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The article is a book review of "Reality+ – Virtual Worlds and the Problem of Philosophy" by David J Chalmers. The book explores the concept of virtual realism, which argues that virtual items, minds, and environments are real. Chalmers discusses the epistemological viewpoint of virtual realism and its coherence with non-realism. The review highlights criticisms of the book, including its limited investigation into the phenomenology of virtuality and its failure to address the cognitive aspects of virtual reality. The article also examines Chalmers' criterion for reality, which includes mind independence and existence, and discusses the perspectives of non-realism and idealism. The text discusses the response of non-realists in Indian philosophy to the problem of idealism raised by Vasubandhu. The non-realists argue that the ability to distinguish between waking and dream states, as well as the assumption of externality, refute Vasubandhu's claims of idealism. They believe that while dream states can be negated by waking states, there is no state that invalidates waking states. The non-realists also question the criteria for reality and argue that assumptions, rather than proofs, are sufficient. They suggest that the distinction between waking and dream states is based on default presumptions and cognitive validators. The text concludes that the non-realists agree with Chalmers' claims about reality but argue that its mind-independence, existence, and non-illusoriness cannot be judged by ordinary human experience. [Extracted from the article]

Dr. Miles then details numerous other cases of medicalized torture, from a variety of regions and time periods, to highlight that the problem that torture doctors operate on a truly global scale. The final chapter of Miles' book provides explicit steps that should be taken in order to hold torture doctors accountable and dissuade doctors from participation in torture in the future. Governments, Miles also argues, are also usually ineffective in punishing torture doctors; in fact, many governments actively attempt to protect their torture doctors from accountability. [Extracted from the article]

The article reviews the book "Broke But Unbroken: Grassroots Social Movements and Their Radical Solutions to Poverty," by Augusta Dwyer.

The article reviews the book "Présent, nation, mémoire," by Pierre Nora, part of the "Bibliothèque des Histoires" book series.

The article reviews the book "A história nos filmes, os filmes na história" by Robert Rosenstone.

The article reviews the book "História das políticas autoritárias: Integralismos, Nacional-Sindicalismo, Nazismo e Fascismos," edited by Giselda Brito Silva, Leandro Pereira Gonçalves, Maurício B. Alvarez Parada.

The article reviews the book "The March of Patriots," by Paul Kelly.

The article reviews the book "Fiction Now: The French Novel in the Twenty-First Century," by Warren Motte.

The article reviews the book "The UN in East Timor: Building Timor Leste, a Fragile State," by Dr. Juan Federer.

The article reviews the book "Brazilian Music: Northeastern Traditions and the Heartbeat of a Modern Nation," by Larry Crook.

The article reviews the book "Vassilis Alexakis: Exorciser l'exile," by Marianne Bessy.

The article reviews the book "The God Market: How Globalisation is Making India more Hindu," by Meera Nanda.

The article presents a review of the book "L'Autre Emoi: écrits entre les terres-1979-2003," by Marie-Jo Binet.

This article provides a review of the book "Ecritures féminines au Maroc: continuité et évolution" by Najib Redouane.

The article reviews Rob Stewart's documentary film "Revolution."

The article reviews the book "The Second Plane. September 11: 2001-2007," by Martin Amis.

Reviews the opera "Philomela," written by James Dillon, starring Anu Komsi and Susan Naruki and performed at the Rivoli Theatre in Oporto, Portugal.

The article reviews the art exhibition by Michael Lucero at the Hokin/Kaufman Gallery in New York City from June 17 to July 30, 1983.