The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small business access to capital; contracting programs to increase small business opportunities in federal contracting; direct loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to assist their recovery from natural disasters; and small business management and technical assistance training programs to assist business formation and expansion. Congressional interest in these programs has always been high, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs, but it has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy. This report provides a brief description of the SBA's access to capital programs and includes congressional action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the following: • P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), provided the SBA an additional $730 million, including $375 million to temporarily subsidize SBA fees and increase the 7(a) loan guaranty program's maximum loan guaranty percentage to 90%. • P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, authorized numerous changes to the SBA's loan guaranty and contracting programs; provided $510 million to continue the SBA's fee subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage through December 31, 2010; and provided about $12 billion in tax relief for small businesses. • P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), among other provisions, created a new $349 billion (later increased to $813.7 billion) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to provide forgivable, lowinterest loans to assist small businesses, small 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations, and small 501(c)(19) veterans organizations that have been adversely affected by COVID-19. The loans were originally available through June 30, 2020, and were later made available through May 31, 2021. When the national economy is doing well, congressional debate typically involves the extent to which the federal government should provide the SBA additional resources to assist small businesses in acquiring capital necessary to start, continue, or expand operations and create jobs. Those opposing providing additional resources typically worry about the long-term adverse economic effects of spending programs that increase the federal deficit. They generally advocate business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market regulation, and federal fiscal restraint as the best means to assist small business economic growth and job creation. During and immediately following recessions, concerns about fiscal constraint are typically superseded by the perceived need to help small businesses access the capital necessary to create or retain jobs. During these times of economic distress, congressional debate tends to focus on finding the means to provide additional SBA assistance to small businesses as quickly and efficiently as possible. This report addresses a core issue facing the 117th Congress: What, if any, additional action should the federal government take to enhance small business access to capital? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]