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We describe an algorithm for computing counterfactual trade flows, prices, output, and welfare in a large class of general equilibrium trade models. We introduce a command called ge_gravity2 that allows users to perform these computations in Stata. This command extends the existing ge_gravity command by allowing users to compute the general equilibrium effects of changes in trade policy in positive supply elasticity models. It can be used to solve any model that falls into the class of universal gravity models as defined by Allen, Arkolakis, and Takahashi [Universal Gravity, Journal of Political Economy, 128(2), 2020, 393-433].

The Cold War was the defining episode of geopolitical fragmentation in the twentieth century. Trade between East and West across the Iron Curtain (a symbolical and physical barrier dividing Europe into two distinct areas) was restricted, but the severity of these restrictions varied over time. We quantify the trade and welfare effects of the Iron Curtain and show how the difficulty of trading across the Iron Curtain fluctuated throughout the Cold War. Using a novel dataset on trade between the two economic blocs and a quantitative trade model, we find that while the Iron Curtain at its height represented a tariff equivalent of 48% in 1951, trade between East and West gradually became easier until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Despite the easing of trade restrictions, we estimate that the Iron Curtain roughly halved East-West trade flows and caused substantial welfare losses in the Eastern bloc countries that persisted until the end of the Cold War. Conversely, the Iron Curtain led to an increase in intra-bloc trade, especially in the Eastern bloc, which outpaced the integration of Western Europe in the run-up to the formation of the European Union.