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Raman spectroscopy has been more widely used recently in the quality detection of dairy products. Because Raman spectroscopy can conduct rapid analyses of small sample sizes at high dimensions, its use in the dairy industry is becoming a hot topic for researchers. To improve the robustness and accuracy of logistic regression identification method, a new Raman spectroscopy identification method was proposed that combines a distributionally robust optimization technique and fused lasso technique with logistic regression. Then, Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze two types of dairy products that were collected for antijamming identification testing to verify the effectiveness of the new method. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more robust and has a higher recognition accuracy than the traditional logistic regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of gas flaring systems in the chemicals, petroleum refining, and natural gas industries for safe operation and reducing air pollution. It emphasizes the need for flare-related components to operate for at least 5 years without outages. It mentions that a framework was proposed using a commercial simulation tool for gas flaring system design and optimization, with cost reduction through pipe analysis and additional equipment installation.

The article "Signal Design for Modern Radar Systems" delves into the advancements in radar signal processing, focusing on adaptive and cognitive radar systems. It explores optimization techniques for designing radar waveforms that can adjust in real-time to dynamic environments, a significant shift from fixed waveforms of the past. The book provides a technical and practical guide for professionals and advanced students in radar or signal processing, offering theoretical foundations and real-world applications in areas like defense, automotive, and space exploration. The authors highlight the transformation of radar performance due to improvements in computing power, making this book a valuable resource for those interested in cutting-edge radar technology. [Extracted from the article]

The engineering of equipment for the cement industry is in comparison to other industries influenced by some special overall conditions. These are mainly the small quantities built, the very large dimensions of components, the demanded very high availability of plants and the usually unique set of parameters for each and every project. This led to the buildup of expertise using the finite element method (FEM) for computational optimization over the last decades, at least at the reputable equipment suppliers. Until now, this was typically reserved for separate product development due to necessary effort. Integration into running order executions could usually not be or only poorly be realized. This article presents an engineering process that significantly reduces the effort required for computational optimization and thus enables integration into day-to-day business if required. In addition, the presented workflow reduces the effort to dimension project-specifically, whereby the quality can be increased and the possibility is created to offer competitive, individual and tailor-made solutions. The engineering process is based on the consistent use of highly automated 3D CAD models, which form the basis for the 2D production drawings and also the mathematical optimization. A consistent database - one 3D model as the basis for all applications - reduces interface losses, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the chemical engineers, discussing their role in energy efficiency of chemical industries and in the reduction of harmful gaseous emissions. It reports on design engineers and their cutting edge operations with common process plant equipment for energy-saving opportunities. The process equipment includes pumps, industrial compressors, distillation and optimisation techniques.

The article discusses how solvent deasphalting (SDA) is emerging as a low-cost, bottom-of-the-barrel upgrading process to recover valuable oil from short residue. Most of the deasphalting units in operation were created without using process integration and optimization tools. The energy requirement for the existing PDA process was reportedly determined using actual operating conditions of cold streams that were heated to the required temperatures.

This article discusses basic practical aspects of analytical instrument performance and experimental design that should be taken into consideration when characterizing microscale objects using a Raman microscope. Proper instrument alignment, optical objective magnification, con-focal aperture, and sampling step settings must ensure sufficient spatial resolution and measurement precision to discriminate a Raman signal of the object from a surrounding matrix. The essential relationships between the spectral measurement parameters are considered theoretically and illustrated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores on the characteristic mode analysis (CMA) of an automated optimization algorithm in multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) applications. It examines the modal significance (MS) of eigenvalue in the orthogonal current modes of CMA parameters. It also cites the modal current and fields of CMA parameters.

The article offers information on the importance of measurement & verification (M&V) in the management of data-based optimization projects of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) companies. It mentions several guides for HVAC companies to prevent the project from the lack of improvement during the implementation of M&V such as correlation of power or energy, determination of HVAC equipment, and continuous monitoring of the system.

Simultaneous quantification of metabolites in biological fluids, where they are present at different concentration levels, is usually a challenging analytical task. One of the steps that should be undertaken to increase analytical method efficiency is optimization of the electrospray ionization (ESI) source, which can be especially helpful in increasing method sensitivity of agents with poor ionization characteristics. We present here a step-by-step ESI optimization strategy with the use of the design of experiments (DoE) approach. This multivariate statistical approach allows effective evaluation of the effects of multiple factors and interactions among factors on a given response in a minimum number of experimental runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archnemesis of calibration modeling and the routine use of multivariate models for quantitative analysis in spectroscopy is the confounded bias or slope adjustments that must be continually implemented to maintain calibration prediction accuracy over time. A perfectly developed calibration model that predicted well on day one suddenly has to be bias adjusted on a regular basis to pass a simple bias test when predicted values are compared to reference values at a later date. Why does this problem continue to plague researchers and users of chemometrics and spectroscopy?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railway infrastructures are characterized by useful lives of more than 30 years. Such long useful lives make long-term maintenance strategies crucial. In this paper a simulation ap-proach for the whole useful life of ballasted tracks is presented. It relies on a stochastic model of the ageing and restoration process of railway track geometry and a heuristic algorithm for maintenance interventions planning. Its objective is the simu-lation, analysis and optimization of track geometry maintenance strategies during the whole service life of the track, under con-sideration of the ageing and restoration characteristics of each track sector and the resources available for maintenance. The results of a simulation are a list of all tamping interventions during the useful life of the track and the course of the track geometry deviation at each track sector during the simulated time. On the basis of this data, fundamental features of the track geometry quality during the whole track useful life can be assessed. After a description of the simulation procedure and the enumeration of the input and output data, the approach is validated by means of a case study basing on real data of a French TGV line. In the case study, the long-term effects of an adaptive intervention threshold are investigated. With this aim, two strategies are simulated, one with a constant and one with an adaptive intervention threshold. The advantages and drawbacks of each strategy are then analysed and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy efficiency curve is a model based and predominantly material-specific function over the particle size and defines the energy amount which is required to achieve a certain grinding progress. The curve can be determined easily from the grinding result of an arbitrary ball mill. It enables the prediction of the effects of many variables on the fineness of the ground material. Questions of ball mill scale up, as well as the tasks of grinding systems optimization are solved with convincing results. The clear advantages of the grindability curve compared with other approaches such as population balance models or the Bond equations are its simplicity, easy determination and prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid expansion of the cement industry, development of new technology and the economic situation have resulted in expansion and construction of high capacity cement plants. This requires large quantities of cement-grade lime- stone, either from a single quarry or from several quarries at different locations. It is difficult to produce blended limestone from quarries at different locations because of the challenges presented by different geological formations, different grades of material in the different quarries, etc. Any change in raw mix with respect to limestone quality or quantity, will have an impact on long-term strategic resource planning due to the quantities of different grades from the different quarries. The authors have attempted to provide a long-term strategic plan for optimization of quarry planning and production scheduling for four limestone quarries some distance apart. The limestone deposit involves varying thicknesses of argillaceous limestone interspersed with highly siliceous limestone, with underlying shale in some of the quarries. Quarry production schedules for the blended limestone have been prepared for all the four quarries with the help of Multimine Scheduler software to achieve an optimum economical extraction sequence with minimum quality variation and an effective optimum on site/multi-site blending scheme. An Optimal Extraction Sequence (OES) for model quarries has been generated to create a workable quarrying plan that takes account of the effects of quarrying constraints to produce practical quarry designs and achievable quarrying schedules. As a result, it has been possible to achieve the raw (run-of-mine) limestone grade with a specified CaO and SiO2 content and a target annual production rate with enhanced quarry life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frogs of switches are complex technical items with multiple inner and outer interactions. Each part of the frog has its own functions and wear-out-limits, which are influenced by the other parts via interactions. Force magnitudes follow from this various wear-outs and therefore sum them up. The permanent recording of these force magnitudes has the potential to be-come an important tool in monitoring and optimizing the life cycle of switches. Among other things the forecast of the end of the operating time or the confirmation of economical and technical benefits of changed constructions appear possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation can be used on a routine basis to separate high molecular weight compounds as an alternative to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), but the principle of separation is very different and a different approach is required for optimization. This article illustrates how to choose the best experimental parameters. Two optimization parameters are proposed: the time required (TREQ) to separate two compounds that differ by a factor of two in molecular weight and the dilution factor (DILF), which describes the ratio of the actual analyte concentrations during the separation process and after elution from the channel. The TREQ parameter should be minimized to obtain fast separations and the DILF parameter should be minimized when detectability is an issue and the overloading of the separation system is a limiting factor. This study shows that in practice a compromise between these two optimization objectives must be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This installment of "Column Watch" describes a simple, three-step optimization procedure that was developed to select the optimum particle size, column length, and eluent velocity to achieve the highest plate count in a given analysis time. This approach was applied successfully to developing ultrafast 30-s separations at an elevated temperature with both sub-2-μm fully porous particles at ultrahigh pressure (1100 bar) and sub-3-μm superficially porous particles at moderate pressure (550 bar). As shown here, such ultrafast separations are ideal for pharmaceutical dissolution testing and are 3-5 times faster than traditional HPLC separations used for this application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the optimization of fleet operations in the power industry. It states that optimization is the process of minimizing and maximizing relationships of variables and constraints which is identified as an optimization problem. It also states that the need for optimization of fleet operations became urgent because a more complex optimization strategies is required in integrating nondispatchable renewable resources.

The article focuses on the use of technology topology optimization for reducing the weight of parts by several product design firms. Topics discussed include views of Martin Gambling, managing director (MD) of GRM Consulting, on accessing computer-aided design (CAD) tools, consideration of additive manufacturing (AM) in topology process and views of Andy Bartels, programme manager at product design firm Altair, on their PolyNURBS toolset.

The article discusses the effectiveness of sizing pneumatic motion systems for energy and performance efficiency. It notes that sizing air circuits can reduce time delays and flow restrictions with the use of cheaper components but with effective functions. It advices that valve manufacturers should produce and maintain good incoming-air quality and use quick-exhaust valves for the optimization of air circuits. It explains that energy consumption can be reduced through circuit optimization.

The article demonstrates the technology for co-optimization of optical and process correction (OPC) photomasks and pixelated source maps. Since the OPC features can be adapted to the actual source used, optimization procedures can be broaden to entail optimizing the source for the particular layout pattern on the photomask. It also tackles the creation, fabrication and verification of the diffractive optical element (DOE).

The article focuses on the process of determining the optimum barrel-temperature profile (BTP). Among the factors affecting the BTP include die head pressure, screw and barrel wear, ambient conditions, and resin inlet temperature and moisture level. Looking for the appropriate BTP requires observing how the process reacts when changes occur. A brief description of the Dynamic Optimization method for optimizing BTP is presented.

The article discusses hardware setting's adjustment, optimization of column parameters, and data handling issues for instrument capabilities and chromatographers' expectations. Accordingly, chromatographers' expectation on their experimentation is high since they want instrument system to deliver high performance. Through this expectation, it is suggested that the right choice of sample preparation and injection techniques helps ensure the instrument components' reliability and longevity.

The article presents the author's discussion of the ant colony optimizers model which is an optimization algorithm technique used for a wide range of problems. Any colony optimization is considered as one example of a swarm algorithm. Swarm-based systems are known to be highly fault-tolerant because if one component in a swarm fails, it does not affect the overall performance of the system. In this article, the author also illustrates how virtual colony can solve a problem related to operations research.

Immersion lithography is compared with dry lithography at the same numerical aperture (NA) and resolution in the context of actual manufacturing at the Crolles2 Alliance. After extensive materials studies, process optimization, and equipment improvements, the total defectivity of the immersion system is approaching that of dry lithography, fast enough to become a plan of record for 65nm half-pitch (hp) and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a fast, easy to use and highly interactive optimization solution that is very effective for analog and radio frequency/microwave applications. It provides a highly efficiency alternative to the traditional process that uses multiple optimization algorithms. It also provides a selection in methods that can be used depending on the problem definition and breath of the design space to be explored.

Features computers, computer software and peripherals. Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications from Phoenix Integration Inc.; Flexible Computing Services from Hewlett-Packard Co.; TrackWise Web-based software products from Sparta Systems Inc.

The process of method transfer can be tedious and time-consuming, especially for a validated method. As a result, many LC methods developed using dated technology are still in use today. However, with the incentive of significant potential improvements in chromatographic separation speed and resolution, taking the necessary steps to transfer an existing protocol over to newer, better performing technology becomes less daunting. The transfer of the USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method for the related compounds of human insulin is particularly challenging, as it often requires re-optimization for each analysis. In this application note, we outline the successful method transfer steps from the USP-recommended 4.6 × 250 mm, 5 ×sm LI column run on a traditionai HPLC system to a Waters® ACQUITY UPLCM BEH 2.1 × 100 mm μ.7 pm column on a Waters ACQUIY Ultra Performance LC™ System. To optimize the new method, experimental van Deemter curves were generated to determine the optimal flow rate. Due to the high molecular weight of the human insulin molecule (∼5800), diffusion into the pores of the packing material is slower. Therefore, the optimal flow rate for the separation is relatively slow and its impact on run time was considered for the final method. Instrument considerations, such as detection parameters for sensitivity and injector carry-over performance, were optimized to maximize the benefits of the ACQUITY UPLC system for this method. The resulting UPLC™ method reduced the overall run time by 60%, with improved resolution. The data meets or exceeds acceptance criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a project launched by Sinopec Shanghai Gao Qiao Petrochemical Corp. (GPC) to install multivariable controls and optimization in its main process units. In the project an optimizer was developed that pushed the units to produce more gasoline and LPG. The company took special care to get the input of the refinery operations, planning and management personnel in the project. It reduced the optimization scope down to about a dozen independent variables for four process units. GPC produces over 200 products, including gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, lube oils, paraffin wax, synthetic rubber, organic chemicals, synthetic plastics and fine chemicals.

This paper deals with the process of optimizing embedded digital signal processor (DSP) systems. Although efficiency goals differ in every system, optimization normally focuses on program execution speed, memory usage, and power consumption. DSP are a specialized type of microprocessor that handles certain types of algorithms extremely efficient for real-time signal processing. Compilers perform optimization techniques that are both machine dependent and independent. A particularly important generic optimization technique is loop unrolling. The trade-off in loop unrolling is that it requires more instruction code, and more registers and cache space for data. Because DSP are number crunchers by nature, their assembly instruction sets may include some instructions for mathematical operations used often in algorithms. Assembly operations require different lengths of time due to memory-access delays and differences in parallel function units. When the compiler predicts these conditions, it can force the processor to wait by inserting no operation cycles into the instruction stream. Software pipelining inherently improves execution speed, but it may not be possible if unnecessary dependencies exist. Direct memory access control is essential to the operation of high-performance DSP, allowing data transfers to proceed with little or no intervention from the processor core.

This article discusses the need and effectiveness of improved "cetane prediction equations" for profit optimization by refiners when blending diesel. A cetane number as measured by test engine method ASTM D-613, is becoming a more critical parameter for emissions control. Meeting stricter environmental standards for higher cetane fuels will he a strong motivator for more refiners to utilize cetane improvers (CI) in the near future. This is, reportedly, one cost-effective way to help satisfy minimum fuel quality requirements. Changing emission standards and new engine designs are requiring changes in distillate fuel composition. Hence, refiners that are not easily able to meet new cetane requirements are supposed to be forced to look at CI economics.

Proposes the use of supersaturated experimental designs for composite sampling. Efficiency of the designs in the environmental screening of pesticide residues; Characteristic of the designs; Identification of the contaminated sample specimens by chemists.

The purpose of refinery real-time optimization (RTO) is to make money. RTO has been around in refining for a long rime. There are many examples which show that RTO applications are capable of making an excellent profit and paying for themselves very rapidly. Key to achieving this is a solid RTO benefits audit procedure, both pre- and post-project. A pre-project audit helps eliminate some of the nos by screening out unattractive projects before they start. Post-project, it eliminates the do not knows by providing a firm basis to calculate and demonstrate monetary benefits.

Part XI. Discusses how measurement protocol is optimized based on the application's analytical requirements. Variables which affect the quality of the analytical signal in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; Principles of scanning with a quadrupole mass analyzer; Process for detecting particular mass in a multielement run; Optimization of measurement protocol.

Discusses behavioral modeling or behavioral optimization design technology software. Difference of behavioral modeling from pure optimization; Types of behavioral modeling in the BMX program of PTC; Information on the Behavioral Optimizer software from MechSoft.com. INSET: Goal seeking in 2D.

Presents a generic online stochastic optimization model for a petroleum refinery in Lanzhou, China. Components of the model; Series of tasks performed by the online optimization system; Design of a sampling approach to alleviate the computational burden; Industrial application of online optimization.

Examines the optimization techniques, alias analysis and typed-based alias analysis, that could make C++ computer programming language faster than C equivalent. Techniques for doing alias analysis; Discussion on type-based alias analysis; Benefits of type-based alias analysis in C++.

Discusses the concept of optimization and shows how manufacturing companies should use the concept and the techniques that flow from it to enhance their business operations. Definition of optimization; Optimization process; Application of constraints; How to optimize manufacturing using profitability.