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The determination of target analytes at very low concentrations is important for various fields such as the pharmaceutical industry, environmental protection, and the food industry. Caffeine, as a natural alkaloid, is widely consumed in various beverages and medicines. Apart from the beneficial effects for which it is used, caffeine also has negative effects, and for these reasons it is very important to determine its concentration in different mediums. Among numerous analytical techniques, electrochemical methods with appropriate sensors occupy a special place since they are efficient, fast, and entail relatively easy preparation and measurements. Electrochemical sensors based on carbon materials are very common in this type of research because they are cost-effective, have a wide potential range, and possess relative electrochemical inertness and electrocatalytic activity in various redox reactions. Additionally, these types of sensors could be modified to improve their analytical performances. The data available in the literature on the development and modification of electrochemical sensors for the determination of caffeine are summarized and discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the other hand, one is left wondering to what extent Vertesi's moderate message will be correctly interpreted in these days of rampant Counter-Enlightenment and ideologically-fuelled antirealism spreading through the "halls of the discourse" faster than any virus. Planetary science through an ethnographic telescope: Janet Vertesi: Shaping science: organizations, decisions, and culture on NASA's teams. Another important insight of Vertesi's is the acknowledgement, among the first in STS domain, that the virtual universe of data and other digital documents of each mission is indeed a fully legitimate I research site i in terms of both planetary science and STS. I Shaping Science i , a recent book by Janet Vertesi, professor of sociology at Princeton University, is a highly intelligent and well-structured book. [Extracted from the article]

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