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The present study is aiming to exploring the behavior status of rural left-behind children in China. In a case-control study, we used Rutter Children's Behavior Questionnaire for teacher to measure behavior status of children in left-behind group and control group. Furthermore, we also compared behavior status of children in different age groups (grades two, four and five). The results showed that rural left-behind children in China have more behavior problems than the control group, and children in the elder group have more behavior problems than children in the younger group. (Contains 3 tables.) [Financial support for this study was provided by the Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province of China.]