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In the present paper we deal with non-constant curvature Thurston geometries \cite{M97}, \cite{S}, \cite{Sz22-3},\cite{W06}. We define and determine the generalized trans\-lation-like Apollonius surfaces and thus also bisector surfaces as a special case. Moreover, we give a possible definition of the "surface of a translation-like triangle" in each investigated geometry. In our work we will use the projective model of Thurston geometries described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.04207

In this paper, we present a new record for the densest geodesic congruent ball packing configurations in $\mathbf{H}^2\!\times\!\mathbf{R}$ geometry, generated by screw motion groups. These groups are derived from the direct product of rotational groups on $\mathbf{H}^2$ and some translation components on the real fibre direction $\mathbf{R}$ that can be determined by the corresponding Frobenius congruences. Moreover, we developed a procedure to determine the optimal radius for the densest geodesic ball packing configurations related to the considered screw motion groups. The highest packing density, $\approx0.80529$, is achieved by a multi-transitive case given by rotational parameters $(2,20,4)$. E. Moln\'{a}r demonstrated that homogeneous 3-spaces can be uniformly interpreted in the projective 3-sphere $\mathcal{PS}^3(\mathbf{V}^4, \boldsymbol{V}_4, \mathbf{R})$. We use this projective model of $\mathbf{H}^2\!\times\!\mathbf{R}$ to compute and visualize the locally optimal geodesic ball arrangements., Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2311.12260

After having investigated the geodesic triangles and their angle sums in Nil and $Sl\times\mathbb{R}$ geometries we consider the analogous problem in Sol space that is one of the eight 3-dimensional Thurston geometries. We analyse the interior angle sums of geodesic triangles and we prove that it can be larger than, less than or equal to $\pi$. Moreover, we determine the equations of Sol isoptic surfaces of translation-like segments and as a special case of this we examine the Sol translation-like Thales sphere, which we call Thaloid. We also discuss the behavior of this surface. In our work we will use the projective model of Sol described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}.

After having investigated several types of geodesic ball packings in $\mathbf{S}^2 \times \mathbf{R}$ space, in this paper we study the locally optimal geodesic of simply and multiply transitive ball packings with equal balls to the space groups generated by rotations in $\mathbf{H}^2 \times \mathbf{R}$ geometry. These groups can be derived by direct product of the isometries on hyperbolic plane $\mathbf{H}^2$ and the real line $\mathbf{R}$. Moreover, we develop a procedure to determine the densities of the above locally densest geodesic ball packing configurations. Additionally, we examine the monotonicity properties of the densities within infinite series of the considered space groups. E. {Moln\'ar} showed, that the homogeneous 3-spaces have a unified interpretation in the projective 3-sphere $\mathcal{PS}^3(\mathbf{V}^4,\boldsymbol{V}_4, \mathbf{R})$. In our work, we use this projective model of $\mathbf{H}^2 \times \mathbf{R}$ to visualize the locally optimal ball arrangements., Comment: 5 Figures in EPS format. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1206.0566, arXiv:1210.2202

We intend to continue our previous papers (\cite{MSz17} and \cite{MSz18}, as indicated there) on dense ball packing hyperbolic space $\HYP$ by equal balls, but here with centres belonging to different orbits of the fundamental group $Cw(2z, 3 \le z \in \bN$, odd number), of our new series of {\it tube or cobweb manifolds} $Cw = \HYP/\BCw$ with $z$-rotational symmetry. As we know, $\BCw$ is a fixed-point-free isometry group, acting on $\HYP$ discontinuously with appropriate tricky fundamental domain $Cw$, so that every point has a ball-like neighbourhood in the usual factor-topology. Our every $Cw(2z)$ is minimal, i.e. does not cover regularly a smaller manifold. It can be derived by its general symmetry group $\BW(u, v, w = u)$ that is a complete Coxeter orthoscheme reflection group, extended by the half-turn $\Bh$ $(0 \leftrightarrow 3, 1 \leftrightarrow 2)$ of the complete orthoscheme $A_0A_1A_2A_3 \sim b_0b_1b_2b_3$ (Fig.~1). The vertices $A_0$ and $A_3$ are outer points of the $\HYP$, as $1/u + 1/v \le 1/2$ is required, $3 \le u = w, v$ for the above orthoscheme parameters. The situation is described first in Figure 1 of the half trunc-orthoscheme $W$ and its usual extended Coxeter diagram, moreover, by the scalar product matrix $(b^{ij}) = (\langle \Bb^i, \Bb^j \rangle)$ in formula (1.1) and its inverse $(A_{jk}) = (\langle \BA_j, \BA_k \rangle)$ in (1.3). These will describe the hyperbolic angle and distance metric of the half trunc-orthoscheme $W$, then its ball packings, densities, then those of the manifolds $Cw(2z)$. As first results we concentrate only on particular constructions by computer for probable material model realizations, atoms or molekules by equal balls, for general $W(u;v;w=u)$ as well, summarized at the end of our paper., Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures

In this paper we define the notion of infinite or bounded fibre-like geodesic cylinder in $\widetilde{\mathbf{S}\mathbf{L}_2\mathbf{R}}$ space, develop a method to determine its volume and total surface area. We prove that the common part of the above congruent fibre-like cylinders with the base plane are Euclidean circles and determine their radii. Using the former classified infinite or bounded congruent regular prism tilings with generating groups $\mathbf{pq2_1}$ we introduce the notions of cylinder packings, coverings and their densities. Moreover, we determine the densest packing, the thinnest covering cylinder arrangements in $\widetilde{\mathbf{S}\mathbf{L}_2\mathbf{R}}$ space, their densities, their connections with the extremal hyperbolic circle arrangements and with the extremal fibre-like cylinder arrangements in $\mathbf{H}X\mathbf{R}$ space In our work we use the projective model of $\widetilde{\mathbf{S}\mathbf{L}_2\mathbf{R}}$ introduced by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1403.3192, arXiv:1304.0546

After investigating the $3$-dimensional case [35], we continue to address and close the problems of optimal ball and horoball packings in truncated Coxeter orthoschemes with parallel faces that exist in $n$-dimensional hyperbolic space $\overline{\mathbb{H}}^n$ up to $n=6$. In this paper, we determine the optimal ball and horoball packing configurations and their densities for the aforementioned tilings in dimensions $4 \leq n \leq 6$, where the symmetries of the packings are derived from the considered Coxeter orthoscheme groups. Moreover, for each optimal horoball packing, we determine the parameter related to the corresponding Busemann function, which provides an isometry-invariant description of different optimal horoball packing configurations., Comment: This is an original scientific research manuscript. It contains 7 figures, and some tables, in total 35 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2205.03945, arXiv:2107.08416

After having investigated the geodesic and translation triangles and their angle sums in $\SOL$ and $\SLR$ geometries we consider the analogous problem in $\NIL$ space that is one of the eight 3-dimensional Thurston geometries. We analyze the interior angle sums of translation triangles in $\NIL$ geometry and we provide a new approach to prove that it can be larger than or equal to $\pi$. Moreover, for the first time in non-constant curvature Thurston geometries we have developed a procedure for determining the equations of $\NIL$ isoptic surfaces of translation-like segments and as a special case of this we examine the $\NIL$ translation-like Thales sphere, which we call {\it Thaloid}. In our work we will use the projective model of $\NIL$ described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1710.02394, arXiv:1703.06646

We determine the optimal horoball packing densities for the Koszul-type Coxeter simplex tilings in $\mathbb{H}^3$. We give a family of horoball packings parameterized by the Busemann function and symmetry group that achieve the simplicial packing density upper bound $d_3(\infty) = \left( 2 \sqrt{3} \Lambda\left( \frac{\pi }{3} \right) \right)^{-1} \approx 0.853276$ where $\Lambda$ is the Lobachevsky function., Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, 8 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1907.00595, arXiv:1809.05411, arXiv:1401.6084

Of the Thurston geometries, those with constant curvature geometries (Euclidean $\EUC$, hyperbolic $\HYP$, spherical $\SPH$) have been extensively studied, but the other five geometries, $\HXR$, $\SXR$, $\NIL$, $\SLR$, $\SOL$ have been thoroughly studied only from a differential geometry and topological point of view. However, classical concepts highlighting the beauty and underlying structure of these -- such as geodesic curves and spheres, the lattices, the geodesic triangles and their surfaces, their interior sum of angles and similar statements to those known in constant curvature geometries can be formulated. These have not been the focus of attention. In this survey, we summarize our results on this topic and pose additional open questions., Comment: Survey, 65 pages, 22 figures

In this paper, we describe and visualize the densest ball and horoball packing configurations belonging to the simply truncated $3$-dimensional hyperbolic Coxeter orthoschemes with parallel faces. These beautiful packing arrangements describe and show the very interesting structure of the mentioned orthoschemes and the corresponding Coxeter groups. We use for the visualization the Beltrami-Cayley-Klein ball model of $3$-dimensional hyperbolic space $\boldsymbol{H}^3$ and the pictures were made by the Python software., Comment: 21 pages, 20 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2107.08416

In this paper we deal with $\NIL$ geometry, which is one of the homogeneous Thurston 3-geometries. We define the "surface of a geodesic triangle" using generalized Apollonius surfaces. Moreover, we show that the "lines" on the surface of a geodesic triangle can be defined by the famous Menelaus' condition and prove that Ceva's theorem for geodesic triangles is true in $\NIL$ space. In our work we will use the projective model of $\NIL$ geometry described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2012.06155

In this paper we consider the ball and horoball packings belonging to $3$-dimensional Coxeter tilings that are derived by simply truncated orthoschemes with parallel faces. The goal of this paper to determine the optimal ball and horoball packing arrangements and their densities for all above Coxeter tilings in hyperbolic 3-space $\mathbb{H}^3$. The centers of horoballs are required to lie at ideal vertices of the polyhedral cells constituting the tiling, and we allow horoballs of different types at the various vertices. We prove that the densest packing of the above cases is realized by horoballs related to $\{\infty;3;6;\infty \}$ and $\{\infty;6;3;\infty \}$ tilings with density $\approx 0.8413392$., Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures

After the investigation of the congruent and non-congruent hyperball packings related to doubly truncated Coxeter orthoscheme tilings \cite{SzJ1}, we consider the corresponding covering problems. In \cite{MSSz} the authors gave a partial classification of supergroups of some hyperbolic space groups whose fundamental domains will be integer parts of truncated tetrahedra, and determined the optimal congruent hyperball packing and covering configurations belonging to some of these classes. In this paper we compliment these results with the investigation of the non-congruent covering cases, and the remainig congruent cases. We prove, that between congruent and non-congruent hyperball coverings the thinnest belongs to the $\{7,3,7\}$ Coxeter tiling with density $\approx 1.26829$. This covering density is smaller than the conjectured lower bound density of L.~Fejes~T\'oth for coverings with balls and horoballs. We also study the local packing arrangements related to $\{u,3,7\}$ $(6< u < 7, ~ u\in \mathbb{R})$ doubly truncated orthoschemes and the corresponding hyperball coverings. We prove, that these coverings are achieved their minimum density at parameter $u\approx 6.45953$ with covering density $\approx 1.26454$ which is smaller then the above record-small density, but this hyperball arrangement related to this locally optimal covering can not be extended to the entire $\mathbb{H}^3$. Moreover we see, that in the hyperbolic plane $\mathbb{H}^2$ the universal lower bound of the congruent circle, horocycle, hypercycle covering density $\frac{\sqrt{12}}{\pi}$ can be approximated arbitrarily well also with non-congruent hypercycle coverings generated by doubly truncated Coxeter orthoschemes., Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures

In the present paper we study $\SXR$ and $\HXR$ geometries, which are homogeneous Thurston 3-geometries. We define and determine the generalized Apollonius surfaces and with them define the "surface of a geodesic triangle". Using the above Apollonius surfaces we develop a procedure to determine the centre and the radius of the circumscribed geodesic sphere of an arbitrary $\SXR$ and $\HXR$ tetrahedron. Moreover, we generalize the famous Menelaus' and Ceva's theorems for geodesic triangles in both spaces. In our work we will use the projective model of $\SXR$ and $\HXR$ geometries described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures

Supergroups of some hyperbolic space groups are classified as a continuation of our former works. Fundamental domains will be integer parts of truncated tetrahedra belonging to families F1 - F4, for a while, by the notation of E. Moln\'{a}r et al. in $2006$. As an application, optimal congruent hyperball packings and coverings to the truncation base planes with their very good densities are computed. This covering density is better than the conjecture of L.~Fejes~T\'oth for balls and horoballs in $1964$.

After having investigated the packings derived by horo- and hyperballs related to simple frustum Coxeter orthoscheme tilings we consider the corresponding covering problems (briefly hyp-hor coverings) in $n$-dimensional hyperbolic spaces $\mathbb{H}^n$ ($n=2,3$). We construct in the $2-$ and $3-$dimensional hyperbolic spaces hyp-hor coverings that are generated by simply truncated Coxeter orthocheme tilings and we determine their thinnest covering configurations and their densities. We prove that in the hyperbolic plane ($n=2$) the density of the above thinnest hyp-hor covering arbitrarily approximate the universal lower bound of the hypercycle or horocycle covering density $\frac{\sqrt{12}}{\pi}$ and in $\mathbb{H}^3$ the optimal configuration belongs to the $\{7,3,6\}$ Coxeter tiling with density $\approx 1.27297$ that is less than the previously known famous horosphere covering density $1.280$ due to L.~Fejes T\'oth and K.~B\"or\"oczky. Moreover, we study the hyp-hor coverings in truncated orthosche\-mes $\{p,3,6\}$ $(6< p < 7, ~ p\in \mathbb{R})$ whose density function attains its minimum at parameter $p\approx 6.45962$ with density $\approx 1.26885$. That means that this locally optimal hyp-hor configuration provide smaller covering density than the former determined $\approx 1.27297$ but this hyp-hor packing configuration can not be extended to the entirety of hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$., Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1505.03338

Koszul type Coxeter simplex tilings exist in hyperbolic $n$-space $\mathbb{H}^n$ up to $ n = 9$, and their horoball packings achieve the highest known regular ball packing densities for $n = 3, 4, 5$. In this paper we determine the optimal horoball packing densities of Koszul simplex tilings in dimensions $6 \leq n \leq 9$, which give new lower bounds for optimal packing density in each dimension. The symmetries of the packings are given by Coxeter simplex groups, and a parameter related to the Busemann function gives an isometry invariant description of different optimal horoball packing configurations., Comment: 16 Pages, 6 Tables, 1 Figure. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1809.05411, arXiv:1401.6084

In the present paper we study $S^2 \times R$ and $H^2 \times R$ geometries, which are homogeneous Thurston 3-geometries. We analyse the interior angle sums of geodesic triangles in both geometries and prove, that in $S^2 \times R$ space it can be larger or equal than $\pi$ and in $H^2 \times R$ space the angle sums can be less or equal than $\pi$. In our work we will use the projective model of $S^2 \times R$ and $H^2 \times R$ geometries described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: 22 pages and 10 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1703.06646, arXiv:1611.05613

In \cite{Sz17-2} we proved that to each saturated congruent hyperball packing exists a decomposition of $3$-dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$ into truncated tetrahedra. Therefore, in order to get a density upper bound for hyperball packings, it is sufficient to determine the density upper bound of hyperball packings in truncated simplices. In this paper we prove, using the above results and the results of papers \cite{M94} and \cite{Sz14}, that the density upper bound of the saturated congruent hyperball (hypersphere) packings related to the corresponding truncated tetrahedron cells is realized in a regular truncated tetrahedra with density $\approx 0.86338$. Furthermore, we prove that the density of locally optimal congruent hyperball arrangement in regular truncated tetrahedron is not a monotonically increasing function of the height (radius) of corresponding optimal hyperball, contrary to the ball (sphere) and horoball (horosphere) packings., Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1709.04369, arXiv:1811.03462, arXiv:1803.04948, arXiv:1405.0248

In \cite{Sz17-2} we considered hyperball packings in $3$-dimensional hyperbolic space. We developed a decomposition algorithm that for each saturated hyperball packing provides a decomposition of $\HYP$ into truncated tetrahedra. In order to get a density upper bound for hyperball packings, it is sufficient to determine the density upper bound of hyperball packings in truncated simplices. Therefore, in this paper we examine the doubly truncated Coxeter orthoscheme tilings and the corresponding congruent and non-congruent hyperball packings. We proved that related to the mentioned Coxeter tilings the density of the densest congruent hyperball packing is $\approx 0.81335$ that is -- by our conjecture -- the upper bound density of the relating non-congruent hyperball packings too., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1803.04948

We describe the optimal horoball packings of asymptotic Koszul type Coxeter simplex tilings of $5$-dimensional hyperbolic space where the symmetries of the packings are generated by Coxeter groups. We find that the optimal horoball packing density of $\delta_{opt}=0.59421\dots$ is realized in an entire commensurability class of arithmetic Coxeter tilings. Eleven optimal arrangements are achieved by placing horoballs at the asymptotic vertices of the corresponding Coxeter simplices that give the fundamental domains. When multiple horoball types are allowed, in the case of the arithmetic Coxeter groups, the relative packing densities of the optimal horoball types are rational submultiples of $\delta_{opt}$, corresponding to the Dirichlet-Voronoi cell densities of the packing. The packings given in this paper are so far the densest known in hyperbolic $5$-space., Comment: 28 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables. J. Geom Dedicata (2019). arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1401.6084

In this paper we study congruent and non-congruent hyperball (hypersphere) packings of the truncated regular octahedron and cube tilings. These are derived from the Coxeter simplex tilings $\{p,3,4\}$ $(7\le p \in \mathbb{N})$ and $\{p,4,3\}$ $(5\le p \in \mathbb{N})$ in $3$-dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$. We determine the densest hyperball packing arrangement and its density with congruent and non-congruent hyperballs related to the above tilings in $\mathbb{H}^3$. We prove that the locally densest congruent or non-congruent hyperball configuration belongs to the regular truncated cube with density $\approx 0.86145$. This is larger than the B\"or\"oczky-Florian density upper bound for balls and horoballs. Our locally optimal non-congruent hyperball packing configuration cannot be extended to the entire hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$, but we determine the extendable densest non-congruent hyperball packing arrangement related to a regular cube tiling with density $\approx 0.84931$., Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1510.03208, arXiv:1505.03338

Previous discoveries of the first author (1984-88) on so-called hyperbolic football manifolds and our recent works (2016-17) on locally extremal ball packing and covering hyperbolic space $\HYP$ with congruent balls had led us to the idea that our "experience space in small size" could be of hyperbolic structure. In this paper we construct an infinite series of oriented hyperbolic space forms so-called cobweb (or tube) manifolds $Cw(2z, 2z, 2z)=Cw(2z)$, $3\le z$ odd, which can describe nanotubes, very probably., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures

In this paper we study the problem of hyperball (hypersphere) packings in $3$-dimensional hyperbolic space. We introduce a new definition of the non-compact saturated ball packings and describe to each saturated hyperball packing, a new procedure to get a decomposition of 3-dimensional hyperbolic space $\HYP$ into truncated tetrahedra. Therefore, in order to get a density upper bound for hyperball packings, it is sufficient to determine the density upper bound of hyperball packings in truncated simplices., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1405.0248

In the present paper we study the $\SOL$ geometry that is one of the eight homogeneous Thurston 3-geomet\-ri\-es. We determine the equation of the translation-like bisector surface of any two points. We prove, that the isosceles property of a translation triangle is not equivalent to two angles of the triangle being equal and that the triangle inequalities do not remain valid for translation triangles in general. Moreover, we develop a method to determine the centre and the radius of the circumscribed translation sphere of a given {\it translation tetrahedron}. In our work we will use for computations and visualizations the projective model of $\SOL$ described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1703.06646

After having investigated the geodesic and translation triangles and their angle sums in $\NIL$ and $\SLR$ geometries we consider the analogous problem in $\SOL$ space that is one of the eight 3-dimensional Thurston geometries. We analyse the interior angle sums of translation triangles in $\SOL$ geometry and prove that it can be larger or equal than $\pi$. In our work we will use the projective model of $\SOL$ described by E. Moln\'ar in \cite{M97}, Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures

This presentation starts with the regular polygons, of course, then with the Platonic and Archimedean solids. The latter ones are whose symmetry groups are transitive on the vertices, and in addition, whose faces are regular polygons (see only I. Prok's home page [11] for them). Then there come these symmetry groups themselves (starting with the cube and octahedron, of course, then icosahedron and dodecahedron). Then come the space filling properties: Namely the cube is a space filler for the Euclidean space E^3. Then we jump for the other regular solids that cannot fil E^3, but can hyperbolic space H^3, a new space. These can be understood better if we start regular polygons, of course, that cannot fil E^2 in general, but can fil the new plane H2, as hyperbolic or Bolyai-Lobachevsky plane. Now it raises the problem, whether a football polyhedron - with its congruent copies - fil a space. It turns out that E^3 is excluded (it remains an open problem - for you, of course, in other aspects), but H^3 can be filled as a schematic construction show this (Fig. 5), far from elementary. Then we mention some stories on Buckminster Fuller, an architect, who imagined first time fullerens as such crystal structures. Many problems remain open, of course, we are just in the middle of living science., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures

A compact hyperbolic "cobweb" manifold (hyperbolic space form) of symbol $Cw(6,6,6)$ will be constructed in Fig.1,4,5 as a representant of a presumably infinite series $Cw(2p,2p,2p)$ $(3 \le p \in \bN$ natural numbers). This is a by-product of our investigations \cite{MSz16}. In that work dense ball packings and coverings of hyperbolic space $\HYP$ have been constructed on the base of complete hyperbolic Coxeter orthoschemes $\mathcal{O}=W_{uvw}$ and its extended reflection groups $\bG$ (see diagram in Fig.~3. and picture of fundamental domain in Fig.~2). Now $u=v=w=6 (=2p)$. Thus the maximal ball contained in $Cw(6,6,6)$, moreover its minimal covering bal l (so diameter) can also be determined. The algorithmic procedure provides us with the proof of our statements., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

In $n$-dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbf{H}^n$ $(n\ge2)$ there are $3$-types of spheres (balls): the sphere, horosphere and hypersphere. If $n=2,3$ we know an universal upper bound of the ball packing densities, where each ball volume is related to the volume of the corresponding Dirichlet-Voronoi (D-V) cell. E.g. in $\mathbf{H}^3$ the densest horoball packing is derived from the $\{3,3,6\}$ Coxeter tiling consisting of ideal regular simplices $T_{reg}^\infty$ with dihedral angles $\frac{\pi}{3}$. The density of this packing is $\delta_3^\infty\approx 0.85328$ and this provides a very rough upper bound for the ball packing densities as well. However, there are no "essential" results regarding the "classical" ball packings with congruent balls, and for ball coverings either. The goal of this paper to find the extremal ball arrangements in $\mathbf{H}^3$ with "classical balls". We consider only periodic congruent ball arrangements (for simplicity) related to the generalized, so-called {\it complete Coxeter orthoschemes} and their extended groups. In Theorems 1.1-1.2 we formulate also conjectures for the densest ball packing with density $0.77147\dots$ and the loosest ball covering with density $1.36893\dots$, respectively. Both are related with the extended Coxeter group $(5, 3, 5)$ and the so-called hyperbolic football manifold (look at Fig.~3). These facts can have important relations with fullerens in crystallography., Comment: 23 pages, 3 figures

In this paper we study the interior angle sums of geodesic triangles in $\NIL$ geometry and prove that it can be larger, equal or less than $\pi$. We use for the computations the projective model of $\NIL$ introduced by E. {Moln\'ar} in \cite{M97}., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1607.04401, arXiv:1610.01500

We study the interior angle sums of translation and geodesic triangles in the universal cover of Sl2(R) geometry. We prove that the angle sum is larger then pi for translation triangles and for geodesic triangles the angle sum can be larger, equal or lessthan \pi.

In this paper we study the regular prism tilings and construct ball packings by geodesic balls related to the above tilings in the projective model of $\mathbf{Nil}$ geometry. Packings are generated by action of the discrete prism groups $\mathbf{pq2_{1}}$. We prove that these groups are realized by prism tilings in $\mathbf{Nil}$ space if $(p,q)=(3,6), (4,4), (6,3)$ and determine packing density formulae for geodesic ball packings generated by the above prism groups. Moreover, studying these formulae we determine the conjectured maximal dense packing arrangements and their densities and visualize them in the projective model of $\mathbf{Nil}$ geometry. We get a dense (conjectured locally densest) geodesic ball arrangement related to the parameters $(p,q)=(6,3)$ where the kissing number of the packing is $14$, similarly to the densest lattice-like $\mathbf{Nil}$ geodesic ball arrangement investigated by the second author ., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1105.1986

Four packings of hyperbolic 3-space are known to yield the optimal packing density of $0.85328\dots$. They are realized in the regular tetrahedral and cubic Coxeter honeycombs with Schl\"afli symbols $\{3,3,6 \}$ and $\{4,3,6\}$. These honeycombs are totally asymptotic, and the packings consist of horoballs (of different types) centered at the ideal vertices. We describe a method to visualize regular horoball packings of extended hyperbolic 3-space $\bar{\mathbb{H}}^3$ using the Beltrami-Klein model and the Coxeter group of the packing. We produce the first known images of these four optimal horoball packings., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1502.02107

The theory of the isoptic curves is widely studied in the Euclidean plane $\bE^2$ (see \cite{CMM91} and \cite{Wi} and the references given there). The analogous question was investigated by the authors in the hyperbolic $\bH^2$ and elliptic $\cE^2$ planes (see \cite{CsSz1}, \cite{CsSz2}, \cite{CsSz5}), but in the higher dimensional spaces there are only a few result in this topic. In \cite{CsSz4} we gave a natural extension of the notion of the isoptic curves to the $n$-dimensional Euclidean space $\bE^n$ $(n\ge 3)$ which are called isoptic hypersurfaces. Now we develope an algorithm to determine the isoptic surface $\mathcal{H}_{\cP}$ of a $3$-dimensional polytop $\mathcal{P}$. We will determine the isoptic surfaces for Platonic solids and for some semi-regular Archimedean polytopes and visualize them with Wolfram Mathematica.

In this paper we study congruent and non-congruent hyperball (hypersphere) packings of the truncated regular tetrahedron tilings. These are derived from the Coxeter simplex tilings $\{p,3,3\}$ $(7\le p \in \mathbb{N})$ and $\{5,3,3,3,3\}$ in $3$ and $5$-dimensional hyperbolic space. We determine the densest hyperball packing arrangements related to the above tilings. We find packing densities using congruent hyperballs and determine the smallest density upper bound of non-congruent hyperball packings generated by the above tilings., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1505.03338, arXiv:1312.2328, arXiv:1405.0248

In this paper we deal with the packings derived by horo- and hyperballs (briefly hyp-hor packings) in the $n$-dimensional hyperbolic spaces $\HYN$ ($n=2,3$) which form a new class of the classical packing problems. We construct in the $2-$ and $3-$dimensional hyperbolic spaces hyp-hor packings that are generated by complete Coxeter tilings of degree $1$ i.e. the fundamental domains of these tilings are simple frustum orthoschemes and we determine their densest packing configurations and their densities. We prove that in the hyperbolic plane ($n=2$) the density of the above hyp-hor packings arbitrarily approximate the universal upper bound of the hypercycle or horocycle packing density $\frac{3}{\pi}$ and in $\HYP$ the optimal configuration belongs to the $[7,3,6]$ Coxeter tiling with density $\approx 0.83267$. Moreover, we study the hyp-hor packings in truncated orthosche\-mes $[p,3,6]$ $(6< p < 7, ~ p\in \bR)$ whose density function is attained its maximum for a parameter which lies in the interval $[6.05,6.06]$ and the densities for parameters lying in this interval are larger that $\approx 0.85397$. That means that these locally optimal hyp-hor configurations provide larger densities that the B\"or\"oczky-Florian density upper bound $(\approx 0.85328)$ for ball and horoball packings but these hyp-hor packing configurations can not be extended to the entirety of hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$., Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1312.2328, arXiv:1405.0248

After having investigated the real conic sections and their isoptic curves in the hyperbolic plane $\bH^2$ we consider the problem of the isoptic curves of generalized conic sections in the extended hyperbolic plane. This topic is widely investigated in the Euclidean plane $\BE^2$ (see for example \cite{Lo}), but in the hyperbolic and elliptic planes there are few results (see \cite{CsSz1}, \cite{CsSz2} and \cite{CsSz3}). In this paper we recall the former results on isoptic curves in the hyperbolic plane geometry, and define the notion of the generalised hyperbolic angle between proper and non-proper straight lines, summarize the notions of generalized hyperbolic conic sections classified by K.~Fladt in \cite{KF1} and \cite{KF2} and gy E.~Moln\'ar in \cite{M81}. Furthermore, we determine and visualize the generalized isoptic curves to all hyperbolic conic sections. We use for the computations the classical models which are based on the projective interpretation of the hyperbolic geometry and in this manner the isoptic curves can be visualized on the Euclidean screen of computer., Comment: 16 pages and 16 figures

In this paper we study the horoball packings related to the hyperbolic 24 cell in the extended hyperbolic space $\overline{\mathbf{H}}^4$ where we allow {\it horoballs in different types} centered at the various vertices of the 24 cell. We determine, introducing the notion of the generalized polyhedral density function, the locally densest horoball packing arrangement and its density with respect to the above regular tiling. The maximal density is $\approx 0.71645$ which is equal to the known greatest ball packing density in hyperbolic 4-space given in \cite{KSz14}., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1401.6084

In this paper we study the locally optimal geodesic ball packings with equal balls to the $\mathbf{S}^2\!\times\!\mathbf{R}$ space groups having rotation point groups and their generators are screw motions. We determine and visualize the densest simply transitive geodesic ball arrangements for the above space groups, moreover we compute their optimal densities and radii. The densest packing is derived from the $\mathbf{S}^2\!\times\!\mathbf{R}$ space group $\mathbf{3qe.~I.~3}$ with packing density $\approx 0.7278$. E. Moln\'ar has shown, that the Thurston geometries have an unified interpretation in the real projective 3-sphere $\mathcal{PS}^3$. In our work we shall use this projective model of $\mathbf{S}^2\!\times\!\mathbf{R}$ geometry., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1206.0566, arXiv:1210.2202

In this paper we consider ball packings in $4$-dimensional hyperbolic space. We show that it is possible to exceed the conjectured $4$-dimensional realizable packing density upper bound due to L. Fejes T\'oth (Regular Figures, 1964). We give seven examples of horoball packing configurations that yield higher densities of $0.71644896\dots$, where horoballs are centered at ideal vertices of certain Coxeter simplices, and are invariant under the actions of their respective Coxeter groups., Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures

The smallest three hyperbolic compact arithmetic 5-orbifolds can be derived from two compact Coxeter polytops which are combinatorially simplicial prisms (or complete orthoschemes of degree $d=1$) in the five dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbf{H}^5$ (see \cite{BE} and \cite{EK}). The corresponding hyperbolic tilings are generated by reflections through their delimiting hyperplanes those involve the study of the relating densest hyperball (hypersphere) packings with congruent hyperballs. The analogous problem was discussed in \cite{Sz06-1} and \cite{Sz06-2} in the hyperbolic spaces $\mathbf{H}^n$ $(n=3,4)$. In this paper we extend this procedure to determine the optimal hyperball packings to the above 5-dimensional prism tilings. We compute their metric data and the densities of their optimal hyperball packings, moreover, we formulate a conjecture for the candidate of the densest hyperball packings in the 5-dimensional hyperbolic space $\mathbf{H}^5$., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

In this paper we consider the isoptic curves on the 2-dimensional geometries of constant curvature $\bE^2,~\bH^2,~\cE^2$. The topic is widely investigated in the Euclidean plane $\bE^2$ see for example \cite{CMM91} and \cite{Wi} and the references given there, but in the hyperbolic and elliptic plane there are few results in this topic (see \cite{CsSz1} and \cite{CsSz2}). In this paper we give a review on the preliminary results of the isoptics of Euclidean and hyperbolic curves and develop a procedure to study the isoptic curves in the hyperbolic and elliptic plane geometries and apply it for some geometric objects e.g. proper conic sections. We use for the computations the classical models which are based on the projectiv interpretation of the hyperbolic and elliptic geometry and in this manner the isoptic curves can be visualized on the Euclidean screen of computer.

$\SLR$ geometry is one of the eight 3-dimensional Thurston geometries, it can be derived from the 3-dimensional Lie group of all $2\times 2$ real matrices with determinant one. Our aim is to describe and visualize the {\it regular infinite (torus-like) or bounded} $p$-gonal prism tilings in $\SLR$ space. For this purpose we introduce the notion of the infinite and bounded prisms, prove that there exist infinite many regular infinite $p$-gonal face-to-face prism tilings $\cT^i_p(q)$ and infinitely many regular (bounded) $p$-gonal non-face-to-face $\SLR$ prism tilings $\cT_p(q)$ for parameters $p \ge 3$ where $ \frac{2p}{p-2} < q \in \mathbb{N}$. Moreover, we develope a method to determine the data of the space filling regular infinite and bounded prism tilings. We apply the above procedure to $\cT^i_3(q)$ and $\cT_3(q)$ where $6< q \in \mathbb{N}$ and visualize them and the corresponding tilings. E. Moln\'ar showed, that the homogeneous 3-spaces have a unified interpretation in the projective 3-space $\mathcal{P}^3(\bV^4,\BV_4, \mathbf{R})$. In our work we will use this projective model of $\SLR$ geometry and in this manner the prisms and prism tilings can be visualized on the Euclidean screen of computer., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures

The $S^2 \times R$ geometry can be derived by the direct product of the spherical plane $\bS^2$ and the real line $\bR$. J. Z. Farkas has classified and given the complete list of the space groups of $S^2 \times R$. The $S^2 \times R$ manifolds were classified by E. Moln\'ar and J. Z. Farkas by similarity and diffeomorphism. In Szirmai we have studied the geodesic balls and their volumes in $S^2 \times R$ space, moreover we have introduced the notion of geodesic ball packing and its density and have determined the densest geodesic ball packing for generalized Coxeter space groups of $S^2 \times R$. In this paper we study the locally optimal ball packings to the $S^2 \times R$ space groups having Coxeter point groups and at least one of the generators is a glide reflection. We determine the densest simply transitive geodesic ball arrangements for the above space groups, moreover we compute their optimal densities and radii. The density of the densest packing is $\approx 0.80407553$, may be surprising enough in comparison with the Euclidean result $\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{18}} \approx 0.74048$. E. Moln\'ar has shown, that the homogeneous 3-spaces have a unified interpretation in the real projective 3-sphere $\mathcal{PS}^3(\bV^4,\BV_4, \mathbb{R})$. In our work we shall use this projective model of $S^2 \times R$ geometry., Comment: 15 pages and 6 figures

In \cite{Sz11} we have generalized the notion of the simplicial density function for horoballs in the extended hyperbolic space $\bar{\mathbf{H}}^n, ~(n \ge 2)$, where we have allowed {\it congruent horoballs in different types} centered at the various vertices of a totally asymptotic tetrahedron. By this new aspect, in this paper we study the locally densest horoball packing arrangements and their densities with respect to totally asymptotic regular tetrahedra in hyperbolic $n$-space $\bar{\mathbf{H}}^n$ extended with its absolute figure, where the ideal centers of horoballs give rise to vertices of a totally asymptotic regular tetrahedron. We will prove that, in this sense, {\it the well known B\"or\"oczky density upper bound for "congruent horoball" packings of $\bar{\mathbf{H}}^n$ does not remain valid for $n\ge4$,} but these locally optimal ball arrangements do not have extensions to the whole $n$-dimensional hyperbolic space. Moreover, we determine an explicit formula for the density of the above locally optimal horoball packings, allowing horoballs in different types., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1105.4315

The aim of this paper to determine the locally densest horoball packing arrangements and their densities with respect to fully asymptotic tetrahedra with at least one plane of symmetry in hyperbolic 3-space $\bar{\mathbf{H}}^3$ extended with its absolute figure, where the ideal centers of horoballs give rise to vertices of a fully asymptotic tetrahedron. We allow horoballs of different types at the various vertices. Moreover, we generalize the notion of the simplicial density function in the extended hyperbolic space $\bar{\mathbf{H}}^n, ~(n \ge 2)$, and prove that, in this sense, {\it the well known B\"or\"oczky--Florian density upper bound for "congruent horoball" packings of $\bar{\mathbf{H}}^3$ does not remain valid to the fully asymptotic tetrahedra.} The density of this locally densest packing is $\approx 0.874994$, may be surprisingly larger than the B\"or\"oczky--Florian density upper bound $\approx 0.853276$ but our local ball arrangement seems not to have extension to the whole hyperbolic space., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures

The Nil geometry, which is one of the eight 3-dimensional Thurston geometries, can be derived from {W. Heisenberg}'s famous real matrix group. The aim of this paper to study {\it lattice coverings} in Nil space. We introduce the notion of the density of considered coverings and give upper and lower estimations to it, moreover we formulate a conjecture for the ball arrangement of the least dense lattice-like geodesic ball covering and give its covering density $\Delta\approx 1.42900615$. The homogeneous 3-spaces have a unified interpretation in the projective 3-sphere and in our work we will use this projective model of the Nil geometry., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures

The goal of this paper to determine the optimal horoball packing arrangements and their densities for all four fully asymptotic Coxeter tilings (Coxeter honeycombs) in hyperbolic 3-space $\mathbb{H}^3$. Centers of horoballs are required to lie at vertices of the regular polyhedral cells constituting the tiling. We allow horoballs of different types at the various vertices. Our results are derived through a generalization of the projective methodology for hyperbolic spaces. The main result states that the known B\"or\"oczky--Florian density upper bound for "congruent horoball" packings of $\mathbb{H}^3$ remains valid for the class of fully asymptotic Coxeter tilings, even if packing conditions are relaxed by allowing for horoballs of different types under prescribed symmetry groups. The consequences of this remarkable result are discussed for various Coxeter tilings., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures