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In this Review (Part I), we investigate the scientific evidence that multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by the death of oligodendrocytes, the cells that synthesize myelin, due to a lack of biochemical and nutritional factors involved in mitochondrial energy production in these cells. In MS, damage to the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve axons causes disruption of signal transmission from the brain to peripheral organs, which may lead to disability. However, the extent of disability is not deterred by the use of MS medication, which is based on the autoimmune hypothesis of MS. Rather, disability is associated with the loss of brain volume, which is related to the loss of grey and white matter. A pathology-supported genetic testing (PSGT) method, developed for personalized assessment and treatment to prevent brain volume loss and disability progression in MS is discussed. This involves identification of MS-related pathogenic pathways underpinned by genetic variation and lifestyle risk factors that may converge into biochemical abnormalities associated with adverse expanded disability status scale (EDSS) outcomes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings during patient follow-up. A Metabolic Model is presented which hypothesizes that disability may be prevented or reversed when oligodendrocytes are protected by nutritional reserve. Evidence for the validity of the Metabolic Model may be evaluated in consecutive test cases following the PSGT method. In Part II of this Review, two cases are presented that describe the PSGT procedures and the clinical outcomes of these individuals diagnosed with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several book reviews are presented, including "African Urban Experiences in Colonial Zimbabwe: A Social History of Harare before 1925" by Tsuneo Yoshikuni, "Between Empire and the Revolution: A Life of Sidney Bunting, 1873-1936" by Allison Drew, "Do South Africans Exist?: Nationalism, Democracy and the Identity of 'The People'" by Ivor Chipkin, and a number of others.

Arms and the African: Military Influences on Africa's International Relations edited by William J. Foltz and Henry S. Bienen Yale University Press, New Haven (Connecticut), and London, 1985. xv plus 221 pp. including map, tables, appendix and index. $22,50. Language, Society and Paleoculture: Essays by Edgar C. Polome Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1982. xiii plus 387 pp. including bibliography. $20,00. Indigenous Agricultural Revolution: Ecology and Food Production in West Africa by Paul Richards Hutchinson, London, 1985. 192 pp. including figures, tables, illustrations, appendix, bibliography and index. $12,95. Rural‐Urban Balance: Policy and Practice in Ten African Countries by T.J.D. Fair Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, 1985. 37 pp. including tables, map and references. R4,00 paperback. Hundert Jahre Afrika und die Deutschen edited by Wolfgang Höpker Günther Neske (for the Deutsche Afrika‐Stiftung), Pfullingen (West Germany), 1984. 178 pp. including map and illustrations. DM28,00. Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity by Norman N. Miller Westview Press, Boulder (Colorado), and Gower, London, 1984. x plus 180 pp. including map, illustrations, figures, tables, notes, bibliography and index. £14,45. Colonial Evangelism: A Socio‐Historical Study of An East African Mission at the Grassroots by T.O. Beidelman Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1982. xix plus 274 pp. including maps, tables, notes, bibliography and index. $12,50 paperback. Zimbabwe: A Revolution that Lost its Way? by André Astrow Zed Press, London, 1983. xv plus 254 pp. including maps, tables, notes, bibliography and index. R.20,75 paperback. Where are the Ju/Wasi of Nyae Nyae?: Changes in a Bushman Society, 1958–1981 by John Marshall and Claire Ritchie Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1984. ix plus 187 pp. including diagrams, tables, maps, illustrations, appendices and references. R3,50 paperback. South Africa in its International Context: Some Historical Reflections by F.H. Hinsley, Noel Garson and Sara Pienaar South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, October 1986 (Bradlow Series, No. 4). 14 pp. R10,00 paperback. The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa by Laurine Platzky and Cherryl Walker Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. xxxiii plus 446 pp. including maps, tables, illustrations, bibliography and index. R.14,95 paperback. From Control to Confusion: The Changing Role of Administration Boards in South Africa, 1971–1983 by Simon Bekker and Richard Humphries Shuter and Shooter, Pietermaritzburg, 1985. 258 pp. including maps, tables, notes, appendices, bibliography and index. R20,00 paperback. The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa: Class, Nationalism, and the State in Twentieth‐Century Natal by Shula Marks Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1986. ix plus 171 pp. including map, illustrations, appendix, notes and index. R.13,50 paperback. Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa by Richard Elphick Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. xxii plus 266 pp. including maps, references, bibliography and index. R14,95 paperback. The Colonization of the Southern Tswana, 1870–1900 by Kevin Shillington Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. xxii plus 311 pp. including maps, tables, illustrations, notes, appendices, bibliography and index. R18,00 paperback. John Blades Currey, 1850 to 1900: Fifty Years in the Cape Colony edited by Phillida Brooke Simons Brenthurst Press, Johannesburg, 1986. 275 pp. including illustrations, notes, appendix, bibliography and index. R.195,00. The World of Can Themba: Selected Writings edited by Essop Patel Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1985. 244 pp. R6,95 paperback. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ideology and Development in Africa by Crawford Young Yale University Press, New Haven (Connecticut), 1982. xviii plus 376 pp. including tables, notes and index. R62,57. R23,35 paperback. Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa by Robert H. Bates Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983. xiii plus 184 pp. including tables, notes and index. R40,95. Political Development Theory: The Contemporary Debate by Richard A. Higgott Croom Helm, London, 1983. xvi plus 124 pp. including index. £6,95 paperback. Decolonization: The Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960 by Rudolf von Albertini Holmes and Meier, Inc., New York, 1982 (reprint), xxx plus 680 pp. including notes, bibliography and index. $ 37,50. $19,50 paperback. Foreign Policy‐Making in Developing States: A Comparative Approach edited by Christopher Clapham Saxon House, Westmead, 1977. x plus 184 pp. including tables, maps, bibliography and index. R45,8o. The Politics of Basic Needs: Urban Aspects of Assaulting Poverty in Africa by Richard Sandbrook Heinemann, London, 1982. vi plus 250 pp. including tables, notes and index. £5,95 paperback. Redistribution of Population in Africa edited by John I. Clarke and Leszek A. Kosiński Heinemann, London, 1982. xii plus 212 pp. including tables, figures, maps, index of names and subject index. £7,50 paperback. Oral Historiography by David Henige Longman, London, 1982. x plus 150 pp. including notes, bibliography and index. £3,95 paperback. Nigeria von der völkerrechtlichen Unabhangigkeit zur zweiten Republik: Analyse und Dokumentation by Joseph Lütke Entrup Verlag Hans Richarz, Sankt Augustin, 1981. 243 pp. including appendices and bibliography. DM29,80. Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Mahammad ‘Abdille Hasan by Said S. Samatar Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. xii plus 232 pp. including illustrations, figures, tables, notes, bibliography and index. R52,50. Tom Mboya: The Man Kenya Wanted to Forget by David Goldsworthy Heinemann, London, 1982. xii plus 308 pp. including appendix and index. R30,80. Development Policies and Approaches in Southern Africa edited by D. A. Kotzé Academica, Pretoria, 1983, 147 pp. including bibliography and index. R16,50. Das südliche Afrika — I: Republik Südafrika‐Swasiland‐Lesotho by Ernst Klimm, Karl‐Günther Schneider and Bernd Wiese Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1980. 307 pp. including maps, tables, graphs and index. Also annexure of photographs. DM84,00. Die Städte des südlichen Afrika by Karl‐Gunther Schneider and Bernd Wiese, Bornträger, Berlin and Stuttgart, 1983. 175 pp. including maps, tables, figures, graphs, photographs and index. DM98,00. Südafrika: Fakten und Probleme by Karl‐Gunther Schneider and Bernd Wiese Seewald, Stuttgart, 1983. 187 pp. including maps, tables, figures, graphs, photographs and index. DM24,00. Verkehrsgeographische Strukturwandlungen im südlichen Afrika, 1975–1980 by Joachim Jeske Institut für Afrika‐Kunde, Hamburg, 1981. 256 pp. including maps, tables and figures. DM22,00. Malawi: Geographie eines unterentwickelten Landes by Cay Lienau Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1981. 243 pp. including maps, tables, graphs and index. Also annexure of photographs. DM89,00. Kaunda on Violence by Kenneth D. Kaunda and edited by Colin M. Morris Willia m Collins, London, 1980. 184 pp. R6,95 paperback. Under the Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia by David Caute Allen Lane, London, 1983. 447 pp. including maps and chronology. £14,95. Race and Ethnicity: South African and International Perspectives edited by Hendrik W. van der Merwe and Robert A. Schrire, David Philip, Cape Town, 1980. 237 pp. including notes and index. R9,00 paperback. South Africa in the World Economy edited by Jacqueline Matthews McGraw‐Hill, Johannesburg, 1983. xi plus 271pp. including index. R23,50. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 by Tom Lodge Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1983. x plus 389 pp. including figures, notes, sources and index. R 14,95 paperback. Which Way is South Africa Going? by Gwendolen M. Carter Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Indiana), and London, 1980. xii plus 162 pp. including maps, bibliographical notes and index. $12,95. The God of the Xhosa: A Study of the Origins and Development of the Traditional Concepts of the Supreme Being by Janet Hodgson Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1982. xiv plus 131 pp. including appendices, bibliography and index. R9,75 paperback. Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902 by Peter Warwick Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983. xiv plus 226 pp. including maps, tables, notes, select bibliography and index. R52,25. Afrikaner Political Thought: Analysis and Documents — Volume I: 1780–1850 by André du Ton and Hermann Giliomee David Philip, Cape Town and Johannesburg, 1983. xxx plus 309 pp. including notes and index. R36,oo. R 18,00 paperback. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reviews the book "Argentina en el siglo XIX."

The article reviews the book "Language and Literacy in the Early Years," by Marian Whitehead.