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In X-ray phase contrast imaging, phase retrieval from intensity measurements is the key for further quantitative analysis and tomographic reconstructions. In this letter, we present a single-shot approach for quantitative phase retrieval in high-energy X-ray grating interferometry. The proposed approach makes use of the phase-attenuation duality of soft tissues when being imaged with high-energy X-rays. The phase retrieval formula is derived and presented, and tested by numerical experiments including photon shot noise. The good agreement between retrieval results and theoretical values confirms the feasibility of the presented approach., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, 1 table