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This paper examines the challenges of and facilitating strategies for linking disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in addressing urban floods, drawing from Indonesia's experience. The fragmentation between efforts to implement DRR and CCA leading to unnecessary duplication could increase confusion at both the community and wider governance levels and reduce the effectiveness of urban flood management. Through the lens of collaborative governance, this paper analyzes the barriers for integrating DRR and CCA and options to better align their practices in the context of a megapolitan city, Jakarta, Indonesia. The key findings of this study confirmed that institutional fragmentation, in concert with inconsistent facilitation and collaboration mechanisms, were the strongest barriers to aligning DRR and CCA action. The absence of accountable leadership was a key impediment for successful partnership-building processes to support political and technical collaboration. Leadership in these contexts plays an important role in (1) developing sustainable relationships, (2) convincing potential stakeholders to collaborate, (3) persuading partners to commit to sharing resources, and (4) agreeing/sharing a common vision of the partnership actions needed to mitigate harm and reduce urban vulnerability. These factors are critically important for reducing the direct and indirect impacts of flooding in Jakarta. Such lessons from Indonesia on linking DRR and CCA offer valuable insights to inform the development of policies and strategies to deal with urban floods for global cities faced with similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mega-structures and sport mega-events have been attractions in many mega-cities representing their identity to the rest of the world. Such phenomenon has also taken place in Jakarta by the existence of the newly erected Jakarta International Stadium and the recently held Formula E and both have gained attention and stimulated conversations in Indonesia. So have both been known as a green stadium and a green race. Integrating sustainability to urban development has been a global trend and Jakarta attempts to take advantage of such trend to create branding. This research aimed to describe the rationale of greening the stadium and race by the Jakarta regional government within its city branding policy. This research employed the qualitative method and descriptive analysis in addition to the concept of para-diplomacy and city branding. This research found that both green stadium and race were utilized as symbols or promotional value to promote green development in the city. City branding by the Jakarta regional government was a diplomatic practice bringing a message about the city transformation to be a green and global city. This paper provides a perspective that city branding is para-diplomacy itself or one form of para-diplomacy practices. This paper argues that through city branding, cities should be able to not only widen their specific needs locally but also pave their global role in addressing the global challenges like climate crisis. This paper benefits those who are interested in or are studying today city para-diplomacy and global urban politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of subsidence situations is important for the design of railway lines. Traditional geological investigations are expensive. Multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) analysis has shown great potential for detecting subsidence areas along large-scale manmade linear features (LMLFs). The disadvantage of applying high-resolution SAR data such as that from TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed data is the high cost. By contrast, the free and open data from Sentinel-1 A/B offer an unprecedented opportunity for InSAR applications. Despite these advantages, research investigating the potential for monitoring subsidence along LMSFs using multi-temporal Sentinel-1 InSAR data at the design stage of LMSFs is limited. This paper explores the monitoring ability of MT-InSAR analysis with Sentinel-1 A/B multi-temporal data in an experiment along the planned Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway in Bandung, Indonesia. Subsidence patterns along the route of the planned high-speed railway were analyzed in detail. By means of validation using 12 leveling points, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the average displacement velocity that was obtained from the MT-InSAR results was found to be 10.31 mm/yr. This paper demonstrates the potential of Sentinel-1 multi-temporal INSAR data to detect potential subsidence areas along planned LMLFs (e.g., the planned high-speed railway that is the focus of this study), serving as a reference for further planning of monitoring subsidence over planned LMLFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mobile applications such as personalized tracking tools and food choice aids may enhance weight loss programs. We developed and assessed client preferences for the content, user interface, graphics, and logic flow of a mobile application, and evaluated its validity for tracking compliance with weight control and making healthy and sustainable food choices.Methods: Our four-stage study comprised formative research, application development, acceptance assessment, and validity. The formative research included literature reviews and six focus groups with 39 respondents aged 19-64 years at high risk for obesity. The development stage included programmer selection, defining application specifications, design, and user interface. Prototype acceptability was assessed with 53 respondents who graded 17 features of content, graphic design, and application flow (ranked as good, moderate, and poor). A feature was considered to have "good" acceptance if its mean response was higher than the mean of overall responses. The validity was assessed in 30 obese women using Bland-Altman plots to compare results from dietary intake assessment from the application to conventional paper-based methods.Results: The application was named as EatsUp®. The focus group participants defined the key requirements of this app as being informative, easy, and exciting to use. The EatsUp® core features consisted of simple menu recommendations, health news, notifications, a food database, estimated portion sizes, and food pictures. The prototype had a "good" overall acceptance regarding content, graphics, and flow. Fourteen out of 17 parameters were graded as "good" from > 70% of respondents. There was no significant difference between the rated proportions for content, graphics, and app flow (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z-test, p > .05). The agreement using the Bland-Altman plots between EatsUp® and the paper-based method of measuring food intake was good, with a mean difference of energy intake of only 2.63 ± 28.4 kcal/day (p > 0.05), well within the 95% confidence interval for agreement.Conclusions: The EatsUp® mobile application had good acceptance for graphics and app flow. This application can support the monitoring of balanced and sustainable dietary practice by providing nutritional data, and is comparable with conventional dietary assessment tools, and performed well in tracking energy, macronutrient, and selected micronutrients intakes.Trial Registration: NCT03469869 . The registration date was March 19, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates how the extraction of land value into volumetric spaces (subterranean spaces, elevated infrastructures and high-rise buildings) is rendered possible through accumulation strategies embedded in spatial planning in Jakarta. In doing so, it carefully delves into the shift in Floor-Area Uplift (FAU) compensation policy and its relationship with the expansion of mass transportation system development. We analysed urban planning and high-rise building policy documents from 1975-2017 and modelled the allowable FAU based on those policies. We illustrate, first, the transformation of FAU discourse in urban policies and how its operability is facilitated in discretionary planning regimes. This paper then demonstrates the planning gain delivery and consequences produced through FAU compensation policy. We argued how volumetric urbanism in Jakarta had been produced and sustained through entrepreneurial motives. It continues to segregate the city both in local and urban contexts despite its positivist development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and climate change are general problems for society. This paper proposes an integrated analysis of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and meteorological conditions in Jakarta. The column-based data integration model is applied to create integrated data of the Air Quality Index and meteorological conditions. The integrated data is then used to generate a causal graph using the PC algorithm. The causal graph reveals that there exist causal relationships between pollutants and meteorological conditions, e.g, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and duration of sunshine affect particulate matter 10 (PM 10 ); wind speed affects sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ); temperature affects ozone (O 3 ). The historical data records that the average wind speed is decreased and the number of unhealthy days has risen. Ozone and particulate matter are two pollutants that mainly influence poor air quality in Jakarta. The integrated data is also used to train Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for forecasting. Experimental results show that LSTM using integrated data produces smaller errors for forecasting AQI and meteorological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and climate change are general problems for society. This paper proposes an integrated analysis of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and meteorological conditions in Jakarta. The column-based data integration model is applied to create integrated data of the Air Quality Index and meteorological conditions. The integrated data is then used to generate a causal graph using the PC algorithm. The causal graph reveals that there exist causal relationships between pollutants and meteorological conditions, e.g, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and duration of sunshine affect particulate matter 10 (PM 10 ); wind speed affects sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ); temperature affects ozone (O 3 ). The historical data records that the average wind speed is decreased and the number of unhealthy days has risen. Ozone and particulate matter are two pollutants that mainly influence poor air quality in Jakarta. The integrated data is also used to train Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for forecasting. Experimental results show that LSTM using integrated data produces smaller errors for forecasting AQI and meteorological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-production in climate change has arisen in response to improving climate knowledge. Climate service co-production provides climate knowledge for decision-making, benefiting vulnerable communities with useful and usable information such as flooding risk areas. A climate service co-production project, including mapping technologies, has been conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia. However, it has not been integrated into mainstream spatial planning. This paper investigates an enabling environment for the integration of climate service co-production and spatial planning using a collaborative governance framework. We conducted semi-structured interviews, photovoice, and focus group discussions. The results highlight factors to enable integration; (1) an institutional reform to put climate service co-production on the agenda, (2) top-down priorities aligned with local-level needs, (3) local government will and leadership to execute the tasks and actions towards climate resilience, (4) trust of the local government with the community, (5) integrated geospatial data to have an effective climate knowledge to spatial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop LIRP (location-inventory-routing problem) model with considering multiple links and solve it using method of heuristic based on algorithm of simulated annealing. Method of heuristic for the LIRP model is applied in city of Jakarta to improve effectiveness and efficiency of the food supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: The LIRP model is developed using main references. To solve the model, this paper develops two methods, namely method of optimal and method of heuristic. Computational experiments are performed to obtain the efficiency of the method of heuristic. New design of food supply chain is resulted from the application of the method of heuristic in city of Jakarta. Findings: The new design of food supply chain resulted from the application of LIRP model in city of Jakarta reduces total cost by 18%, increases availability from 76% to 95%, and reduces the number of vehicles by 73%. This paper also shows that distance is not the only consideration to decide the traversed links in cities. Research limitations/implications: Average gap between method of heuristic and method of optimal in terms of total cost is 3.1%. Practical implications: Government of city of Jakarta can improve effectiveness and efficiency of the food supply chain by implementing the LIRP model. Social implications: Citizens of Jakarta are well provided with their needs of vegetables and fruits. Originality/value: The first LIRP model that considers multiple links to represent road networks in cities. The LIRP model developed in this paper consists of probabilistic demands, multi products, and multi echelons. Traditional markets, UCCs (urban consolidation centers) and province of suppliers are the places where decisions of inventory made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 virus is transmitted from human to human through splashes of saliva when the sufferer coughs, sneezes, or talks and is inhaled by the people around him. The spread of this virus started from the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019 which quickly spread to cities outside Wuhan including Jakarta, Indonesia. The same is in other countries, the local government in Jakarta taking some emergency decisions to minimize the virus spreading including the movement control order (MCO). This paper discusses the simulation of COVID-19 spreading in the early stage in Jakarta using a different model of disease spreading available on The Spatiotemporal Epidemiologic Modeler (STEM). The focus of this simulation is to see the effect of MCO on the COVID-19 spreading in the local area in Indonesia. The result shows that the MCO contribute to the decreasing of case number with some certain period of lag time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial skin characteristics and appearance vary according to ethnicity. While much of this knowledge is derived from the Caucasian population, lately there have been efforts to gain such understanding in various regions in Asia. In this paper, we have built an understanding of such features in Indonesia. In Indonesia, a section of females wears a traditional veil (hijab) to cover the scalp and part of face. The influence of the hijab on facial skin attributes was also investigated. Methods: In a cross‐sectional observational study design involving 419 female volunteers in Jakarta, Indonesia, facial skin attributes (colour, radiance, hydration, trans‐epidermal water loss [TEWL], wrinkles, fine lines, pores, and sebum levels) and conditions (melasma, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), solar lentigines/ senile lentigines, seborrheic keratoses and acne) were assessed by trained operators and dermatologists using standard validated instruments and scales. Results: With age, facial skin colour showed darkening in cheek; forehead on the other hand showed slight lightening. The skin evenness and radiance decreased, substantially. Aging attributes measured in terms of lines, wrinkles, and under‐eye dark circles showed deterioration with age; the decline was progressively faster than colour change. Facial image data analysis corroborated these findings. Skin hydration remained similar across the age groups even though the skin barrier function measured in terms of TEWL improved with age. Sebum levels in the skin were similar up to the age of 50 but declined in the next group of 50–60 year. Pore severity increased with age. Melasma, seborrheic keratosis and PIH showed a high prevalence (>∼50%) at the young age group (20–30 years), itself. Melasma prevalence attained 100% in the age group of 41–50 year and onwards, and its severity similarly showed a steady rise with age. PIH on the other hand showed a steady decline with age. Solar lentigines prevalence (∼30%) did not change much across age groups, and the severity scores were similar in age groups up to 50 year but increased substantially in 51–60‐year age groups. Seborrheic keratosis was similar (∼47%) in age groups up 20–40 year but steadily increased in upper age groups. Its severity was similar in the age groups of 20–30 year and 31–40 year but showed a two‐fold increase in subsequent age groups. Acne was 10% in the age group of 20–30 year and declined gradually to 0.7% in the 51–60‐year age group. Hijab wearers showed slight protection in skin colour darkening and improvement of evenness and radiance but were similar on aging (fine lines and wrinkles on crow's feet, under eye and peri‐oral areas) markers to non‐wearers. In general, in majority of age‐groups, hijab wearers showed a higher prevalence of melasma, solar/senile lentigines, seborrheic keratosis and PIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various architectures can be applied in software design. The aim of this research is to examine a typical implementation of Jakarta EE monolithic and microservice software architectures in the context of software quality attributes. Software quality standards are used to define quality models, as well as quality characteristics and sub-characteristics, i.e., software quality attributes. This paper evaluates monolithic and microservice architectures in the context of Coupling, Testability, Security, Complexity, Deployability, and Availability quality attributes. The performed examinations yielded a quality-based mixed integer goal programming mathematical model for software architecture optimization. The model incorporates various software metrics and considers their maximal, minimal or targeted values, as well as upper and lower deviations. The objective is the sum of all deviations, which should be minimal. Considering the presented model, a solution which incorporated multiple monoliths and microservices was defined. This way, the internal structure of the software is defined in a consistent and symmetrical context, while the external software behavior remains unchanged. In addition, an intersection point of monolithic and microservice software architectures, where software metrics obtain the same values, was introduced. Within the intersection point, either one of the architectures can be applied. With the exception of some metrics, an increase in the number of features leads to a value increase of software metrics in microservice software architecture, whilst these values are constant in monolithic software architecture. An increase in the number of features indicated a quality attribute's importance for the software system should be examined and an appropriate architecture should be selected accordingly. Finally, practical recommendations regarding software architectures in terms of software quality were given. Since each software system needs to meet non-functional in addition to functional requirements, a quality-driven software engineering can be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban resilience to natural disasters (e.g., flooding), in the context of climate change, has been becoming increasingly important for the sustainable development of cities. This paper presents a method to assess the urban resilience to flooding in terms of the recovery rate of different subdistricts in a city using all-weather synthetic aperture radar imagery (i.e., Sentinel-1A imagery). The factors that influence resilience, and their relative importance, are then determined through principal component analysis. Jakarta, a flood-prone city in Indonesia, is selected as a case study. The resilience of 42 subdistricts in Jakarta, with their gross domestic product data super-resolved using nighttime-light satellite images, was assessed. The association between resilience levels and influencing factors, such as topology, mixtures of religion, and points-of-interest density, were subsequently derived. Topographic factors, such as elevation (coefficient = 0.3784) and slope (coefficient = 0.1079), were found to have the strongest positive influence on flood recovery, whereas population density (coefficient = −0.1774) a negative effect. These findings provide evidence for policymakers to make more pertinent strategies to improve flood resilience, especially in subdistricts with lower resilience levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak that started in China created COVID-19 pandemic all around the world. This pandemic is declared as a world health crisis by the World Health Organization in 2020. In response to this pandemic, many countries have been conducting various measures to manage the spread of the disease employing lockdown, contacts tracing, and massive testing. As the vaccine and medicine for this virus are under development, the governments all around the world can only apply non-curative measures. With many considerations, especially in the economic sector, governments seem hesitant to apply extensive control measures and this results in a considerable financial loss. In this paper, a generic mathematical model with thirteen compartments is developed, of which it is equipped with five control measures namely quarantine, active carrier identification, recovered individual identification, past infection identification, and medical treatment. We employ the COVID-19 outbreak in Jakarta as a study case to evaluate a series of control scenarios. Optimal control approach is used to find the best control strategy in managing the pandemic. It is suggested that adding the efforts on testing policy and medical treatment 40 days after the first confirmed infection is the most cost-effective strategy with the number of death decreased as much as 60.21 percent of the death cases under initial control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization and economic globalization cause diversity in organizations to be higher, thus requiring a diversity management approach. This quantitative study aims to analyze the effect of diversity management on organizational trust, employee innovative behavior, and employee engagement. Data were collected using a questionnaire involving 115 employees of a large private bank in Jakarta, Indonesia. Analysis of research data using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software. The results showed that diversity management has a positive effect on organizational trust, employee innovative behavior, and employee engagement. Organizational trust has a positive effect on employee innovative behavior and employee engagement. Organizational trust mediates the effect of diversity management on employee innovative behavior and employee engagement. Diversity management is very important for organizations today because it can promote organizational trust, create employee innovative behavior and strengthen employee engagement, so every organization needs to establish policies regarding diversity management practices and consistently make it happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the efficacy of a novel urban categorization framework based on deep learning, and a novel categorization method customized for cities in the global south. The proposed categorization method assesses urban space broadly on two dimensions—the states of urbanization and the architectural form of the units observed. This paper shows how the sixteen sub-categories can be used by state-of-the-art deep learning modules (fully convolutional network FCN-8, U-Net, and DeepLabv3+) to categorize formal and informal urban areas in seven urban cities in the developing world—Dhaka, Nairobi, Jakarta, Guangzhou, Mumbai, Cairo, and Lima. Firstly, an expert visually annotated and categorized 50 × 50 km Google Earth images of the cities. Each urban space was divided into four socioeconomic categories: (1) highly informal area; (2) moderately informal area; (3) moderately formal area, and (4) highly formal area. Then, three models mentioned above were used to categorize urban spaces. Image encompassing 70 % of the urban space was used to train the models, and the remaining 30 % was used for testing and validation of each city. The DeepLabv3+ model can segment the test part with an average accuracy of 90.0 % for Dhaka, 91.5 % for Nairobi, 94.75 % for Jakarta, 82.0 % for Guangzhou city, 94.25 % for Mumbai, 91.75 % for Cairo, and 96.75 % for Lima. These results are the best for the DeepLabv3+ model among all. Thus, DeepLabv3+ shows an overall high accuracy level for most of the measuring parameters for all cities, making it highly scalable, readily usable to understand the cities' current conditions, forecast land use growth, and other computational modeling tasks. Therefore, the proposed categorization method is also suited for real-time socioeconomic comparative analysis among cities, making it an essential tool for the policymakers to plan future sustainable urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]