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In this paper I apply current ecologically centred methodologies in the humanities to explore the familiar image of the bird-soul in The Seafarer in close relation to the real seabirds that are one of the most striking aspects of the maritime environment of the poem. Far from appearing as mere background incidentals, the poet's treatment of the seabirds we first encounter resonates with contemporary ornithological knowledge, and suggests that they feature specifically as species that best convey the ascetic trials and endeavours of the sea-going speaker who observes, listens to and names seabirds. The curious essence of seabirds as creatures that are always at home on the seas, and yet journeying to a home elsewhere, establishes them as what I term "native foreigners", a paradox that highlights the seafarer's conflicting yearnings and reflects the difficult earthly/celestial dynamic in the poem's perceptions of the soul's journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes lines 111-115 of the Old English (OE) poem "The Seafarer." It notes that this passage is the only that addresses the Christian response to hostility as the author suggests that the wealthy man referenced in the poem is hostile towards God. The importance of translating the poem in determining its meaning is also discussed, especially the phrase "mid gemete" which the author states means "moderation." Similarities to Psalm 48 are also covered.