets in the Cornell Electron-positron Storage Ring CESR. Beam-based, magnet-specific calibrations ($K_2$ value versus excitation current) were measured. It was found that the new calibrations differ from those previously in use by an average of 3.1% with an RMS spread of 12%. The uncertainties in the calibration correction factors average 1.7% with an RMS spread of 1.0%. Sextupole alignment values relative to the reference orbit were measured by combining the measured beam position with the quadrupole and skew quadrupole terms caused by a sextupole strength change $\Delta K_2$. High accuracy was achieved by fitting to difference phase and coupling functions as $K_2$ was varied. The horizontal (vertical) average offset values were found to be -0.01 (0.03)~mm with RMS spread of 1.1 (0.9)~mm with some exceptionally large values of a few millimeters. Typical uncertainties are 0.01-0.02~mm. The above measurements were motivated by the precision required in measuring horizontal beam size at each sextupole. A precision of 10\% for a \mbox{1-mm} beam size requires uncertainties of better than 0.1~$\mu$radian in the horizontal angle change produced in the sextupole for a typical strength change of \mbox{$\Delta K_2 \, L$ = 1 m$^{-2}$}, where $L$ is the length of the sextupole, as well as 10\% in the difference of the squared horizontal and vertical beam positions relative to the center of the sextupole. These precision values were achieved by the analysis of difference functions. However, a small source of horizontal angle change of unknown origin, independent of the sextupole strength, requires a sextupole strength range larger than now available to measure accurately the typical horizontal beam size at CESR., Comment: 62 pages, 56 figures, 25 citations

Beam-beam interactions pose substantial challenges in the design and operation of circular colliders, significantly affecting their performance. In particular, the weak-strong simulation approach is pivotal for investigating single-particle dynamics during the collider design phase. This paper evaluates the limitations of existing models in weak-strong simulations, noting that while they accurately account for energy changes due to slingshot effects, they fail to incorporate longitudinal coordinate changes ($z$-variation). To address this gap, we introduce two novel transformations that enhance Hirata's original framework by including both $z$-variation and slingshot effect-induced energy changes. Through rigorous mathematical analysis and extensive weak-strong simulation studies, we validate the efficacy of these enhancements in achieving a more precise simulation of beam-beam interactions. Our results reveal that although $z$-variation constitutes a higher-order effect and does not substantially affect the emittance growth rate within the specific design parameters of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), the refined model offers improved accuracy, particularly in scenarios involving the interaction between beam-beam effects and other random diffusion processes, as well as in simulations incorporating realistic lattice models., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

A model to describe the output particle distribution generated by particles impinging on a planar target has been developed. This model was developed to simulate positron production in the Cornell CESR Linac but can be applied to targets using different types of particles. To model a specific converter target, the output particle distribution is first simulated by tracking particles using the Geant4 toolkit which models the fundamental physics of the conversion process. The Monte Carlo distribution from Geant4 is fitted to a set of functions and the function coefficients are saved for use in simulations. Using the fit functions in a simulation is not only more portable but is also more than an order of magnitude faster than running Geant4. This model has been successfully incorporated into the Bmad simulation toolkit. The output position, angular orientation, and momentum distribution is modeled. Preliminary support for modeling the polarization distribution is also discussed.

The first stage of the FCC (Future Circular Collider) is a high-luminosity electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) with centre-of-mass energy ranging from 88 to 365 GeV, to study with high precision the Z, W, Higgs and top particles, with samples of $5 \times 10^{12}$ Z bosons, $10^8$ W pairs, $10^6$ Higgs bosons and $10^6$ top quark pairs. A cornerstone of the physics program lays in the precise (ppm) measurements of the W and Z masses and widths, as well as forward-backward asymmetries. To this effect the centre-of-mass energy distribution should be determined with the high precision. This document describes the capacity offered by FCC-ee, starting with transverse polarization of the beams around the Z pole and the W pair threshold. A running scheme based on regular measurements of the beam energy by resonant depolarization of pilot bunches, during physics data taking, is proposed. The design for polarization wigglers, polarimeter and depolarizer is outlined. The $e^\pm$ beam energies will be monitored with a relative precision of $10^{-6}$. The centre-of-mass energy is derived subject to further corrections, related to the beam acceleration, synchrotron radiation and beamstrahlung; these effects are identified and evaluated. Dimuon events $e^+e^- \to \mu^+ \mu^-$, recorded in the detectors, provide with great precision the beam crossing angle, the centre-of-mass energy spread, and the $e^+$ and $e^-$ energy difference. Monitoring methods to minimize absolute error and relative uncertainties are discussed. The impact on the physics measurements is given. A programme of further simulations, design, monitoring and R&D is outlined., Comment: 107 pages, 15 tables, 58 figures

A storage ring provides an attractive option for directly measuring the electric dipole moment~(EDM) of charged particles. To reach a sensitivity of 10^-29 e x cm, it is critical to mitigate the systematic errors from all sources. This daunting task is pushing the precision frontier of accelerator science and technology beyond its current state of the art. Here, we present a unique idea of a magnetic dipole moment~(MDM) spin transparent quadrupole that can significantly reduce the systematic errors due to the transverse electric and magnetic fields that particle encounters., Comment: 10 pages

The Cornell-BNL FFAG-ERL Test Accelerator (C$\beta$) will comprise the first ever Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) based on a Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) lattice. In particular, we plan to use a Non Scaling FFAG (NS-FFAG) lattice that is very compact and thus space- and cost- effective, enabling multiple passes of the electron beam in a single recirculation beam line, using the superconducting RF (SRF) linac multiple times. The FFAG-ERL moves the cost optimized linac and recirculation lattice to a dramatically better optimum. The prime accelerator science motivation for C$\beta$ is proving that the FFAG-ERL concept works. This is an important milestone for the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) plans to build a major Nuclear Physics facility, eRHIC, based on producing 21 GeV electron beams to collide with the RHIC ion beams. A consequence of the C$\beta$ work would be the availability of significantly better, cost-effective, compact CW high-brightness electron beams for a plethora of scientific investigations and applications, such as X-ray sources, dark-matter and dark-energy searches, and industrial high-power Free-Electron Laser (FEL) applications. C$\beta$ brings together the resources and expertise of a large DOE National Laboratory, BNL, and a leading research university, Cornell. C$\beta$ will be built in an existing building at Cornell, for the most part using components that have been developed under previous R&D programs, including a fully commissioned world-leading photoemission electron injector, a large SRF accelerator module, and a high-power beam stop. The only elements that require design and construction from scratch is the FFAG magnet transport lattice. This white paper describes a project that promises to propel high-power, high-brightness electron beam science and applications to an exciting new level., Comment: White paper dated December 16, 2014. 16 pages, 8 figures

In 2008 the Cornell Electron/Positron Storage Ring (CESR) was reconfigured from an electron/positron collider to serve as a testbed for the International Linear Collider (ILC) damping rings. One of the primary goals of the CESR Test Accelerator (CesrTA) project is to develop a fast low-emittance tuning method which scales well to large rings such as the ILC damping rings, and routinely achieves a vertical emittance of order 10 pm at 2.085 GeV. This paper discusses the tuning methods developed at CesrTA to achieve low-emittance conditions. One iteration of beam-based measurement and correction requires about 10 minutes. A minimum vertical emittance of 10.3 +3.2/-3.4(sys) +/-0.2(stat) pm has been achieved at 2.085 GeV. In various configurations and beam energies the correction technique routinely achieves vertical emittance around 10 pm after correction, with RMS coupling < 0.5%. The measured vertical dispersion is dominated by beam position monitor systematics. The propagation of uncertainties in the emittance measurement is described in detail. Simulations modeling the effects of magnet misalignments, BPM errors, and emittance correction algorithm suggest the residual vertical emittance measured at the conclusion of the tuning procedure is dominated by sources other than optics errors and misalignments.

A method is presented for characterizing the emittance dilution and dynamic aperture for an arbitrary closed lattice that includes guide field magnet errors, multipole errors and misalignments. This method, developed and tested at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring Test Accelerator (CesrTA), has been applied to the damping ring lattice for the International Linear Collider (ILC). The effectiveness of beam based emittance tuning is limited by beam position monitor (BPM) measurement errors, number of corrector magnets and their placement, and correction algorithm. The specifications for damping ring magnet alignment, multipole errors, number of BPMs, and precision in BPM measurements are shown to be consistent with the required emittances and dynamic aperture. The methodology is then used to determine the minimum number of position monitors that is required to achieve the emittance targets, and how that minimum depends on the location of the BPMs. Similarly, the maximum tolerable multipole errors are evaluated. Finally, the robustness of each BPM configuration with respect to random failures is explored.

Coherent Synchrotron Radiation can severely limit the performance of accelerators designed for high brightness and short bunch length. Examples include light sources based on ERLs or FELs, and bunch compressors for linear colliders. In order to better simulate Coherent Synchrotron Radiation, the established 1-dimensional formalism is extended to work at lower energies, at shorter bunch lengths, and for an arbitrary configuration of multiple bends. Wide vacuum chambers are simulated by means of vertical image charges. This formalism has been implemented in the general beam dynamics code "Bmad" and its results are here compared to analytical approximations, to numerical solutions of the Maxwell equations, and to the simulation code "elegant".