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Research Objectives: Definition of regular editors and their types. And knowing what is required to protest it. And to highlight the strength of its authority in the Saudi system and Islamic jurisprudence. Research Methodology: I adopted the pairing approach between the original and comparative approaches, by extrapolating the largest possible number of research sources and their advanced and late references. And the obligation to present issues in the Saudi system, then in Islamic jurisprudence, and then compare them. When dealing with controversial issues, the subject of dispute is edited, then the sayings are presented in proportion to their utterers according to the chronological order of the four schools of thought with their evidence, then the weighting and its reason. The most prominent results: The Saudi system is very much in agreement with what is stated in Islamic jurisprudence. Moreover, the editors are a systematic term that corresponds to the papers written in Islamic jurisprudence. The Saudi system of ordinary papers that are not prepared for proof and whose authenticity is confirmed are proven authentic before the competent authorities with conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the quality of neural machine translation when translating research paper abstracts from English to Arabic. It performs an error analysis and provides an evaluation of the quality of neural machine translation (NMT) represented by Google Translate and Microsoft Translator. The research team selects 25 English research paper abstracts in education from well-known Scopus scientific journals issued in English speaking countries. These abstracts are then translated into Arabic using both Google Translate and Microsoft Translator. The error analysis is based on the typology of errors introduced by Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM). A professional evaluation is also conducted using the Scalar Quality Metric evaluation (SQM) as proposed in Freitag (2021). The study finds that the translation outputs of academic texts like abstracts of education research papers are still not up to standards when translating English educational research abstracts into Arabic. There are various types of translation errors. However, there is a slight difference in translation quality and number of errors in favor of Google Translate compared to Microsoft Translator. However, it is included that NMT system still requires a lot of training, and more Arabic corpora need to be built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal interest in this paper revolves around investigating the metadiscourse of memory in the experience of the Tunisian novelist and critic Mohamed Bardi. This line of inquiry has been motivated by the ingenuity and attractiveness of 'memory talk' within this experience. It is a talk that is plotted in a narrative text replete with aesthetic overtones. It is equally corroborated by a critical perspective that is never devoid of originality and exquisiteness. This paper is built around five research axes ranging from the investigation of memory and ideology, memory and existence, memory and writing, memory and forgetting culminating into probing the relationship between memory, imagination and fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work dusts off a poetic experience that has not had the chance to be studied. Perhaps the fame of its author, Tunisian novelist Muhammad al-Aroussi al-Matwi, has obscured his poetic experience. It is, in our view, an important experience, as it witnessed the first moments of the birth of modern poetry in Tunisia and the conflict that accompanied that birth between the supporters of the modern poetry and the supporters of the old one. We decided, therefore, to draw a general introduction to al-Matwi’s poetic experience in two prominent sections: the first is concerned with artistic forms as they waver between the long-standing and the neoteric. The second deals with the poetic “objectives” when connected with, or separated from, the poetic scheme. And we adopted, in this paper, the descriptive analytical approach as a method of study and reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that al-Matwi was an advocate of renewal without denying the old and that his poetry, though revolving around the three pillars of politics, symbolism, and love, ultimately wavered between two currents: the emotional current and the social nationalist one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper deals with “The Impact of the Conditional Style Denotation on the Context Formation in the Debt Verse—Surah al-Baqara 282”. The significance of this study arises from the reasons for choosing it which are based on: first, demonstrating the effect of the conditional style patterns in constructing the denotation of the debt verse context, keeping in mind the diversity of the conditional style, i.e. direct or indirect, and the immediate connection of the debt issue with the life of the individual and the society; second, showing the achieved impact of the conditional style on the structures of this verse and its denotations and the consequently implied legislative provisions that regulate the life of the Muslim society. The paper is divided into three sections of two parts each and a conclusion. The first section discusses the syntactic and semantic functions of the conditional style and the value of the debt verse in the context of its surah, focusing on the denotation of the verse’s internal structure within the framework of its relationship with the general context of the surah. The second section explores the effect of the direct conditional style in the construction of the verse’s context denotation, especially the effect of the two if devices, itha and en, in the denotative construction of this context. The third section explains the contextual effect of the indirect conditional style in the construction of the verse’s context denotation, especially those patterns which are based on request to construct the condition denotation in the context of the verse in question. The most important findings of the paper can be summarized in the following three points: • The conditional style with its variant patterns fits semantically in the context of the general meaning of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) which makes it denotatively very miraculous. • The semantic integration between the patterns of the conditional style created a semantic harmony within the context of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) which helps to communicate the legislative semantic purpose to the addressees. • The intense presence of the conditional style denotation in the structural context of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) came to serve the basic goal for which its context was built. This is integrated with the reciprocal serving of the structures connotations that serve the legislative purpose for which the Wise Lawgiver, Glory be to Him, revealed this verse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actual research paper speaks about the personal whims in the novel, taking into account the fact that the novel is the product of action and impression. This impression represents the self artwork of the doer. Therefore, we should pay attention to the expressive function. This research paper deals with the personal whims of woman in the Omani novel through asking the following questions: Is it possible to follow the path of the woman whims? What are the whims, which reflect the actions of woman in the Omani novel ? This research paper has relied on the semiotic methodology for its analytical approach. This research paper has come to the fact the Omani woman personality is born and forming through meaning and through sentences. The whims of woman and its expressive are the motive of the action, which woman uses to uncover the inner self or spirit Good or bad Woman ‘s feelings are oriented towards pleasure and pain. This research paper has come to the conclusion that only woman can express herself through speech and expressions. Woman therefore are able to bear the external factors mainly the social limitations, but woman is not able to bear the love life and cases of love and sadness. This will emphasise the fact that the interior factor is stronger than the exterior factor as feelings as concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers of Omani literature unanimously agree that the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the foundational stages of fiction writing in the Sultanate of Oman with the first story collections published in the early 1980s. However, there is no consensus yet on the title of the first published collection5 due to the absence of documentation of the printing history of these collections. The evolution stage as seen by Aziza AlTa’ei took place in the decade subsequent to the 1990s (i.e. 2000- 2010); the first ten years of the second millennium of the twenty-first century. The year 2010 is viewed as a pivotal year for the Omani novel because it witnessed the publication of the “Celestial Bodies”6 novel by novelist and academician Jokha AlHarthi. After this event, history can document a new stage for the Omani novels, one that can be said to be mature enough to start experimenting on creative writing. Thereafter, the Omani literature, started to contribute substantially to the world, reflecting on a deep-rooted history of humankind. In this paper, a comparison is made between the foundational stage and the maturity stage in novel writing by examining two works from each stage. The researchers sought to make selections based on variations of gender and styles so as to objectively examine how elements of structure and narration techniques were leveraged at every stage. This paper raises a very critical question: what are the significant and palpable features that defined and framed the development of narrative writing in the Omani novel? The answer to this question may explain how numerous Omani novelists and writers, from both genders, were successful recipients of prominent pan-Arab and international prizes in novel writing over the past five years. Study Samples From the foundational stage – which is divided by Aziza Al-Ta’ei into two phases –the researchers selected the novel authored by Abdulla Al-Ta’ei “Angels of Al-Jebel Al-Akhdar” which was published in 1956 to set a starting point for the early stages of fiction writing in Oman. Aziza Al-Ta’ei dubbed this novel as ‘the novel of the beginning’, a phase that continued up to 1987. The next stage, which is identified by Aziza as the foundational stage, spans the time between 1989 to 1999, and is represented by the novel “Wandering Around the Burning Wood” – written by Badriya Al-Shihhi and published by the Arabic Institute for Research & Publishing, Beirut. For the maturity stage, the researchers examined “Dilshad – Story of Hunger and Satiety” 7 authored by Bushra Khalfan and released in 2021 by Takween Publishing, along with “Exile of the Water Divider” by Zahran AlQasmi to add diversity to the samples and perspectives. Objectives of the Study The study is intended to achieve several objectives including: To compare between novels of the foundational stage and novels of the maturity stage based on elements of the narrative structure – characters, time and space, narrative techniques in terms of style, perspective and reflection on 7Dilshad was earlier shortlisted for the 2022 International Prize for Arabic Fiction (AKA Arab Booker Prize) and won the 2022 Katara Prize for Arabic Novel alongside the Algerian Ezzedine Jalaouji for his novel “Embrace of Snakes” and history or myths from a special philosophical angle. To identify the features of development and maturity in contemporary novels through the selected samples. To describe the elements of the narrative structure by examining the novels representing the two stages. To illustrate the role of experimentation and mechanisms in the evolution of the narrative structure in light of the models selected for the study. Methodology of the Study The comparative approach is used to compare foundational novels against contemporary novels based on description and analysis of the samples selected for the study. The researcher leveraged the structural studies founded by the Russian formalists toward the study of narration, in particular Gérard Genette’s and the techniques set forth by the narratological studies as feature of post modernity novels and experimentation mechanisms that seemed modern in the contemporary narratives. Conclusions The study draws several conclusions. It found that the narrative structure of the Omani novel evolved and developed significantly compared to the traditional narrative approach. The Omani novel is found to venture into unknow territories, go deeper with experimentation and demonstrate creativity in the narrative techniques that lend the novel a depth and philosophical existential perspective. The study also found that the Omani novel is not confined to a sole protagonist who is typically extravagantly celebrated, but encompassed several divergent voices and overlapping stories in a manner that sets the novel into a philosophical interpretation reflective of the existential time and memory. They further employ civilizational and mythical history in a way that charms the reader with its seamless narrative flow and poetic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper discussed the historical overviews of Prose Poetry in Oman, also deals with Issa’s poetic experience, specifically his two recent poetry collections “Strangers as We Came”, and “Blue Lightning in a Distant Sky”. This article aims to highlight the Omani poetic experience in the prose poem. It also points toward addressing the experience of one of the most important early pioneers of the prose poem in Oman; “Sama Issa”. He is the poet Samaa Issa as a representative of the experience of Omani poets and one of the founders since more than 40 years ago. He is also considered one of the most prominent contemporary poets who represent the prose poets in Oman. Current paper covered several topics: An introduction to the Omani prose poem, and Sama Issa as an example of the prose poem in Oman and one of its early pioneers. It also discussed; Reading in the Sama Issa’s collection “Strangers as We Came”, which includes: (The cover and Title, the poetic self, and cultural intertextuality). In addition to a reading in his second collection “Blue Lightning in a Distant Sky”, which includes: (A return to the self, Place and Memory, Poetic Ambiguity, Inspiration from the Words of Ancient Omani culture, and the structure of the poem in the sky of Issa). The paper includes a written testimony by the poet Sama Issa, in which he talks about his poetic experience. The study concluded that the poetic experience of the prose poem in Oman extended and developed through the pioneer poets, as well as the poets of the new generation, on both the quantitative and artistic levels. The study also highlighted an aspect of Sama Issa’s poetry as a model for the Omani prose poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Ages are the most fertile and most influential period in making powerful and negative stereotypes or representations that were attached to Islam, its Prophet, and its followers in the Western Christian world (Christendom). These accumulated Western stereotypes contributed to the emergence of a phenomenon which has become known as Islamophobia in our contemporary time. This paper aims to trace the medieval historical impacts on which these representations were formed and compiled in the manner that eventually created anxiety and fear that reached the point of phobia. This is due to the conviction that this intense hostility towards Islam and everything related to it is not a result of the events of 09/11/ 2001, but it extends to the previous long centuries, and these events have no role other than that they revived what was forgotten in the media and public mind for a short period, but academically it has been always present, especially through Orientalism, which is considered as an extension of the history of medieval European knowledge of Islam. In this context, the two authors of this paper believe that the nullification of the distorted negative representations that has been attached to Islam and Muslims undoubtedly goes through working to deconstruct the medieval texts that established and supported them. These texts, while establishing excessive hatred, did establish at the same time, a Christian religious centralism, which later entered a process of systematic formation of European and then Western centralism, which have had serious consequences on the level of human relations. This approach will help in understanding the phenomenon and make it much clearer, in order to interduce ideas that enable the reduction of the risks of conflict, and then move to collaboration in the circle of differences. This certainly requires courage in flipping through the sheets of history and reading them comprehensively and critically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The main objective is to clarify the reasons for the absence of an airtight and rigorous definition acceptable in the academic field. Methods: This paper investigates the historical context of the emergence of the term and analytically compares the various attempts to control the concept. Furthermore, it compares the experiences of peoples and nations in this regard, to reach a broader understanding and more rigorous control of the concept. Results: the main results of this paper is that the concept of modernity is still in need of scrutiny. This is justified on the epistemological level by the development of novel research methods and by the discrepancies in approaching the issue from different areas of specialization. On the cultural level, it is justified by the differences between peoples and the specificities of their experience. It is here that the originality of this paper is located, its aim is not to control the concept, but to highlight that it is to remain open to multiple possibilities, away from the argument of the end of history. Conclusions: this study examines the concept of modernity and tracks the relevant attempts in this field, giving the fact that it is an ambiguous concept that generated many debate to the point of contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Mohammad and upon his family and his companions all. This research, entitled “The phenomenon of sorting and evaluation in Yemeni society and its impact on the social fabric - an analytical study” aims at highlighting the manifestations and causes of the phenomenon of sectarian as well as the tribal regional sorting and evaluation in the Yemeni society. The research also aims at showing the impact of this phenomenon on the Yemeni social fabric, explaining the Islamic approach in dealing with such a phenomenon. The research consists of an introduction, and two sections. In the introduction, the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it, the objectives of the research, the study methodology, the structure of the research and its limitations are presented. The introduction also introduces the research terms and parameters. In the first section, the manifestations of the sectarian phenomenon in Yemeni society and its causes are covered; whereas the second section coverers the Islamic approach to deal with this phenomenon, then the conclusion contains the most important findings and recommendations. The researcher has reached a set of findings, the most important of which are that the phenomenon of sorting and evaluation in the Yemeni society is one of the issues that have spread the scourge in the country, and it has had a bad impact on the Yemeni social fabric, as seen throughout the present research. The most prominent features of this phenomenon are sectarian and discrimination because Yemen is a society that is susceptible to intellectual and sectarian pluralism in terms of the whole, and the sign of tribal sorting is apparent and strong due to the nature of the society in which it has been inherited from fathers and grandfathers. The regional sign is also found in which it has become dominant in the recent period due to the repercussions of political and partisan differences and conflicts that the country has gone through. As for the reasons behind the emergence of this phenomenon, some of these reasons are due to the political differences and ancient intellectual conflicts, whereas the others are due to illiteracy, backwardness, blind imitation, the cultural and environmental settings, and the sources of reception. Some of such reasons are also due to the role of the enemies of Islam, in its various forms, in nourishing and developing this phenomenon. As for the manifestations of this phenomenon, they are known to everyone who follows and extrapolates the Yemeni reality that the most prominent of them have been mentioned in the conclusion of this paper. The researcher has reached a number of treatments and recommendations, as stated in the conclusion of the research. We ask God to make this work purely for His noble sake and to benefit us from it, and to use us for the seek of the others’ benefits. May Allah’s blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Mohammad and all his family and companions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addressed the regional and international reasons that prompted Saudi Arabia and Iran to engage in an agreement (Beijing: 10/3/2023). The research derives its importance from the fact that it deals with a topic of great importance and exceptionality, and has a great impact, whether at the level of the region or the world. The historical and analytical approaches were used to address the research problem: What are the regional and international reasons that prompted Saudi Arabia and Iran to engage in the (Beijing) agreement? The study is presented in two parts: the first dealt with the regional causes and the with the international causes. In addition to an introduction, conclusion and recommendations. Among the most prominent search results: -The failure of the Saudi-led military coalition in Yemen since 2015 AD; One of the most important reasons for its rapprochement with Iran. Saudi Prince Mohammed bin Salman's economic vision 2030 AD; I made him work to zero Saudi Arabia's problems in the region. - Continuing Western-economic sanctions on Iran, and popular discontent with the deterioration of living conditions; They made it converge with Saudi Arabia. -America's military withdrawal from the Middle East region and its indifference to Saudi Arabia's demands; pushed it to an agreement with Iran. -China's sponsorship of the consultations; As a superpower, it had a major role in Saudi Arabia and Iran reaching the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a diversity of overlapping terms under the broad area of Cultural Studies like 'culture studies', ‘cultural criticism’, and 'cultural materialism'. Through a descriptive analytical method, this study aims to show how culture operates by significant communicative codes in multicultural settings that humans learn from cradle to grave, acquiring cultural traditions, customs, and social roles. As a discipline and a school of criticism, Cultural Studies has changed the way of the study of literature. Those practiced cultural codes of religious rituals, daily activities, experiences, among others, have become the primary knowledge and recorded parts of the history of a particular society. It depicts a clear picture of how the knowledge of cultural codes and their social functions enable individuals to perceive culture and literature comprehensively and make a systematized reference to the culture of that particular society. It shows the development of Cultural Studies, late last century, laying its foundations to be accepted in the academic field, which paved the way for literary works to be reconstructed, re-appreciated, and reassigned in reference to their cultural field. This paper attempts to answer some questions about Cultural Studies and whether it can help us explore the functions of cultural products in a society or a literary work. It provides examples of some cultural codes and how they help us read and identify an individual regionally, socially, economically, and religiously. The Conclusion stresses on readers, critics and translators to be aware of the cultural codes when dealing with, reading of or translating from other societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper scrutinizes Paulo Coelho's novel The Alchemist (1988). It sheds light on the serious and hazardous relationships between the Western and Eastern Worlds. These relationships are full of stereotypes which are dependent on ancient orientalist generalizations and simplifications which mostly show Muslims as fanatics and irrational, and Arabs as primitive, barbaric, violent and aggressive. Hence, this paper provides a critique on the authenticity and accuracy of the Orient's fabricated images and distorted notions presented in Coelho's novel The Alchemist (1988). This paper includes an introduction, two sections and a conclusion. The first section tracks down the history of Orientalism from its first emergence until the 9\11 attacks on the USA. The following section provides an oriental analysis for some of the images and scenes found in The Alchemist. The paper concludes that The Alchemist is a real example of a neoorientalist piece of literature that still shows the Islamic East as the Western dangerous ‘enemy right door’ and it, then, can never be considered reliable in presenting the Islamic East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the extent of the success of punitive measures in promoting classroom discipline in basic education schools in Mukalla, the researcher used the descriptive approach and questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The study community consisted of principals of schools and their agents and teachers of basic education schools in Mukalla, which is of (1670) individuals. A random sample was taken from (180) individuals from the study population. The results were as follows: The most important findings was the confirmation of the success of using corporal punishment, especially the method of beating, when a student exhibits a behavior that intends bad manners, violence, and intentional assault on others, or the use of obscene or racist words, as well as when ethical violations or brings forbidden which are behaviors that is denied by school as well as society, but teachers and school administration often adhere to school regulations. The success of using methods of corporal punishment such as cleaning the class as a punishment for behaviors that are predominantly reckless and indifferent, and the method of standingin class or in line used as physical and moral punishment for types of behaviors that is wanted to be changed or may require some kind of alert. However, the punishment methods like continues movements and commission of additional assignments were having weak indicators, due to ineffectiveness as the sample members seen. In the term of moral punishment, the statistical indications of the methods of calling the student's guardian or the method of recommending the dismissal was high as punishment for dangerous and complex behaviors and when they are considered as a source of change for other or a measure to prevent spread of specific behavior that may not benefit traditional methods or not expected to change it easily, so they may return the discipline to the guardian as a moral punishment or to be disciplined out of school. Moreover, the confiscation of the examination paper was only highly indicative in cheating conditions. The use of physical punishment has high statistical indications in cases where cessation or extinction a behavior is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study handled the Guarantees of creditors in the one-person company in Saudi Companies Law, this research paper aims to analyze the texts of the Saudi laws related to the subject matter of the study to highlight the strengths and weaknesses in relation to the subject matter. To this end, the researcher has used the descriptive analytical method. To achieve the purpose of this study, the researcher studied the statutory texts related to the Guarantees of creditors in the one-person company in Saudi Companies Law, based on the approach of analyzing legal texts with the help of jurisprudential opinions related to the topic. The study divided into three parts; the first part dealt with: the concept of a one-person company. As for the second chapter, we devoted it to company bankruptcy, third chapter we devoted it to the guarantees of the oneperson company creditors. Finally, the researcher suggests several recommendations, which may contribute, to the enactment of laws in a more accurate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Department of Fundamentals of Jurisprudence - College of Sharia and Fundamentals of Religion - King Khalid University All the praises and thanks be to Allah, the Lord of the Alamin, and peace and blessings be upon the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, having said all that:This research is entitled " Fundamentalist issues in Ayyats that is said " And complete the Hajj and 'umrah for Allah" Its importance comes from relation to the source of evidence and legislation, the origin of the assets is the book of God Almighty, and related to the science governing the understanding of texts, which is the science of jurisprudenceK. This paper consists of four sections. The first section includes fundamental issues in Sharia laws, in which four issues were discussed, including the obligatory statement of a commandment, and the voluntary statement of a commandment whenever it contains a clue. The second section elaborated on the issues of fundamentals related to the evidence of legislative rules, in which two issues were discussed: the Sunnah being overwritten by the Quran and the Quranic verses visa-vis the legislative canons of people of old. The third section covers a number of fundamental issues pertaining connotations that include the following discussions: if the commandment of completion connotes commencement, and vice versa; a number of fundamental connotations in the Quranic verse of the general common; the common and the specific; the connotations of associations and entailments; the conjunction “and” in a Quranic verse. The fourth section addresses the contradiction of some denotations of expressions, such as the contradiction between the real and the metaphoric; the metaphoric and specific; and using a Quranic verse to balance between the connotations of two apparently contradictory hadiths. In this research, I tried to devise the fundamental issues related to this part of the Ayyah. based on the words of fundamentalists, jurists and interpreters, and the most important results: The study of fundamentalist issues through the legal texts and highlighting the applied side in them an investigation of the existence of rules in the texts, and a statement of how to take rulings from them, and directing the science of the origins of jurisprudence from the realm of endoscopy to the realm of realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endowment is one of the acts of righteousness and goodness that plays a pivotal role in achieving interdependence and solidarity among Muslims, which made it the third economic sector after the government and private sector. Due to the importance of the endowment, this research paper was conducted. and the research consists of two topics. In the first topic, the female researcher began by mentioning the meaning of measures and prescription, and explaining the reasons and manifestations that lead to the endowment's depreciation or extinction. Hence, its benefit is invalidated; and to find ways and measures to treat this scourge in a serious attempt to renew it and return it to its role in comprehensive development. The research also aimed at how to develop the endowment (Waqf) management and upgrade it to serve the needs of the creators of endowment and beneficiaries of endowment. In the second topic, she investigated sustainable development and its role in achieving the development of the endowment and its contribution to achieving the comprehensive development of the state, and mentioned some contemporary models and methods that achieved success in developing and preserving the endowment. The study concluded that the endowment (Waqf) funds can be developed in a sustainable manner and in modern innovative ways, and benefit from modern and innovative application models after studying them. To avoid mistakes and ensure that they are not exposed to risks. It also concluded that we can benefit from bank stocks and instruments as modern financing tools, create new financing sources, and not neglect the role of endowment management and take it into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

his study aimed at knowing the degree to which the Islamic Education teachers use the alternative assessment strategies in the secondary schools in Sana’a. It also aimed at identifying the statistical differences of the degree of use according to the variables of gender, qualification, school and experience. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that consists of (52) items divided into six categories. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (200) male and female teachers working in public and private secondary schools in Sana’a during the second semester of the academic year 2019/2020. The results of the study showed that the degree of use of alternative assessment strategies by the sample of the study was moderate. Furthermore, the most frequently used strategy was the paper-and-pencil and the least used one was the self-review. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the sample according to the variables of gender, qualification and experience. However, in the school type, the only difference was in the dimension of assessment strategy which was in favor of the teachers of private schools. On the other hand, the results showed statistical differences in the dimension of paper-and-pencil assessment in favor of the public schools teachers. The study ends with some recommendations such as training teachers how to use the alternative assessment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper dealt with the study of the issue of methods of appeal against arbitration decisions - models of Arab legislation. It is known that arbitration decisions may be objected to through appeal, but there is a discrepancy in the Arab arbitration legislation regarding the methods of appeal between the appeal of invalidity and the appeal without invalidity. Therefore, the study aimed to identify ways to challenge arbitration decisions, with an explanation of the opinion of some Arab arbitration legislation in this regard. The study followed the analytical approach in order to extrapolate the legal texts to show that discrepancy. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: The methods of objection and appeal against arbitration decisions in the legislation under study are multiple. The objection may be submitted by third parties to the court originally competent to hear the dispute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to: Know the effect of a program that was built on the strategy of the systematic thinking in developing the grammatical skills of the students of third cycle of basic education in Sana’a. To achieve the goals of this study and to answer its questions, it was based on doing its procedures on ' The descriptive method ' to prepare the theoretical framework and quasi – experimental design that is based on designing two groups (controller – experimental) from the partial regularity that is occurring in appointed conditions and depending on comparing between the results of applying the test (pre – post). According to the related sources, papers and the dependable approach of the study, an achievement test has been done to know the effectiveness of the designed program on developing the grammatical skills. It contains 25 objective questions. Also an experimental design of two groups was done (experimental controller) and after being sure of their equivalence statistically in some variables, the experiment and the materials of the study have been applied on the study's samples represented in (60) students whom have been chosen intentionally and randomly from the students of 8th grade, the third cycle of basic education in Qutaibah ibn Muslim Basic – Secondary school. (Evening period). The sample was divided into two groups equally. The experimental group (30) students, have been taught the grammatical skills using the computerized program designed according to the systematic thinking strategy. And the controller group (30) students have been taught the grammatical skills using the usual way. After finishing the period of applying the experiment, the sample's data have been processed. (pre - post). The results were as follows: There are differences with statistical significance in the level of significance (0.05) between the levels of the students of the two groups. (experimental – controller) in the post application of the grammatical skills that is based on the effect of the independent variable in favor of the experimental group. There are differences with statistical significance in the level of significance (0.05) between the levels of the students of the experimental group in the pre and post application of the grammatical skills that is based on the effect of the variable of time (pre - post) in favor of the post application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study came under the title of Regulatory Frameworks for Execution Disputes in Civil Cases According to the Provisions of the Saudi Law, and it dealt with Civil Execution Disputes in the Saudi Lawgiven the practical importance it enjoys and its clear impact on the course of the implementation procedures, as it represents protection for the parties to the implementation and others from the consequences of illegal implementation and the consequent damages that may sometimes be difficult to redress. The regulator has realized the importance of providing an opportunity for the parties and others who fear that he will be harmed by the implementation to remedy this by submitting an executive dispute lawsuit with the aim of nullifying the implementation procedures or even stopping them temporarily, on the other hand, and in an attempt to balance the conflicting interests of the implementation parties, and for fear that implementation disputes will be used as a pretext to unjustly disrupt the procedures, it was necessary to establish certain and clear controls.To regulate those disputes, their nature, the conditions for accepting theirclaim, the judge competent to hear them, how they are considered, the judgment issued in them, and their validity are determined, and this is what the study aims to shed light on. In order to reach scientific results that contribute to enriching legal thought and to draw attention to some organizational shortcomings with regard to the subject, the study relied on collecting and extracting information from its sources. The main references, books, scientific papers, articles, and national legislation. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach in dealing with topics and extrapolating the various legal texts in the Saudi system.Perhaps the most prominent findings of the study are that the Saudi system did not provide a definition of substantive or timely implementation disputes, nor did it address the impact of the ruling in them on implementation despite the importance of the matter.Accordingly, the recommendation was that they should be clearly defined, and the legal implications of separating them should be stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a survey summary to present the efforts and steps taken by Yemen to establish a stock market in Yemen. The paper aims to investigate the steps and efforts taken by Yemen to prepare for the establishment of a stock market. The Yemeni government has taken several tangible steps to establish a stock exchange in Yemen, where several discussions and foreign visits took place in order to benefit from the successful experiences in different stock exchanges Yemen has made several efforts that are considered a base to create the appropriate atmosphere for the establishment of a stock exchange in Yemen. The Yemeni government began implementing the financial and administrative reform program in 1995, in agreement with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and the start of the privatization program. Yemen has prepared a draft law on the procedures required to establish a stock market. And made preparations for the establishment of a stock market and the formation of the Securities Market Authority in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper deals with the Qur’anic intertextuality in the poetry of the Khawarkhs, as it represents a remarkable phenomenon in their poetry that cannot be missed by the eye. The aim of the paper is to explore the manifestations of this type of intertextuality in the poetry of this unruly religious sect. The research has been conducted according to the requirements of its procedural plan that consists of two axes. The first is theoretical that it stops at the concept of intertextuality in terms of linguistic and idiomatic intertextuality. The paper also tackles the importance of Holy Qur’an and its employment in poetic texts, in particular, and literary texts, in general. As for the second axis, that represents the authenticity of the study, the paper is purely empirical, in which the Qur’anic intertextuality has been clarified in the poetry of the Kharijites through four forms of intertextuality, represented in: quotational intertextuality, intertextuality of reference, indicative intertextuality, and the stylistic intertextuality. The paper has followed the analytical and empirical methodology; one of its most important procedural instruments is the adaption of the modern critical methods and their brilliant conquests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper deals with the linguistic factors that constitute a hindrance to the communicative competence in English of high school students in Sudan. It pinpoints specific linguistic problems that contribute to the students' inability to achieve communicative competence in English; and it makes some recommendations to overcome this issue. Grounded in both a quantitative and qualitative approach, two different instruments were used. A questionnaire was addressed to EFL teachers on the one hand, and a test was given to high school students on the other hand. Both population samples willingly lent themselves to the research project. The findings clearly evidence the existence of a set of language barriers that hinder students' communicative competence. The paper comes up with a number of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The justice law in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is witnessing development in all legislative and procedural fields. This is confirmed by the issuance of the legal evidence Law, which was included in the legal pleadings Law and the commercial court law. It is independent of a new law that shows differences that demonstrates the Saudi regulator-keeping pace with the developments of the time while preserving the spirit of Sharia, and this research is the core in showing some of the advantages of the new legal evidence law. Experience is one of the means used in the legal evidence law, and its distinction in the new law has been shown by many differences that this research demonstrates. It aims to show the Saudi judicial development and to show the differences in experience between the law of legal pleadings and the law of evidence, in which the comparative analytical inductive approach was taken. It concluded with several results, including: the emergence of the judicial development in Saudi laws and keeping pace with the development in many cases, and reached many differences in experience between the pleadings and evidence law, including that if the opponent does not deposit the amount determined for expertise, the court decides to stop the case, or forfeit his right to The decision to delegate, as well as setting a period of five days for warning the expert after it was only three days, Likewise, if the court does not take into account the expert’s report due to his negligence or error, it orders the return of all or some of what he received, as the case may be, and sets the deadline for returning papers from the expert to ten days. It decides to request the expert’s opinion in writing, and the court determines the date of the session and the method for presenting the opinion, and if the court decides to seek the expert’s opinion in a similar case, it has the right to do so. It was recommended to carry out a number of research projects and fundamental studies of the Evidence Law, assign a number of specialists to show the bright side of these laws, and for universities to adopt draft laws that were not issued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to uncover the prophetic method in taking protective measures as found in the hadiths concerning plagues. The researcher attempts to define preventive measures from an Islamic perspective, the meaning of pandemics, and the importance of adopting protective measures in the face of pandemics. Additionally, she has outlined the underlying Islamic principles covering this subject and any specific characteristics of these principles. Moreover, the paper demonstrates some examples of how the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, sought to manage pandemics and hinder them from spreading, by focusing on the positive elements and transforming this from a calamity to a worldwide opportunity, which is something unique to the Islamic understanding and difficult to find outside of the Muslim society, owing to the fact that it relies on the Islamic weltanschauung as found in the two pristine sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to have a glance at the ways wherein Ibrahim expresses the Cairo life with a special focus on the socio-political context of the nation in the 1960s. Ibrahim‘s The Smell of It came to light at a particular moment when transformations in all fields of life were in progress: culturally, politically, and socially. It is devoted to shed light on the Egyptian‘s life after Nasser‘s 1952 revolution1. Ibrahim attempts to depict the ordinary man‘s struggle to find a place in a corrupted Egypt. Moreover, this paper is an attempt to present the role of women in Ibrahim‘s The Smell of It which portrays a journey of sexual encounters and experiences as a means to show the author/protagonist‘s disconnect from his society. Women‘s role in the text symbolizes the social perception and representation of women during the 1960s. One of the goals of this paper is to show that Arab women are doubly suppressed. In order to create some awareness of the ugliness of the society where we live, Ibrahim utilizes notions of marriage, love, and sex so as to talk about women‘s rights in Egypt and the Arab world in the 1960s. I give a special focus on the stories of the three women whom the protagonist encounters in the text so as to clarify the suppression of the Arab women. The women Ibrahim writes about are the tip of the iceberg of the many stories that are known to everyone but remain untold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the promotion of ELT approaches and curricula in Yemen, MA students at the English Department in the Faculty of Education – Sana'a University (EDFESU) have done incredible contribution to ELT and curricula field of study with a total number of ninety-six theses since the beginning of the MA program in 1994 until September 2017. The study population of this paper encompassed all these MA theses, which were analyzed using content analysis under the following headings: the studied research areas, the target groups, the target scholastic stages, the research approaches, the data gathering tools, the experimental treatments, the sex of the researchers, and the future trends. The study reached the following conclusions. The studied research areas were of the following order. Spoken Skill studies ranked first with a percentage of 20% followed by curriculum studies (evaluation stage) with a percentage of 16%, and reading skills studies 14%. Next, curriculum studies (design stage/ needs analysis), writing skills studies, and attitude acquisition studies came with a percentage of 9.4%. After that, error analysis studies got 6.3%, grammar studies got 5.2%, teaching methods studies and contrastive analysis (CA) studies got 4.2%. Competence studies came last with a percentage of 3.1 %. As for the target groups, university students ranked first with 61.5% followed by school students 15.6% and in-service teachers 9.4%. Then, schoolbooks were ranked 5.2%, university-teaching courses 4.2%, university programs and university teachers were rated last with 2%. The target scholastic stages were rated as follows: university stage 65.63%, secondary stage 28.13%, basic-school education 5.21%, and in-service institutes 1.04%. Regarding the research approaches, descriptive studies ranked first with a percentage of 61.5% and experimental studies with a percentage of 38.5 %. Regarding the data-gathering tools, testing technique was the most popular tool with a percentage of 63.6%. Questionnaire technique was ranked next with 40.6%, interview technique got 32.3 %, and observation technique was rated 14.6%. As for experimental treatments, teaching methods were ranked first with a percentage of 94.6% and teaching materials ranked second with a percentage of 5.4%. As for the sex of the researchers, female researchers ranked first with a percentage of 59.4% and male researchers ranked second with a percentage of 40.6%. As to the recommendations and future trends, most studied papers recommended carrying out comparisons between various teaching strategies, training teachers, conducting similar studies using new variables, applying the results of research in psycholinguistics, and paying a balanced attention to educational objectives, in addition to using modern technology in ELT. As to the goals of these theses, all of them were of applied ELT and Curricula research. None of them was of basic research. It is noticed that many of the theses studied similar topics due to the absence of a vision or a plan in the EDFESU regarding the significance and the priorities of research areas. The study ended with a number of relevant recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word "Basmalah" has received the attention of many scholars. The researcher's morphological reading was intended to answer some questions about its morphological aspects. In this paper, the researcher explored "basmalah" derivational structures and roots, surveying the views of linguists, grammarians, exegetists as well as the opinions of researchers and modern linguists. These scholars and researchers have different opinions about basmalah morphological structures and changes such as elision, substitution, assimilation and change, including its variations on hearing and analogical basis as well as the influence of prefixes and suffixes and structural level on such structures of basmalah. All these aspects required a deep study and analysis of the views of the old and modem linguists. This paper starts with an introduction, including the study significance‘ questions, rationale and methodology. This is followed by a morphological analysis of basmalah structures in the light of the following axes: 1-The word 'Ism'(name)as Bilateral/Trilateral Root Noun 2-The word 'Allah' as Defective, Derivational and Loan Word 3-The word 'Al-Rahman' (Most Gracious) as an Adjective and as a Loan Word 4-The Word 'Al-Raheem (Most Compassionate) as Exaggerating andMushabbah Adjective The researcher arrived at important findings about basmalah structures‘ its derivational roots , morphological basis in the light of analogy and rules and linguistic usage as well as its morphological peculiarities due to its relevance to the description of Allah‘ the Almighty as stated in Holy Qur’an " Nothing is as His likeness and He is the hearer and seer" (Al-Shura'a: 11). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of the research The character in the novel of My Father House "Bayt Abi" This study, which is based on narrative analysis, aims to reveal the character in My Father House "Bayt Abi". The character forms the structure of the narrative text, manages events and moves in time and place, and its form by struggles and contradictions the core of the novel. The study has adopted the formal structural lesson methodology, which blended the form and the content in the levels of analysis. Which considers the paper character a real picture of a certain personality in human reality, and not all matches can be matched, because the narrative character, as Roland Barth sees, is a paper object. Then the researcher analyzed the main character of the novel "Aisha", who occupied a large part of the novel space. She was a source of information, ideas and attitudes that pertain to her, where she revealed her personal characteristics, and her ability to highlight the size of her suffering, and her prowess in arousing the feelings of the recipient and prompted him to sympathize with her. The research dealt with the concept of the novelist character in the critics, and the difference of visions in restricting the concept. Based on its vision and point of view, we follow the rest of the characters and their role in the novel, through the features, and actions in which they appear on the reality of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most current codes of design steel members and frames, specifications for the design of compression columns or of beam-column use the effective length factor; K. the effective length factor is employed to facilitate the design of framed members by transforming an end-restrained compressive member to an equivalent pinned-ended member. The effective length factor is obtained by solving the exact equations numerically which require many routine calculations or by using a pair of alignment charts for the two cases of braced frames and sway frames. The accuracy of these charts depends on the size of chart and the reader’s sharpness of vision. Instead of using complicated equations or charts, simple equations are required to determine the effective length factor directly as a function of the rotational resistant at column ends (GA, GB). better equations have been available in the French design rules for steel structures since 1966, and have been included in the European recommendations of 1978. In this paper, modification to the French design rules equations for effective length factors are presented using multiple regressions for tabulated exact values corresponding to different practical values of the rotational resistance at column ends (GA, GB). The investigated equations are more accurate than current French rules equations that recommended in some steel constructions codes. Comparisons between the results of the present equations and those obtained by current equations with those obtained by exact solutions are given also in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to study Marlowe's play Tamburlaine the Great mainly the theme of Pride and Megalomania that forms a dominant theme among other themes. Pride according to Collins CobuildEnglish Language Dictionary: ]1987: 1138[ is: a sense of dignity and self-respect that a person has….… a feeling of being superior to others which makes a person boast and ignore other person's feelings and advice; used showing disapproval. Pride also indicates being out of touch with reality and over estimating one's own capabilities especially for those in position of power. However, pride in its positive meaning refers to a satisfied sense of attachment towards one's own choicesand actions, or towards a whole group of people or community. It also could refer to the high opinion of one's nation which is called "national pride". Pride also is regarded as one of the Seven Deadly Sins in Christianity that exposes its fellow to heavenly retribution if he/she does not repent. It was commonly used in the European medieval morality drama. In the ancient Greek tragedy pride was also used synonymous with the Greek term "hubris"which means;]Gray: 2008: 138[: “Theself-indulgent confidence that causes a tragic hero to ignore the decrees, laws and warnings of the gods, and therefore defy them to bring about his or her downfall". Megalomania, on the other hand, is derived from the Greek words „megalo‟ which means larger or greater and 'mania'which means madness or frenzy. According to the English Language Dictionary ]1987: 904[megalomania "is the belief that you are more powerful and important than you really are.Megalomania is sometimes a mental illness." Thus it is taken as a psychopathological order characterized by delusional fantasies of power or omnipotence. The paper's task, then, is to tackle the theme of pride and megalomania. It is, thus, a thematic study in one of the most remarkable plays of the English Renaissance period. The play is also a magnificent piece of rhetoric that one cannot help but to be greatly attached to it. The paper refers to many quotations taken from the play due to their dramatic significance. They show how brilliantly and successfully Marlowe introduces his themes through these sublime lines of free verse. They also manifest Marlowe's –the teen- aged student at Cambridge University – poetic and dramatic talent to compose such great drama enriched with rhetoric and a great deal of historical and mythological knowledge. The paper is divided into the following main chapters: Chapter One includes brief account on Marlowe's time and drama, the source of the play and a plot summary. Chapter Two analyses Tamburlaine's character as a symbol of cruelty and brutality. Chapter Threeis devoted to the analysis of the theme of pride and megalomania that is embodied in Tamburlaine's character. Chapter Four includes brief analysis of two minor themes in the play, the theme of love and the theme of pacifism in the tremendous turmoil of hatred and war. The paper comes to conclusion that the theme of pride and megalomania preoccupies the main part in the content of the drama. It confirms the fact that pride and megalomania are dangerous and destructive evils to both the individual and society. The paper also concludes that Tamburlaine the Great is more a morality play than a tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial stereotypical image of the African as an inferior savage standing as an obstacle in the way of civilization has been established and perpetuated in Western literature, art and media throughout centuries. Within the theoretical framework of colonialism/postcolonialism, eurocentrism, orientalism, deconstruction and other interdisciplinary fields, this research paper intends to highlight the role of the postcolonial African novel, as counter-discourse, in deconstructing the colonial narrative and challenging stereotypes with a special focus on Ama Ata Aidoo‟s Our Sister Killjoy. It intends to show how the postcolonial writers, by „writing back to the Empire‟, have protested against Western ways of categorizing others and adopted a counter discourse to assert the invalidity of colonial discourse with a view to eliminate the negative image of the colonized people in Western arts and literature. Taking Aidoo‟s Our Sister Killjoy as a casein-point, the study shows how the writer subverts and deconstructs the colonial discourse by challenging stereotypes about the colonized Other, especially the Ghanaians. Through a descriptive analytical method, Aidoo‟s novel has been critically examined to show how colonial stereotypes, perpetuated by history, media and literature, play a great role in affecting ones perception of the Other, sustain racial prejudice throughout history and result in misunderstanding among different cultures. The study concludes with a recommendation for a new strategy of writing/reading literature in which canonical and non-canonical texts should be written/read in such a way that promotes racial and gender harmony, equality, dialogue among cultures and global peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed design a product to sell commercial paper in accordance with Islamic law and controls this thought the development of controls for the legitimacy of the product hmausury and any other legitimate by the legal opinion on the controls and the legality of this product, which is an alterative to the deduction Halal trade securities based on the benefits legally prohibited usury . The curriculum that they have used at this study is the describing curriculum to answer for kinds of studies that count (32) people of the controls and the legality of the Islamic banks in Yemen that they have chosen for their kinds and also the controls and the legality are the people who have chosen the Islamic laws for banks service that most of banks gave for Islamic banks. Through the answers that contain (32) type spread to seven changes : The scientists made search for answering the kinds of the program ( SPSS) and also for the exam of ( t-test) to get out the medal count and also the cost of the level and to compare between the medal cost and the medal supposed for each kinds, At last this study arrive to the truth result that they can sell the commercial paper by non- debater ( the bank) is legitimate according to the controls away form the legitimacy of usury and ignorance any of the propitiations of the legitimacy of the other's point of view ooze board in Islamic banks in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to have a glance at the ways wherein Ibrahim expresses the Cairo life with a special focus on the socio-political context of the nation in the 1960s. Ibrahim‘s The Smell of It came to light at a particular moment when transformations in all fields of life were in progress: culturally, politically, and socially. It is devoted to shed light on the Egyptian‘s life after Nasser‘s 1952 revolution1. Ibrahim attempts to depict the ordinary man‘s struggle to find a place in a corrupted Egypt. Moreover, this paper is an attempt to present the role of women in Ibrahim‘s The Smell of It which portrays a journey of sexual encounters and experiences as a means to show the author/protagonist‘s disconnect from his society. Women‘s role in the text symbolizes the social perception and representation of women during the 1960s. One of the goals of this paper is to show that Arab women are doubly suppressed. In order to create some awareness of the ugliness of the society where we live, Ibrahim utilizes notions of marriage, love, and sex so as to talk about women‘s rights in Egypt and the Arab world in the 1960s. I give a special focus on the stories of the three women whom the protagonist encounters in the text so as to clarify the suppression of the Arab women. The women Ibrahim writes about are the tip of the iceberg of the many stories that are known to everyone but remain untold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word "Basmalah" has received the attention of many scholars. The researcher's morphological reading was intended to answer some questions about its morphological aspects. In this paper, the researcher explored "basmalah" derivational structures and roots, surveying the views of linguists, grammarians, exegetists as well as the opinions of researchers and modern linguists. These scholars and researchers have different opinions about basmalah morphological structures and changes such as elision, substitution, assimilation and change, including its variations on hearing and analogical basis as well as the influence of prefixes and suffixes and structural level on such structures of basmalah. All these aspects required a deep study and analysis of the views of the old and modem linguists. This paper starts with an introduction, including the study significance‘ questions, rationale and methodology. This is followed by a morphological analysis of basmalah structures in the light of the following axes: 1-The word 'Ism'(name)as Bilateral/Trilateral Root Noun 2-The word 'Allah' as Defective, Derivational and Loan Word 3-The word 'Al-Rahman' (Most Gracious) as an Adjective and as a Loan Word 4-The Word 'Al-Raheem (Most Compassionate) as Exaggerating andMushabbah Adjective The researcher arrived at important findings about basmalah structures‘ its derivational roots , morphological basis in the light of analogy and rules and linguistic usage as well as its morphological peculiarities due to its relevance to the description of Allah‘ the Almighty as stated in Holy Qur’an " Nothing is as His likeness and He is the hearer and seer" (Al-Shura'a: 11). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the promotion of ELT approaches and curricula in Yemen, MA students at the English Department in the Faculty of Education – Sana'a University (EDFESU) have done incredible contribution to ELT and curricula field of study with a total number of ninety-six theses since the beginning of the MA program in 1994 until September 2017. The study population of this paper encompassed all these MA theses, which were analyzed using content analysis under the following headings: the studied research areas, the target groups, the target scholastic stages, the research approaches, the data gathering tools, the experimental treatments, the sex of the researchers, and the future trends. The study reached the following conclusions. The studied research areas were of the following order. Spoken Skill studies ranked first with a percentage of 20% followed by curriculum studies (evaluation stage) with a percentage of 16%, and reading skills studies 14%. Next, curriculum studies (design stage/ needs analysis), writing skills studies, and attitude acquisition studies came with a percentage of 9.4%. After that, error analysis studies got 6.3%, grammar studies got 5.2%, teaching methods studies and contrastive analysis (CA) studies got 4.2%. Competence studies came last with a percentage of 3.1 %. As for the target groups, university students ranked first with 61.5% followed by school students 15.6% and in-service teachers 9.4%. Then, schoolbooks were ranked 5.2%, university-teaching courses 4.2%, university programs and university teachers were rated last with 2%. The target scholastic stages were rated as follows: university stage 65.63%, secondary stage 28.13%, basic-school education 5.21%, and in-service institutes 1.04%. Regarding the research approaches, descriptive studies ranked first with a percentage of 61.5% and experimental studies with a percentage of 38.5 %. Regarding the data-gathering tools, testing technique was the most popular tool with a percentage of 63.6%. Questionnaire technique was ranked next with 40.6%, interview technique got 32.3 %, and observation technique was rated 14.6%. As for experimental treatments, teaching methods were ranked first with a percentage of 94.6% and teaching materials ranked second with a percentage of 5.4%. As for the sex of the researchers, female researchers ranked first with a percentage of 59.4% and male researchers ranked second with a percentage of 40.6%. As to the recommendations and future trends, most studied papers recommended carrying out comparisons between various teaching strategies, training teachers, conducting similar studies using new variables, applying the results of research in psycholinguistics, and paying a balanced attention to educational objectives, in addition to using modern technology in ELT. As to the goals of these theses, all of them were of applied ELT and Curricula research. None of them was of basic research. It is noticed that many of the theses studied similar topics due to the absence of a vision or a plan in the EDFESU regarding the significance and the priorities of research areas. The study ended with a number of relevant recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of the research The character in the novel of My Father House "Bayt Abi" This study, which is based on narrative analysis, aims to reveal the character in My Father House "Bayt Abi". The character forms the structure of the narrative text, manages events and moves in time and place, and its form by struggles and contradictions the core of the novel. The study has adopted the formal structural lesson methodology, which blended the form and the content in the levels of analysis. Which considers the paper character a real picture of a certain personality in human reality, and not all matches can be matched, because the narrative character, as Roland Barth sees, is a paper object. Then the researcher analyzed the main character of the novel "Aisha", who occupied a large part of the novel space. She was a source of information, ideas and attitudes that pertain to her, where she revealed her personal characteristics, and her ability to highlight the size of her suffering, and her prowess in arousing the feelings of the recipient and prompted him to sympathize with her. The research dealt with the concept of the novelist character in the critics, and the difference of visions in restricting the concept. Based on its vision and point of view, we follow the rest of the characters and their role in the novel, through the features, and actions in which they appear on the reality of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most current codes of design steel members and frames, specifications for the design of compression columns or of beam-column use the effective length factor; K. the effective length factor is employed to facilitate the design of framed members by transforming an end-restrained compressive member to an equivalent pinned-ended member. The effective length factor is obtained by solving the exact equations numerically which require many routine calculations or by using a pair of alignment charts for the two cases of braced frames and sway frames. The accuracy of these charts depends on the size of chart and the reader’s sharpness of vision. Instead of using complicated equations or charts, simple equations are required to determine the effective length factor directly as a function of the rotational resistant at column ends (GA, GB). better equations have been available in the French design rules for steel structures since 1966, and have been included in the European recommendations of 1978. In this paper, modification to the French design rules equations for effective length factors are presented using multiple regressions for tabulated exact values corresponding to different practical values of the rotational resistance at column ends (GA, GB). The investigated equations are more accurate than current French rules equations that recommended in some steel constructions codes. Comparisons between the results of the present equations and those obtained by current equations with those obtained by exact solutions are given also in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to study Marlowe's play Tamburlaine the Great mainly the theme of Pride and Megalomania that forms a dominant theme among other themes. Pride according to Collins CobuildEnglish Language Dictionary: ]1987: 1138[ is: a sense of dignity and self-respect that a person has….… a feeling of being superior to others which makes a person boast and ignore other person's feelings and advice; used showing disapproval. Pride also indicates being out of touch with reality and over estimating one's own capabilities especially for those in position of power. However, pride in its positive meaning refers to a satisfied sense of attachment towards one's own choicesand actions, or towards a whole group of people or community. It also could refer to the high opinion of one's nation which is called "national pride". Pride also is regarded as one of the Seven Deadly Sins in Christianity that exposes its fellow to heavenly retribution if he/she does not repent. It was commonly used in the European medieval morality drama. In the ancient Greek tragedy pride was also used synonymous with the Greek term "hubris"which means;]Gray: 2008: 138[: “Theself-indulgent confidence that causes a tragic hero to ignore the decrees, laws and warnings of the gods, and therefore defy them to bring about his or her downfall". Megalomania, on the other hand, is derived from the Greek words „megalo‟ which means larger or greater and 'mania'which means madness or frenzy. According to the English Language Dictionary ]1987: 904[megalomania "is the belief that you are more powerful and important than you really are.Megalomania is sometimes a mental illness." Thus it is taken as a psychopathological order characterized by delusional fantasies of power or omnipotence. The paper's task, then, is to tackle the theme of pride and megalomania. It is, thus, a thematic study in one of the most remarkable plays of the English Renaissance period. The play is also a magnificent piece of rhetoric that one cannot help but to be greatly attached to it. The paper refers to many quotations taken from the play due to their dramatic significance. They show how brilliantly and successfully Marlowe introduces his themes through these sublime lines of free verse. They also manifest Marlowe's –the teen- aged student at Cambridge University – poetic and dramatic talent to compose such great drama enriched with rhetoric and a great deal of historical and mythological knowledge. The paper is divided into the following main chapters: Chapter One includes brief account on Marlowe's time and drama, the source of the play and a plot summary. Chapter Two analyses Tamburlaine's character as a symbol of cruelty and brutality. Chapter Threeis devoted to the analysis of the theme of pride and megalomania that is embodied in Tamburlaine's character. Chapter Four includes brief analysis of two minor themes in the play, the theme of love and the theme of pacifism in the tremendous turmoil of hatred and war. The paper comes to conclusion that the theme of pride and megalomania preoccupies the main part in the content of the drama. It confirms the fact that pride and megalomania are dangerous and destructive evils to both the individual and society. The paper also concludes that Tamburlaine the Great is more a morality play than a tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed design a product to sell commercial paper in accordance with Islamic law and controls this thought the development of controls for the legitimacy of the product hmausury and any other legitimate by the legal opinion on the controls and the legality of this product, which is an alterative to the deduction Halal trade securities based on the benefits legally prohibited usury . The curriculum that they have used at this study is the describing curriculum to answer for kinds of studies that count (32) people of the controls and the legality of the Islamic banks in Yemen that they have chosen for their kinds and also the controls and the legality are the people who have chosen the Islamic laws for banks service that most of banks gave for Islamic banks. Through the answers that contain (32) type spread to seven changes : The scientists made search for answering the kinds of the program ( SPSS) and also for the exam of ( t-test) to get out the medal count and also the cost of the level and to compare between the medal cost and the medal supposed for each kinds, At last this study arrive to the truth result that they can sell the commercial paper by non- debater ( the bank) is legitimate according to the controls away form the legitimacy of usury and ignorance any of the propitiations of the legitimacy of the other's point of view ooze board in Islamic banks in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial stereotypical image of the African as an inferior savage standing as an obstacle in the way of civilization has been established and perpetuated in Western literature, art and media throughout centuries. Within the theoretical framework of colonialism/postcolonialism, eurocentrism, orientalism, deconstruction and other interdisciplinary fields, this research paper intends to highlight the role of the postcolonial African novel, as counter-discourse, in deconstructing the colonial narrative and challenging stereotypes with a special focus on Ama Ata Aidoo‟s Our Sister Killjoy. It intends to show how the postcolonial writers, by „writing back to the Empire‟, have protested against Western ways of categorizing others and adopted a counter discourse to assert the invalidity of colonial discourse with a view to eliminate the negative image of the colonized people in Western arts and literature. Taking Aidoo‟s Our Sister Killjoy as a casein-point, the study shows how the writer subverts and deconstructs the colonial discourse by challenging stereotypes about the colonized Other, especially the Ghanaians. Through a descriptive analytical method, Aidoo‟s novel has been critically examined to show how colonial stereotypes, perpetuated by history, media and literature, play a great role in affecting ones perception of the Other, sustain racial prejudice throughout history and result in misunderstanding among different cultures. The study concludes with a recommendation for a new strategy of writing/reading literature in which canonical and non-canonical texts should be written/read in such a way that promotes racial and gender harmony, equality, dialogue among cultures and global peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word "Basmalah" has received the attention of many scholars. The researcher's morphological reading was intended to answer some questions about its morphological aspects. In this paper' the researcher explored "basmalah" derivational structures and roots' surveying the views of linguists' grammarians' exegetists as well as the opinions of researchers and modern linguists. These scholars and researchers have different opinions about basmalah morphological structures and changes such as elision' substitution' assimilation and change including its variations on hearing and analogical basis as well as the influence of prefixes and suffixes and structural level on such structures of basmalah. All these aspects required a deep study and analysis of the views of the old and modern linguists. This paper starts with an introduction' including the study significance* questions' rationale and methodology. This is followed by a morphological analysis of basmalah structures in the light of the following axes: 1-Thc word 'Ism'(namc)as Bilateral/Trilateral Root Noun 2-The word 'Allah' as Defective Derivational and Loan Word 3-The word 'Al-Rahman' (Most Gracious) as an Adjective and as a Loan Word 4-The Word 'Al-Raheem (Most Compassionate) as Exaggerating andMushabbah Adjective The researcher arrived at important findings about basmalah structures' its derivational roots < morphological basis in the light of analogy and rules and linguistic usage as well as its morphological peculiarities due to its relevance to the description of Allah* the Almighty as stated in Holy Qur'an " Nothing is as His likeness and He is the hearer and seer" (Al-Shura'a: 11). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of interpreters in frontlines is completely different from that of community interpreters. It needs advanced skills and competencies, in addition to resilience and a amenability to survive and prepare to face multiple risks. The language and culture barriers are the most pressing challenges facing conflict interpreters. Besides, diversity of culture, society norms, and hostile nature have a huge impact on the interpreters' work. The greatest obstacle to international understanding is the barrier of language (Kirkpatrick, 2020). 10 Yemeni interpreters working in conflict zones in Yemen were selected using an open-ended questionnaire to explore if they face challenges and barriers in their work as interpreters. For this purpose, the paper aimed to identify the barriers and challenges that encounter interpreters in conflict zones in Yemen. The findings showed that interpreters encounter many challenges, including linguistic, social, cultural, and psychological challenges, in addition to pressure work, translation lost, workload, security threatening, diversity of dialects, diversity of society, workload, and term conflicts. The findings also showed that most interpreters are affected by cultural and psychological factors more than linguistical and social ones. The study recommended the interpreters to be aware of cultural sensitivity and to avoid psychological pressure and tension . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the promotion of ELT approaches and curricula in Yemen, MA students at the English Department in the Faculty of Education – Sana'a University (EDFESU) have done incredible contribution to ELT and curricula field of study with a total number of ninety-six theses since the beginning of the MA program in 1994 until September 2017. The study population of this paper encompassed all these MA theses, which were analyzed using content analysis under the following headings: the studied research areas, the target groups, the target scholastic stages, the research approaches, the data gathering tools, the experimental treatments, the sex of the researchers, and the future trends. The study reached the following conclusions. The studied research areas were of the following order. Spoken Skill studies ranked first with a percentage of 20% followed by curriculum studies (evaluation stage) with a percentage of 16%, and reading skills studies 14%. Next, curriculum studies (design stage/ needs analysis), writing skills studies, and attitude acquisition studies came with a percentage of 9.4%. After that, error analysis studies got 6.3%, grammar studies got 5.2%, teaching methods studies and contrastive analysis (CA) studies got 4.2%. Competence studies came last with a percentage of 3.1 %. As for the target groups, university students ranked first with 61.5% followed by school students 15.6% and in-service teachers 9.4%. Then, schoolbooks were ranked 5.2%, university-teaching courses 4.2%, university programs and university teachers were rated last with 2%. The target scholastic stages were rated as follows: university stage 65.63%, secondary stage 28.13%, basic-school education 5.21%, and in-service institutes 1.04%. Regarding the research approaches, descriptive studies ranked first with a percentage of 61.5% and experimental studies with a percentage of 38.5 %. Regarding the data-gathering tools, testing technique was the most popular tool with a percentage of 63.6%. Questionnaire technique was ranked next with 40.6%, interview technique got 32.3 %, and observation technique was rated 14.6%. As for experimental treatments, teaching methods were ranked first with a percentage of 94.6% and teaching materials ranked second with a percentage of 5.4%. As for the sex of the researchers, female researchers ranked first with a percentage of 59.4% and male researchers ranked second with a percentage of 40.6%. As to the recommendations and future trends, most studied papers recommended carrying out comparisons between various teaching strategies, training teachers, conducting similar studies using new variables, applying the results of research in psycholinguistics, and paying a balanced attention to educational objectives, in addition to using modern technology in ELT. As to the goals of these theses, all of them were of applied ELT and Curricula research. None of them was of basic research. It is noticed that many of the theses studied similar topics due to the absence of a vision or a plan in the EDFESU regarding the significance and the priorities of research areas. The study ended with a number of relevant recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article discusses the issue of Shahadatu el-Tawheed (Testimony of Faith, 'there is no deity/god but Allah')) as the basic tenet of Islamic Faith. Shahadatu el-Tawheed is the favorite word of all believers as well as their testimony of faith in Allah here and in the Hereafter. No one can be declared Muslim until he articulates the word of Tawheed. The working of the paper is summed up in the following: - Sufi Extremists' belief and their apparent violation of Islamic doctrine of faith as stated in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Full-fledge discussion of the opinions of Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa on such violations is also provided. - How some Sufi Extremist prefer calling Allah, The Almighty, by the single proper name, Allah, or the pronoun, He, in their invocations and Allah's remembrance instead of the full word of Tawheed (There is no god but Allah). - A detailed and resourceful study on the Sufi Extremists' Doctrine of Faith and Tawheed, how they use it in their holy recitations, and how far this is from the true Islamic doctrine of Faith. - Comparatively inductive method has been adopted as the research method. Various Sufi Extremists' sayings regarding Shahadat Tawheed have been extensively quoted and duly examined. The critical approach has also been used, when necessary, to critique some concepts related to the issue. - It has concluded that Extremists of Sufism have their own Faith Belief which is completely different from and contradictory to the true Faith and Belief of Godhood stated and explained in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. It has also been found that Sufi Extremists' Faith Belief has passed through several phases until it reaches to the belief in the Oneness of Universe. - Further exploration of Sufi Extremists' Faith Belief is recommended as to expound how, when and why they violate the true Faith Creed of Islamic Shariah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the topic of "Excluding a Beneficiary from a Will Deed by Consensus Consent", a jurisprudential study in comparison with the Yemeni law, where the research aims to know what is meant by exclusion in the will, its legitimacy, evidence and conditions, the cases of the will, and the forms of the exclusion, as a solution to conflict and discord as well as the ways to categorizing its issues. The research included an introduction and four topics that show In the first topic what is meant by the exclusion in the will which is: for the heirs to reconcile to the removal of the a beneficiary or more from the will in exchange for money paid by all or some of the heirs from the estate or other sources to the beneficiary. It is clear in the second topic that the exclusion is permissible and that it is a type of reconciliation between partners or heirs in their funds, and it became clear in the third topic that there must be general conditions for the exclusion, such as the eligibility of the exclusion parties and the ownership of what is being excluded, and that it is known, valid to be compensable, and with the consent of the two parties. It also became clear that there must be conditions in the will in which the exclusion takes place, to be within the limits of a third or less, for non-heirs, and in permissible matters that are not forbidden. It was found in the fourth study that the will must be valid or dependent on the permission of the heirs, so that it becomes valid if the heirs allow it; but if they refused the exclusion, it is rejected or what exceeds the third. If there is no dispute or disagreement, then the will is taken out before the distribution of the inheritance in order to avoid being imperfect or incomplete, then the estate is distributed according to the beneficiaries. It has been shown that the exclusion in the will has many forms and methods of dividing it, illustrated with examples for each form, and that it is a solution for disputes and conflicts between the beneficiary and the heirs. In conclusion, the researcher recommended the need to strengthen religious conviction by raising awareness of the penalty for depriving the beneficiary person of the will, and he also recommended working on amending the civil law by introducing a chapter in the exclusion and explaining its controls and provisions. Moreover, he recommended the importance of raising community awareness of the exclusion in the will, as a means of resolving disputes and conflicts between the heirs and the beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical and inductive approach. the study included an introduction and two papers. The introduction showed the significance of the research and that the subject of guarantee refines the legal thought through recognizing the wonderful jurisprudence industry presented by Islamic jurisprudence with its different doctrines of this thought, and its importance is not limited to this theoretical aspect only, but rather Practical importance as well, and the aim of the research is to identify the guarantee, its legitimacy, conditions and importance i in jurisprudence and Yemeni law, and to clarify the reasons for the guarantee and its provisions and what is achieved with it. The research defined the term "guarantee" both linguistically and terminologically, showing its legitimacy in the holy Qura'an and the Sunnah,and what is mentioned in the Yemeni law of the provisions of the guarantee,and the conditions of the guarantee and its divisions according to the Shafi’i and the Hanafi dictorines and the chosen division. and it has been shown that the commitment or the contract as a reason for the guarantee and clarification of the meaning of the contract and the contracts that result in the guarantee in in jurisprudence and Yemeni law, and that the harmful act, with the hand of the guarantee is a reason for the guarantee as well, and the clarification of what is the damage, its types and the consequent guarantee, and the judgment of damage by the matter of others and the consequences thereof, and the differentiation between the hand of trust and the hand of guarantee and their ruling, and the provisions of the rape, its effects and the provisions that ensue to insure the raped and and the provisions that the Yemeni law followed . the research has presented several results, the most important of which are: The guarantee in language may be called bail, and it has reasons and conditions which makes the guarantee invalid unless these conditions are fulfilled. Then the study concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which are: paying attention for studying the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence, a legal jurisprudence study and comparing them with laws, and clarifying what contradicts Islamic shariah thereof, and the call to amend it in accordance with our Islamic religion. Legislative and the judiciary must observe the provisions of Islamic shariah when enacting laws and ruling among people for the sake of achieving their benefit in their religion and their life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comes to stand up to Sheikh Al-Fawzan's discussions of Ibn Hisham's efforts in refining grammatical terms, through his explanation of the book "The Qatr Alnada Bal Alsada" that is called, Taagel Alnada Beshrh Qatr Alnada and to show its usefulness, its definition and its discussion: it is divided into His emergence and development, and a brief clarification of the concept of Tahdheeb, clarifying the features of the refinement of the term according to Ibn Hisham, and narrating the images of his Tahdhib for the grammatical term in detail, while tracing the approach of Fawzan in linguistic, doctrinal, semantic, logical and methodological terms. A request to enrich the research, and to enrich it. In order to accomplish this research, he followed the inductive analytical method, and after looking at the discussions of Al-Fawzan to refine the grammatical terms of Ibn Hisham in his explanation of the Book of Al-Qatr, it was concluded that he dealt with them in general and in detail. And the terminology, the level of the learner, and his utilization of logic in dealing with it, and his detailed handling of it came in four forms, which are: Ibn Hisham's refinement of the grammatical term to be polite with God Almighty, refining him to respect the Holy Qur'an, and refining it for the sake of .brevity, and refining it for accuracy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]