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This paper aimed to identify the impact of decision-making (Quality- EffectivenessAcceptance) on crisis management (Signal detection- Preparation/prevention- Containment/Damage limitation- Recovery- Learning) in the private banks in Yemen. To achieve the objectives of the study, the quantitative approach was employed, utilizing both descriptive and analytical methods. The study population consisted of leaders from private banks in Yemen, specifically those in their main branches in the capital, Sana'a, holding the following administrative positions: General Manager, Assistant General Manager, Sector Manager, and Department Manager. Due to the small size of the study community, the comprehensive survey method was employed, and questionnaires served as the primary tool for data collection. A total of 239 questionnaires were distributed, and 219 valid questionnaires (92% response rate) were collected for analysis. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods within the SPSS v26 software, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied using Amos v26. The paper concluded that there is a positive impact of decision-making on crisis management in the private banks in Yemen. The study presented a number of recommendations including paying attention to decision-making by considering its dimensions (Quality- Effectiveness- Acceptance), with particular emphasis on the quality of decision. This is crucial considering the influence of decisionmaking on all administrative operations and functions, especially given the diverse and numerous crises faced by banks in the unstable Yemeni environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) have came out as a promising technology for harnessing solar energy for various applications including electricity generation and thermal heating. However, improving their thermal performance remains a critical challenge to maximize energy conversion efficiency. This paper presents a mathematical model for enhancing the thermal performance of PTCs by using a curved Fresnel lens as a second collector over the top side of the receiver. This enhancing has taken advantage of the space above the top side of receiver and increased the thermal efficiency of PTCs. The unsteady heat transfer equations with one dimension are used to simulate the effect of Fresnel lens on the receiver components beside the heat transfer fluid and compared with that without Fresnel lens. The results of this model are based on parameters of LS-2 model and environment of installation place whereas the water was chosen as heat transfer fluid with physical properties depending on Temperature. Albaydha city in Yemen is chosen as an installation place taking in consideration the variation of environment temperature in each month of the year and the inlet temperature of water and receiver's components are taken as the minimum temperature of the air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the oft-cited benefits of power sharing, this paper compares two cases of coalition governments that emerged from domestically initiated transition processes in the Arab world: the Tunisian Troika (2011–2014) and the Yemeni Coalition Government (1993–1994). While the former facilitated Tunisia's democratization, the latter's disintegration contributed to the 1994 war and Yemen's authoritarian backsliding. It asks why coalition cooperation endured in Tunisia but not in Yemen, exploring intra-elite relations, the power dynamics at play, as well as elites' motivations in launching and maintaining cooperation. The paper reveals that both coalitions' internal functioning was hampered by adverse power configurations and ideological differences. In Yemen, intra-elite relations were further impaired by mutual distrust. Crucially, a history of sustained partnership along with normative commitment to the idea of power sharing, existent in Tunisia and not in Yemen, explains why cooperation within the Troika remained solid amid unfavorable circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of Zaydi Yemen tend to underline the divisions, rather than connections, between sayyids, descendants of the Prophet, and tribal groups in the political sphere. This paper answers the question what value family connections to tribes had for ambitious sayyids in early modern Yemen who wanted to become Zaydi imams. To this end, the article examines a section of Imam Yaḥyā Sharaf al-Dīn's (d. 965/1558) unpublished biography, containing the genealogy of his second wife, Tāj al-Bahāʾ bint al-shaykh Sharaf al-Dīn. The paper argues that the imam and his circle valued the connections that the marriage to a daughter of a shaykh brought to the imamate, and that it is due to its symbolic value for the legitimacy of the imamate that her genealogy was included in the biography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livers of reptiles are being studied as a model for the link between the environment and hepatic tissue. There have been few investigations on the histology of reptile livers, and very few or no studies have examined the histology of liver of veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). This paper describes the histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the liver of veiled chameleons in southern Saudi Arabia. Seven Chamaeleo calyptratus were captured in the summer season in Abha City, Aseer region, southern Saudi Arabia. Chamaeleon liver samples were processed for histomorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure analyses. Morphologically liver of Chamaeleo calyptratus was observed as a large dark brown organ with lighter speckles, which represent melanin deposits. It located at the ventral part of abdominal cavity forward of the stomach. Its dimensions approximately were 3.7 ' 2 cm. The liver was a bilobed organ divided into two lobes, right and left lobes. The right one was bigger than the others. The gallbladder was well developed and had an elongated shape, situated between the two lobes and contained the bile for the digestion. Microscopically, the liver was found to be covered by a thick layer of connective tissue, which formed the hepatic capsule. Hepatic parenchyma probably appeared in cross sections as hepatic glandular-like alveoli "acini" or follicular structures with various diameters, each acinus contains approximately four to six hepatocytes, surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries filled with abundant melanomacrophages, which are absent in birds and mammals. Melanomacrophages are common in the hepatic parenchyma's perisinusoidal areas, particularly near portal spaces. Hepatocytes are polyhedral or pyramidal with and mostly contained large, rounded nuclei mostly peripherally located, with prominent dark oval nucleoli. Some of nuclei are eccentric or central position. The cytoplasm appeared spongy or vacuolated and more eosinophilic when stained by hematoxylin-eosin and strongly reactive to PAS staining technique, indicating abundant glycogen content. The reticular fibers that surround hepatocytes, blood arteries, and sinusoids supported the hepatic parenchyma. The blood sinusoids are seen interspersed among hepatocytes of varying sizes. The sinusoidal lumen was bordered by flattened endothelial cells and includes elliptical nucleated erythrocytes and liver macrophages as phagocytes, which are also known as Kupffer cells. Branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, small bile duct, and lymph vessels were detected in the hepatic portal area "tract" or triad which made up of connective. Hematopoietic tissue was observed in subcapsular region and portal triads. Ultrastructurally, the hepatocyte appeared polyhedric containing a single large rounded basal or eccentric vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus. Extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) often arranged in an array parallel to the nuclear membrane with many mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus were described. The cytoplasm contained glycogen granules, vesicles or vacuoles scattered throughout the cytoplasm especially at the apical region were reported. The bile canaliculi and the hepatic "Kupffer" cells were also discussed. This is the first study on the histological characterization of the healthy liver of Yemen veiled chameleon in southern Saudi Arabia. The findings reported here should be used as a reference to compare with the pathological abnormalities of the liver in this animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of roasting coffee beans was invented by the Arabs of Yemen, who then spread the method to Egypt and Turkey, and finally worldwide. This paper provides a detailed understanding of coffee beans from a chemical perspective, including discussions on identification of two coffee bean varieties--Arabica and Robusta, the chemical process of coffee roasting, and the pore structure of coffee beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In years past, much of the discussion around International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law has been dedicated to considering the convergence of the two regimes; to discover a way to increase respect for the protection of the individual in armed conflict. Meanwhile, egregious violations of individual's human rights continue to occur in armed conflicts – those in Ukraine, Yemen, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, and many others. This paper surveys the relationship between the two international disciplines, and considers that though IHL and IHRL are two regimes that have different aims, both contain norms that strive for the protection of the individual in armed conflict. Ultimately, this paper argues that protection of individuals in armed conflict can be strengthened by importing IHL norms into the IHRL framework. This cross-pollination allows treaty bodies to interpret, and make comments about, State Parties' adherence to IHL that can increase respect for those norms, given IHRL's associated enforcement mechanisms and communications machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on daily violence as the main theme in novel The Smile Owner which was written by Fekriah Shahrah. It depicts the hegemony of Houthi militia in Yemen. It is an analytical study which interprets the novelist’s literary work The Smile Owner. Moreover, as an instrument of data collection an interview with the novelist has been conducted to shed more light on the novel. This study is based on critical analysis of the literary text, which interprets the real context of violence in Yemen. Violence is a global issue between good and evil, and war and love. Shahrah as many of Yemeni novelists depicted the consequences of violence in their literary platform. The novel represents the situation of Yemen in the ongoing war in Yemen. Hence, the war in Yemen, death, abduction, retaliation and social fragmentation are the main themes of written and spoken Yemeni literature. This paper exposes the horrible implications of the coup led by Houthi Militia backed by Iran against the legal government backed by coalition led by Saudi Arabia and Emirates. Therefore, Fekriah Shahrah in the literary platform portrayed violence in Yemeni society using the narrated text as a tool to convey the awful war consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources are a promising hope for avoiding many environmental and economic problems such as the problems of climate change and environmental pollution resulting from fossil fuels combustion, in addition to the problems of oil derivatives high prices and their absence in many countries, which in turn affected the rise in electricity prices. Yemen is considered one of the countries most affected by electricity prices rise due to lack of oil derivatives as a result of the ongoing wars in Yemen. This paper presents a technical and economic study of renewable energy sources for producing and storing electricity. It gives a clear scientific and economic vision for implementation of these projects in one of the Yemeni islands, Socotra. This study has proven the high efficiency of energy sources in this region, which encourages their use to produce electricity to cover the region needs at low prices compared to the current prices of electricity in Yemen., where the cost of electricity from renewable energy sources ranges between 0.073 to 0.25 $ / kWh. The study also provides an assessment of the expected decline in electricity prices until 2030. It should be noted that this study can be applied to many coastal cities and other islands in Yemen at a cost close to this cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the research on, and the practice of, peace mediation has evolved in the past 25 years, with a particular focus on the hypothesised factors that explain mediation 'success' and argues for an explicit re-centring of the political in peacemaking. The analysis highlights how research on peacemaking has seen a growth of quantitative studies, while at the same time the practice field of peace mediation has been characterised by a process of professionalisation. We argue that in parallel to these two trends, there has been a shift away from focusing on exogeneous factors, such as those pertaining to the conflict context, to explain 'success' or 'failure' towards those endogenous to the peace process. A rapidly growing literature on elements of peace process design ranging from inclusivity, mediator characteristics, mediation styles, as well as the substance of negotiated agreements has both informed and been informed by developments in the practitioner community of mediation. These mutually reinforcing trends, while enriching the field, risk portraying mediation as a technical and de-politicised exercise and create inflated expectations of the role and capacity of mediators. We illustrate these trends with a discussion of the case of UN peacemaking in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Debates on the ethics of disaster and humanitarian studies concern unequal relations in research (among research institutes/researchers/stakeholders); the physical and psychological well-being of research participants and researchers; and the imposition of western methods, frameworks and epistemologies to the study of disasters. This paper focuses on everyday ethics: how they need to be translated throughout the everyday practices of research and how researchers can deal with the ethical dilemmas that inevitably occur. Design/methodology/approach: This paper analyses the process of addressing ethics-related dilemmas from the first author's experiences researching disaster governance in high-intensity conflict settings, in particular drawing from 4 to 6 months of fieldwork in South Sudan and Afghanistan. In addition, ethical issues around remote research are discussed, drawing on the example of research conducted in Yemen. It is based on the personal notes taken by the first author and on the experience of both authors translating guidelines for research in remote and hazardous areas into research practices. Findings: The paper concerns translating ethics into the everyday practices of research planning, implementation and communication. It argues for the importance of adaptive research processes with space for continuous reflection in order to advance disaster studies based on (1) equitable collaboration; (2) participatory methodologies wherever possible; (3) safety and security for all involved; (4) ethical approaches of remote research and (5) responsible and inclusive research communication and research-uptake. Openness about gaps and limitations of ethical standards, discussions with peers about dilemmas and reporting on these in research outcomes should be embedded in everyday ethics. Originality/value: The paper contributes to discussions on everyday ethics, where ethics are integral to the epistemologies and everyday practices of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable rural planning is a continuous, multiparticipatory, large-scale process. Most rural areas in developing countries have sustainable characteristics. However, rural areas have been neglected due to the excessive focus on urban areas, resulting in an urban–rural gap that is difficult to overcome. Village planning is an important public policy instrument that is used to direct land-use planning and management. Therefore, it is an important tool for realizing sustainable development in rural areas. Based on the problems experienced by these villages and the goal of sustainable rural development, the study took An Nijād village, Yemen, as a case study. The study used a hybrid design approach, including qualitative and quantitative methods, such as questionnaire analysis along with GIS methods, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). The research cycle was implemented in various phases, including data collection, coding, and analysis. The results of the change matrix (2010–2020) have indicated that land use/land covers (LULC) classified were arable land (47.9%), Built-up area (11.5%), barren/bare land (8.3%), water body (0.3%), slop land (6.4%), mountains (22.1%), and roads (3.5%). This paper will create a comprehensive framework for the implementation and planning of rural areas at the regional level, considering the constraints of each region in terms of its ability to achieve realistic results on the planning and development of sustainable rural development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attacks against humanitarian aid workers have received increasing attention in the media, particularly high‐profile incidents such as those against the hospitals of Médecins Sans Frontières in Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen. Concurrently, scholarly research has given rise to a number of articles, white papers, and books on humanitarian insecurity. Most of this work centres on external threats, neglecting the internal mechanisms that humanitarian organisations use to mitigate security situations. This paper builds on the existing literature by focusing on the decision‐making processes of humanitarian organisations, drawing on data collected from 16 security managers or advisers. The findings reveal that several factors contribute to contextual uncertainty and complexity, including recipient perceptions, local government actions, the behaviour of other non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in the area, logistical issues, risk variance within a single location, and organisational mandate. Furthermore, the results indicate that NGOs utilise a combination of decision‐making processes to determine how to manage security in high‐risk environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a design redundancy framework for countering the risks inherent in humanitarian supply chains (SCs), particularly those operating in conflict zones. This framework deals with humanitarian SC design and risk management, drawing from literature on agility and resilience. The humanitarian SC operation directed by the logistics cluster in Yemen is analyzed using system dynamics simulation and network optimization. Real data is used as input to the models to create and five alternative SC designs which can be implemented depending on the current risks to the humanitarian SC. This constitutes the new concept of design redundancy, whereby humanitarian SC managers can analyse multiple alternative SC designs for humanitarian operations. Each design is fitted to a potential risk scenario which is likely to occur during that crisis. The approach developed empowers the decision-makers to ensure the continued flow of aid to beneficiaries despite disruption providing decision-making support for humanitarian SC managers and communication with donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated the use of telemedicine in both high and low resource settings however its use has preceded this, particularly in conflict-affected settings. Several countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean (EMR) region are affected by complex, protracted crises. Though telemedicine has been used in such settings, there has been no comprehensive assessment of what interventions are used, their efficacy, barriers, or current research gaps. Main body: A systematic search of ten academic databases and 3 grey literature sources from January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2020 was completed, identifying telemedicine interventions in select EMR conflict-affected settings and relevant enablers and barriers to their implementation. Included articles reported on telemedicine use in six conflict-affected EMR countries (or territories) graded as WHO Health Emergencies: Afghanistan, Gaza, Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen. Data were extracted and narratively synthesised due to heterogeneity in study design and outcomes. Of 3419 articles identified, twenty-one peer-reviewed and three grey literature sources met the inclusion criteria. We analysed these by context, intervention, and evaluation. Context: eight related to Afghanistan, eight to Syria and seven to Iraq with one each in Yemen and Gaza. Most were implemented by humanitarian or academic organisations with projects mostly initiated in the United States or Europe and mostly by physicians. The in-country links were mostly health professionals rather than patients seeking specialist inputs for specialities not locally available. Interventions: these included both SAF (store and forward) and RT (real-time) with a range of specialities represented including radiology, histopathology, dermatology, mental health, and intensive care. Evaluation: most papers were observational or descriptive with few describing quality measures of interventions. Conclusions: Telemedicine interventions are feasible in conflict-affected settings in EMR using low-cost, accessible technologies. However, few implemented interventions reported on evaluation strategies or had these built in. The ad hoc nature of some of the interventions, which relied on volunteers without sustained financial or academic investment, could pose challenges to quality and sustainability. There was little exploration of confidentiality, ethical standards, data storage or local healthcare worker and patient acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to the issue of collective guilt and the interconnection between theoretical political thinking and ethically grounded political action, collective guilt, and personal responsibility. It assumes that facing political events in a form of media representation (such as with the war conflict in Ukraine), we mostly deal with simulacra, which affects and creates passive shock content consumption instead of active participation. The interconnection between irrational and rational ways of interpretation of political conflict is shown together with the attempt to rethink the social responsibility of nowadays, switching the prospective from synchronic to diachronic dimensions. Instead of producing descriptions that multiply monstrous zombie/victims-blaming apocalyptic discourse or subconsciously continuing to symbolically support "fratricide", it is proposed to think about the legacy for future generations and see the moral dimension of politics in terms of "adults' responsibility for children" as each one's personal responsibility issue. Acting "as if you would wish all children on Earth to grow in safety and deserve a happy life no matter where (s)he would be born, as if it were a universal law" – this is proposed as an ethical-political common-sense formula, based on potential equality and global interconnection, maturity, and care – which could lead to a common goal of overcoming starvation, wars, sufferings, and catastrophes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee species Coffea arabica is facing numerous challenges regarding climate change, pests and disease pressure. Improved varieties will be part of the solution. Making optimal use of the scarce genetic diversity of the species is hence essential. In this paper, we present the first study of C. arabica genetic diversity covering its complete native habitat in Ethiopia together with its main domestication centers: Yemen and Hararghe region in Ethiopia. All in all, 555 samples were analyzed with a set of Single Sequence Repeat markers. Through admixture genetic analysis, six clusters were identified. A total of two "Core Ethiopian" clusters did not participate in the domestication of the species. There were four clusters that were part of the "Domestication Pathway" of C. arabica. The first one was named "Ethiopian Legacy" as it represents the genetic link between "Core Ethiopia" and the "Domestication Pathway" in Yemen and Hararghe. The geographic origin of this cluster in Ethiopia was the south of Ethiopia, namely Gedio, Guji and Sidama, which hence appears as the source of coffee seeds that led to the domestication of C. arabica. In Yemen, in addition to the "Ethiopian Legacy" cluster, we confirmed the "Typica/Bourbon" and "New-Yemen" clusters. In Hararghe, the "Harrar" cluster, never described before, likely originates from a re-introduction of domesticated coffee from Yemen into this region of Ethiopia. Cultivated varieties around the world today originate from the "Ethiopian Legacy" and "Typica/Bourbon" clusters and but none are related to the "new-Yemen" and "Harrar" clusters. Implications for breeding strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The respiratory care (RC) discipline in Yemen emerged 15 years ago. Although there have been significant advancements in the domain, no documented history is available regarding its development and progress over the years. This paper highlights the history and development of the RC field in Yemen and highlights the major events that took place during these times that shaped the development of the RC discipline. A detailed, comprehensive review and assessment were conducted through direct communication, personal interviews, and the review of existing documents in the hospital's archives, academic institutes, Ministry of Public Health and Population, and other relevant resources. The gathered data were evaluated for relevance and grouped on a thematic basis. So far, this is the first paper on the comprehensive history and development of the RC discipline in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a survey summary to present the efforts and steps taken by Yemen to establish a stock market in Yemen. The paper aims to investigate the steps and efforts taken by Yemen to prepare for the establishment of a stock market. The Yemeni government has taken several tangible steps to establish a stock exchange in Yemen, where several discussions and foreign visits took place in order to benefit from the successful experiences in different stock exchanges Yemen has made several efforts that are considered a base to create the appropriate atmosphere for the establishment of a stock exchange in Yemen. The Yemeni government began implementing the financial and administrative reform program in 1995, in agreement with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and the start of the privatization program. Yemen has prepared a draft law on the procedures required to establish a stock market. And made preparations for the establishment of a stock market and the formation of the Securities Market Authority in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions on how humanitarian aid and disaster responses can link better with development and disaster risk reduction (DRR) have occurred for decades. However, the reverse transition, from development to relief, is still poorly understood. Using the case of Yemen, this study analyses whether and how development and DRR activities adapted to the emerging humanitarian crisis when conflict escalated in the country. It concentrates on governance strategies, actors, challenges, and opportunities at the nexus of development, disaster, and humanitarian responses. Semi‐structured interviews and focus‐group discussions with aid and societal actors were conducted remotely and in Jordan. The findings show gaps in knowledge and coordination in the movement from development and DRR to relief, but also reveal spaces and opportunities to advance towards enhanced integration of action before, during, and after an emergency. This paper contributes to the literature on this nexus and critically argues for a more integrated approach to conflicts and disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1894, Jacob Barth proposed that the preformative conjugation in some of the Semitic languages goes back to a – generally bygone – inverse correlation between the thematic vowel of the stem and that of the conjugational prefix. Evidence for such a distribution is well attested in all branches of Central Semitic, yet it remains disputed whether it should be reconstructed for Proto-Semitic as well. This paper makes use of new data from a living Semitic variety, namely the Arabic dialect of Ḥugariyyah in the south of Yemen, where the pattern observed by Barth is still operative. We examine the interaction of the conjugational prefixes with the dialectal future tense marker š(a)- , and point to cases where the inverse correlation is violated. We outline a sequential development , starting with a phonetically-driven re-distribution of the preformative vowels, and followed by their reanalysis as integral to the prefix. We then propose that comparable developments may have taken place in other Semitic varieties, predominantly Akkadian, and thus view the Akkadian preformative conjugation as a derivative of a former inverse correlation, as reconstructed by Barth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular epidemiology studies are essential to refine our understanding of migrations of phytopathogenic bacteria, the major determining factor in their emergence, and to understand the factors that shape their population structure. Microsatellite and minisatellite typing are useful techniques for deciphering the population structure of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker. This paper presents a molecular epidemiology study, which has improved our understanding of the history of the pathogen's introductions into the Arabian Peninsula, since it was first reported in the 1980s. An unexpectedly high genetic diversity of the pathogen was revealed. The four distinct genetic lineages within X. citri pv. citri, which have been reported throughout the world, were identified in the Arabian Peninsula, most likely as the result of multiple introductions. No copper‐resistant X. citri pv. citri strains were identified. The pathogen's population structure on Mexican lime (their shared host species) was closely examined in two countries, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. We highlighted the marked prevalence of specialist pathotype A* strains in both countries, which suggests that specialist strains of X. citri pv. citri may perform better than generalist strains when they occur concomitantly in this environment. Subclade 4.2 was the prevailing lineage identified. Several analyses (genetic structure deciphered by discriminant analysis of principal components, RST‐based genetic differentiation, geographic structure) congruently suggested the role of human activities in the pathogen's spread. We discuss the implications of these results on the management of Asiatic citrus canker in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly aims, on the one hand, to analyze the impact of the war and incessant conflicts on access to electricity in Yemen and, on the other hand, to reveal the effect of war and foreign aid on renewable energy generation in this conflict-ridden country over the period 1990–2021, using the ARDL model and structural breaks analysis. The main findings indicate that the 2015 war and bitter, enduring conflicts that force Yemenis to adapt to new, uncongenial, and difficult conditions increase electricity access and give rise to renewable energy generation. An increase of 1 % in conflicts sparks a 2.07 % increase in electricity access in Yemen. In fact, Yemen's War has fueled a renewable energy boom that even stable Arab countries themselves have not witnessed. This giant stride would not have been achieved in normal circumstances, to say the least. The results also indicate that foreign aid is increasingly playing a proactive role in boosting renewable energy generation and making electricity more accessible and affordable for Yemenis. It goes without saying that foreign aid that targets the development of renewables is the most effective solution for bringing war-torn countries out of energy poverty. • An increase of 1 % in conflicts sparks a 2.07 % increase in electricity access in Yemen. • The 2015 war has caused the collapse of old electricity systems in war-ravaged Yemen. • The 2015 war increased electricity access and gave rise to renewable energy generation. • Yemen's war has fueled a renewable energy boom that even stable Arab countries themselves have not witnessed. • Foreign aid is the most effective solution for bringing Yemen out of energy poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military intervention in Yemen is analysed in this paper within a context dominated by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). There are several scholarly works regarding the Emirates' involvement in Yemen, but there are only a few about the recent series of transformations that the policymaking has undergone. This research aims to fill this gap by arguing that the prioritisation of national interest has transformed the Emirati policy regarding Yemen from 'bandwagoning' to 'buck-passing'. The main objective in this paper is to scrutinise the UAE's motivations in engaging in a buck-passing strategy towards Qatar and Saudi Arabia. From this point of view, any proper examination of the UAE's drivers in policy change must begin by investigating the relationship between internal and external motivations. The assessment combines levels of systemic and individual dimensions in order to examine two main motivations as to why the buck-passing is articulated to bandwagoning. A structural complexity is embedded in the UAE's strategies. Prioritisation of economic gains over military interests and the consolidation of internal power are two reasons for such policy transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who live or work in areas where there have been armed conflicts may face the threat of landmines and explosive hazards, such as unexploded or abandoned ordnance, abandoned military vehicles, and equipment. Therefore, this is a tremendous obstacle to development and construction in such areas, which requires awareness of the threat and appropriate preventive action. This paper aims to facilitate the detection and elimination of planted landmines in Yemen. Two stages are proposed to be implemented in this study for the demining techniques: detection and clearance phases. The first phase uses a Quadcopter with detecting sensors to locate and map the mines' spot, while the second stage uses a Quadcopter to unload a mass on that determined location from a certain height. By employing these two stages, it is expected to quickly and accurately detect the locations of landmines. That will reduce risk, protect human lives, and provide a more efficient and safe way to sweep minefield workers using sample, small, and easy control equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines the interaction of human capital and CRM on the performance of SMEs in Yemen. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a quantitative approach in investigating the interacting effect of human capital on the relationship between CRM and SMEs' performance in Yemen. The PLS-SEM analysis was performed to test the hypotheses. Findings: It was observed that key customer focus, technology-based CRM and CRM knowledge management were effective drivers of SME performance, but not CRM organization tools. It was also ascertained that human capital has no moderating effect on the key customer focus and knowledge management relationships with performance, although it does moderate the relationships between performance and CRM organization and technology-based CRM respectively. Research limitations/implications: Because this study is limited to manufacturing SMEs in Yemen, the results cannot be generalized to other types of industry such as services, whose structure and vision differ from those of manufacturing SMEs. While the current results may be appropriate for SMEs in other developing countries, the researcher believes they are unsuitable for SMEs in advanced economies with different financial structures and employee and management cultures. Practical implications: The empirical insights of this study are valuable for the owners, managers and professionals in the SMEs manufacturing sector in developing countries, to enrich their organizational performance through CRM adoption, while considering the moderating effect of human capital. Originality/value: This is the first empirical work to confirm way the main drivers of human capital, including in the analysis the impact of CRM dimensions and SME performance, in the context of the manufacturing sector. In support of an original conceptual model, the insights contribute to the literature on CRM, SMEs in the manufacturing sector, human capital and emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the influence of accounting information system (AIS) success on planning process effectiveness (PPE) in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of Yemen, a less developed nation (LDN). Design/methodology/approach: This study developed a theoretical model based on IS success model (DMISS2003). The model's components were tested using structural equation modeling via SmartPLS on a sample of 325 SMEs. Findings: The empirical results imply that AIS success positively affects PPE if SMEs focus on AIS information quality, system quality, user satisfaction and usage. Research limitations/implications: This study focused on SMEs in Yemen. Thus, it can be expanded to include different other countries. Practical implications: The results of this study could be considered by owners and managers of SMEs, policymakers and AIS designers/vendors. This study could provide them insight into the role of AIS success in promoting PPE in SMEs. This study could assist policymakers in analyzing the work of SMEs and assessing their success, referring to AIS. Moreover, knowing the most critical determinants of AIS success could direct designers'/vendors' efforts toward upgrading and improving the present AIS. Social implications: Government policymakers in LDNs considering how to motivate SME development in their nation should be aware of the significance of AIS success and implementation among SMEs and its role in the nation's economic development. Originality/value: This research is one of the first that investigates the impact of AIS success on PPE in SMEs. Current literature largely lacks the investigation of such an impact, especially among SMEs in LDNs such as Yemen. Most AIS's prior research focused on SMEs in developed nations, which may not fully apply to LDNs such as Yemen. Indeed, no existing literature is available where AIS success impacts PPE in SMEs of LDNs. In this respect, this study claims its uniqueness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in the anatomical characters of leaf and stem were examined in six species of three genera of Acantheae (Acanthoideae : Acanthaceae) from Yemen, namely, Acanthus L., Blepharis Juss., and Crossandra Salisb. Both light and scanning electron microscopy were used. The paper describes the anatomical variation in the outline of stems, petioles, midribs, lamina and leaf margin. Stem outlines were circular, squarish or squarish with prominent grooves. The adaxial shape of petioles varies from straight, unevenly straight, straight with lateral wings and grooved. Cystoliths were absent in all genera. Raphides cells are present in the petiole and stem of Acanthus arboreus and Crossandra johanninae and absent in Blepharis species. Fibres showed in different part such as margin lamina and surrounding the vascular tissues. The type and position of trichomes were also investigated and both glandular and non-glandular trichomes were found to be present in Acantheae tribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Much of Yemen's infrastructure and healthcare system has been destroyed by the ongoing civil war that began in late 2014. This has created a dire situation that has led to food insecurity, water shortages, uncontrolled outbreaks of infectious disease and further failings within the healthcare system. This has greatly impacted the practice of emergency medicine (EM), and is now compounded by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the current state of emergency and disaster medicine in Yemen, followed by unstructured qualitative interviews with EM workers, performed by either direct discussion or via phone calls, to capture their lived experience, observations on and perceptions of the challenges facing EM in Yemen. We summarize and present our findings in this paper. Results: Emergency medical services (EMS) in Yemen are severely depleted. Across the country as a whole, there are only 10 healthcare workers for every 10,000 people - less than half of the WHO benchmark for basic health coverage - and only five physicians, less than one third the world average; 18% of the country's 333 districts have no qualified physicians at all. Ambulances and basic medical equipment are in short supply. As a result of the ongoing war, only 50% of the 5056 pre-war hospitals and health facilities are functional. In June 2020, Yemen recorded a 27% mortality rate of Yemenis who were confirmed to have COVID-19, more than five times the global average and among the highest in the world at that time. Conclusion: In recent years, serious efforts to develop an advanced EM presence in Yemen and cultivate improvements in EMS have been stymied or have failed outright due to the ongoing challenges. Yemen's chronically under-resourced healthcare sector is ill-equipped to deal with the additional strain of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to conduct a systematic review of 26 published articles from 13 different regions in the Republic of Yemen related to the study of natural radioactivity (NORM) and enhanced artificial radioactivity (TENORM). The study relied on the analysis of various sample types, including air, groundwater, surface water, hot spring water, soil, sand, rocks, building materials, and oil field samples. It also analyzed the study areas, the types of detectors employed, and the study's timeframe. The analytical results raised significant concerns regarding the high levels of radioactivity observed in many of the studied regions. Moreover, some regions indicated the absence of any prior radiological study, despite apparent effects on the population and the environment, which suggest the presence of potential radionuclide concentration. Based on this study, it is strongly recommended that researchers conduct further radiological studies in regions previously studied over extended periods and in areas where no prior radiological studies have been conducted to assess potential radionuclide concentration. • Systematic analysis of radiological studies in Yemen. • Focus on NORM and TENORM studies. • Integrated radiological map of Yemen, highlighting radiation hazards and unexplored areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the promotion of ELT approaches and curricula in Yemen, MA students at the English Department in the Faculty of Education – Sana'a University (EDFESU) have done incredible contribution to ELT and curricula field of study with a total number of ninety-six theses since the beginning of the MA program in 1994 until September 2017. The study population of this paper encompassed all these MA theses, which were analyzed using content analysis under the following headings: the studied research areas, the target groups, the target scholastic stages, the research approaches, the data gathering tools, the experimental treatments, the sex of the researchers, and the future trends. The study reached the following conclusions. The studied research areas were of the following order. Spoken Skill studies ranked first with a percentage of 20% followed by curriculum studies (evaluation stage) with a percentage of 16%, and reading skills studies 14%. Next, curriculum studies (design stage/ needs analysis), writing skills studies, and attitude acquisition studies came with a percentage of 9.4%. After that, error analysis studies got 6.3%, grammar studies got 5.2%, teaching methods studies and contrastive analysis (CA) studies got 4.2%. Competence studies came last with a percentage of 3.1 %. As for the target groups, university students ranked first with 61.5% followed by school students 15.6% and in-service teachers 9.4%. Then, schoolbooks were ranked 5.2%, university-teaching courses 4.2%, university programs and university teachers were rated last with 2%. The target scholastic stages were rated as follows: university stage 65.63%, secondary stage 28.13%, basic-school education 5.21%, and in-service institutes 1.04%. Regarding the research approaches, descriptive studies ranked first with a percentage of 61.5% and experimental studies with a percentage of 38.5 %. Regarding the data-gathering tools, testing technique was the most popular tool with a percentage of 63.6%. Questionnaire technique was ranked next with 40.6%, interview technique got 32.3 %, and observation technique was rated 14.6%. As for experimental treatments, teaching methods were ranked first with a percentage of 94.6% and teaching materials ranked second with a percentage of 5.4%. As for the sex of the researchers, female researchers ranked first with a percentage of 59.4% and male researchers ranked second with a percentage of 40.6%. As to the recommendations and future trends, most studied papers recommended carrying out comparisons between various teaching strategies, training teachers, conducting similar studies using new variables, applying the results of research in psycholinguistics, and paying a balanced attention to educational objectives, in addition to using modern technology in ELT. As to the goals of these theses, all of them were of applied ELT and Curricula research. None of them was of basic research. It is noticed that many of the theses studied similar topics due to the absence of a vision or a plan in the EDFESU regarding the significance and the priorities of research areas. The study ended with a number of relevant recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed design a product to sell commercial paper in accordance with Islamic law and controls this thought the development of controls for the legitimacy of the product hmausury and any other legitimate by the legal opinion on the controls and the legality of this product, which is an alterative to the deduction Halal trade securities based on the benefits legally prohibited usury . The curriculum that they have used at this study is the describing curriculum to answer for kinds of studies that count (32) people of the controls and the legality of the Islamic banks in Yemen that they have chosen for their kinds and also the controls and the legality are the people who have chosen the Islamic laws for banks service that most of banks gave for Islamic banks. Through the answers that contain (32) type spread to seven changes : The scientists made search for answering the kinds of the program ( SPSS) and also for the exam of ( t-test) to get out the medal count and also the cost of the level and to compare between the medal cost and the medal supposed for each kinds, At last this study arrive to the truth result that they can sell the commercial paper by non- debater ( the bank) is legitimate according to the controls away form the legitimacy of usury and ignorance any of the propitiations of the legitimacy of the other's point of view ooze board in Islamic banks in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Definition: What are the reasons for Saudi Arabia's conservative foreign policy shift to an aggressive approach after the Arab spring in Yemen? Purpose: Investigating and analyzing the causes of the Saudi military invasion of Yemen from two geopolitical and ideological aspects and its impact on Saudi Arabia's balancing policy with Iran. Methodology: The study was conducted using the descriptive-analytic method. Data collection method was library one using scientific and research papers and online sites. The theoretical framework of this paper was derived from the theory of balance of power, which emphasizes the (relative) equality of power between the two rival blocs, providing a useful theoretical framework for examining the shift in the conservative approach of Saudi foreign policy to the aggressive approach following the Arab spring developments in Yemen. Result: The findings of this article suggest that Ansarullah's full control over Yemen could change the balance of power for Iran's benefit by endangering Saudi security (provoking Shiites in the south and east as well as threatening oil transit through the strategic Bab al- Mandab Strait) and expand its sphere of influence in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has changed its conservative foreign policy approach to an aggressive foreign policy towards Yemen after changes in Islamic awakening for expanding its influence and maximizing its security on the one hand and to curb the expansion of Iranian influence in the region with the aim of weakening the axis of resistance and balancing strategy on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the promotion of ELT approaches and curricula in Yemen, MA students at the English Department in the Faculty of Education – Sana'a University (EDFESU) have done incredible contribution to ELT and curricula field of study with a total number of ninety-six theses since the beginning of the MA program in 1994 until September 2017. The study population of this paper encompassed all these MA theses, which were analyzed using content analysis under the following headings: the studied research areas, the target groups, the target scholastic stages, the research approaches, the data gathering tools, the experimental treatments, the sex of the researchers, and the future trends. The study reached the following conclusions. The studied research areas were of the following order. Spoken Skill studies ranked first with a percentage of 20% followed by curriculum studies (evaluation stage) with a percentage of 16%, and reading skills studies 14%. Next, curriculum studies (design stage/ needs analysis), writing skills studies, and attitude acquisition studies came with a percentage of 9.4%. After that, error analysis studies got 6.3%, grammar studies got 5.2%, teaching methods studies and contrastive analysis (CA) studies got 4.2%. Competence studies came last with a percentage of 3.1 %. As for the target groups, university students ranked first with 61.5% followed by school students 15.6% and in-service teachers 9.4%. Then, schoolbooks were ranked 5.2%, university-teaching courses 4.2%, university programs and university teachers were rated last with 2%. The target scholastic stages were rated as follows: university stage 65.63%, secondary stage 28.13%, basic-school education 5.21%, and in-service institutes 1.04%. Regarding the research approaches, descriptive studies ranked first with a percentage of 61.5% and experimental studies with a percentage of 38.5 %. Regarding the data-gathering tools, testing technique was the most popular tool with a percentage of 63.6%. Questionnaire technique was ranked next with 40.6%, interview technique got 32.3 %, and observation technique was rated 14.6%. As for experimental treatments, teaching methods were ranked first with a percentage of 94.6% and teaching materials ranked second with a percentage of 5.4%. As for the sex of the researchers, female researchers ranked first with a percentage of 59.4% and male researchers ranked second with a percentage of 40.6%. As to the recommendations and future trends, most studied papers recommended carrying out comparisons between various teaching strategies, training teachers, conducting similar studies using new variables, applying the results of research in psycholinguistics, and paying a balanced attention to educational objectives, in addition to using modern technology in ELT. As to the goals of these theses, all of them were of applied ELT and Curricula research. None of them was of basic research. It is noticed that many of the theses studied similar topics due to the absence of a vision or a plan in the EDFESU regarding the significance and the priorities of research areas. The study ended with a number of relevant recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed design a product to sell commercial paper in accordance with Islamic law and controls this thought the development of controls for the legitimacy of the product hmausury and any other legitimate by the legal opinion on the controls and the legality of this product, which is an alterative to the deduction Halal trade securities based on the benefits legally prohibited usury . The curriculum that they have used at this study is the describing curriculum to answer for kinds of studies that count (32) people of the controls and the legality of the Islamic banks in Yemen that they have chosen for their kinds and also the controls and the legality are the people who have chosen the Islamic laws for banks service that most of banks gave for Islamic banks. Through the answers that contain (32) type spread to seven changes : The scientists made search for answering the kinds of the program ( SPSS) and also for the exam of ( t-test) to get out the medal count and also the cost of the level and to compare between the medal cost and the medal supposed for each kinds, At last this study arrive to the truth result that they can sell the commercial paper by non- debater ( the bank) is legitimate according to the controls away form the legitimacy of usury and ignorance any of the propitiations of the legitimacy of the other's point of view ooze board in Islamic banks in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to investigate the potential constraints that the Yemeni undergraduates face in subtitling audiovisual materials. The challenges of English-Arabic subtitling are under three domains; linguistic, technical and attitudinal. University of Science and Technology (UST) is barely the benchmarking academic institution that gives training on subtitling. UST was perceived as an ideal place to curry out the study. A triangulation was the methodology of the paper. A questionnaire along with a test were administered and given to 38 participants. The results of the study declared that the linguistic domain is still taking the lead. The second domain was the technical challenges. The emotive or attitudinal constraints were the least challenging. The paper gave recommendations to overcome these constraints. Conclusion and recommendations of the study can be taken in other countries that undergo similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For three decades (since 1990 to date), residential areas in Aden City in the south of Yemen have been suffering from the spread of squatter and imported architectural patterns and building violations. During that period the city has witnessed several changes which have their great effects on the situation of building in residential areas. Several building decisions and laws have also been made. Some of these decisions and laws have been defective and deficient, and some could not be implemented. This research paper is intended to explore the suitable ways that can contribute to improving the performance of Yemeni building laws in the residential areas of Aden City in the light of the positive role of building laws in some Arab cities which could help their urban communities reach a distinguished architectural character in the light of the changes witnessed by their communities. The researchers have concluded some of the ways through which the objective of this study can be attained. Perhaps the most important of these ways are the following: -The building law making stage should be preceded by a set of important measures and procedures such as the development of future studies and strategic policies of urban development, and the development of different programs for characterized and squatter areas (e.g. preservation – promotion) and making laws for them. - Specifying the axes on which laws rest so that some of them form constants and values that characterize residential buildings in Arab cities in general, and some may vary depending on the changes taking place in each of these cities, and incorporating them into law amendments. - The State should have trust in the municipality and give it full authority so that it can prepare its own building provisions manual and monitor the enforcement of laws on the ground by specialists who can take the necessary decision when an emergency occurs during the building operations. - Activating and enhancing the role of specialists through their participation in making laws and their amendments, and forming technical committees and administrations involving them within the municipality to preserve the architectural character and local identity of the city and its cultural and historical dimension, especially in its old district (Old Aden). The present research paper deals with the following points: 1. Introduction: Problem, objective, methodology and scope of the study. 2. The situation of building and construction in the residential areas of Aden City during the stage (1990 till now). 3. The Yemeni building legislations and their most important negative aspects. 4. The situation of building and construction in the residential areas of some models Arab cities under building laws and legislations. 5. The lessons that are learnt from the previous models to improve building laws in the residential areas of Aden City. 6. Results and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding climate extremes and indices is crucial for addressing climate change impacts, including the increased variability in local weather patterns and extreme events. Previous studies on the Arabian Peninsula (AP) have been limited by sparse station data and restricted spatial coverage. To overcome this limitation, this paper aims to assess the spatial distribution and temporal trends of temperature and precipitation indices suggested by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) using ERA5 reanalysis data from 1951 to 2020 for the AP. Additionally, this study investigated the changes relative to the reference period (1951–1980). The modified Mann-Kendall test and Sen's Slope estimator are utilized to detect significant trends and estimate their magnitude. Results revealed that ERA5 was consistent with previous studies that utilized in-situ station data, which offers a more detailed picture of the affected areas. The findings indicated a significant warming trend in temperature indices, with an increase of over 1 °C per decade observed across several areas, including the northern AP, and certain regions experiencing a discrepant change of 3 °C increase compared to the reference period. Changes in rainfall indices indicate a shift in rainfall patterns from the AP's fertile southwest regions towards more intense patterns in specific eastern regions, including Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. However, the precipitation temporal trends are weak in magnitude and variable spatially, with dominant decreases in both intensity (-10 mm per decade) and frequency indices (-5 days per decade). Some locations are subject to the combined effects of most heatwave indicators simultaneously, while flood indicators and yet others by drought indicators influence others. All these locations have been accurately identified in this study. The findings provide valuable information regarding the region's climate change vulnerability and adaptation needs. [Display omitted] • Prior studies relied on limited station data, short period, and MK trend test. • Extremes are assessed using ERA5, ETCCDI, Modified-MK, and Sen's Slope. • Affected areas are identified, and valuable insights for policymakers are set. • Significant warming trend: >1 °C/decade and > 2 °C change from reference period. • Spatiotemporal trends of precipitation are weak in magnitude and variable spatially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five core sandstone and carbonate rock samples from the Cretaceous Harshiyat Formation containing oil stains were collected from two wells in the North Hadramaut High area (eastern Yemen) and geochemically analyzed by their sterane and terpane biomarker and stable carbon isotope (δ13C) compositions. This paper studied the geochemical characteristics of the oil stains and their relation to probable potential source rocks. The source rock characteristics include the origin of organic matter input; redox depositional conditions, lithology, and degree of thermal maturity were investigated. The saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of the analyzed oil stain samples have δ13C values in the range of − 26.5‰ – − 28.6‰ and − 26.3‰ – − 26.7‰, respectively. These δ13C values indicate that the oil stain samples originated from a mixed organic matter input in their source rock. The presence of mixed marine and terrestrial organic matter in the source rock is further concluded from biomarker distributions of n-alkane, isoprenoid, terpane, and sterane. These biomarkers and their ratio parameters suggest that the analyzed oil stain samples were sourced from clay-rich rock deposited in marine-reducing environmental conditions and likely contained mixed planktonic/bacterial organic matter and land plant inputs. Both saturated and aromatic maturity biomarkers suggest that the analyzed oil stains were from a mature source rock, equivalent to a moderate to peak-mature oil window. The environmental biomarker indicators of the studied oil stain samples correlated well with the shales in the Late Cretaceous Harshiyat Formation in the onshore Jiza-Qamar Basin (eastern Yemen), indicating that the analyzed oil stains were generated from a mature Harshiyat source rock in the onshore Jiza-Qamar Basin and subsequently migrated into the Cretaceous Harshiyat sandstone and limestone reservoirs in the North Hadramaut High area (eastern Yemen) through normal faults system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that there are records which are dated to beginning of the 1870s about the construction of telegraph lines within the province of Yemen, it was not possible until the end of the 19th century to establish a connection between the centers of the province with one another, and also directly between provincial network and the capital. The first telegraph line expansion to the province was proposed in 1872 as a parallel landline road from Damascus to Medina, Jeddah, Kunfuda, and Hudaydah, but it was never completed. Efforts were made to establish a fast communication network to reach Payitaht [Capital] through international telegraph offices around such as Aden, Suakin, Musavva, Perim Island. Submarine cables of the Eastern Telegraph Company located in the Red Sea were of major importance for this issue. The distance from Yemen to the Ottoman network, the natural obstacles of the geography, the permanent revolts in the region and the distresses in the state budget have prevented for many years the construction of the provincial lines. At the end of the 19th century, the demand for telegraph increased even more as a result of the activities of the foreigners in the region and the deepening rebellions. The development of Yemen Province telegraph lines, Ottoman State's attempts and solutions in this direction, as well as the communication traffic that existed along the Red Sea beaches, are all explored in this paper. This study purports to make a contribution is made for the narration of regions’ military, political, and economic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a new Qatabanian inscription, of a construction nature, that was found at Hajar al‐ʿĀdī in Wādī Ḥarīb, the site of the ancient town of Maryamah. This inscription is particularly important because its history dates back to the reign of a King Shammar Yuharʿish dhū‐Raydān, considered to be Shammar Yuharʿish, the king of Sabaʾ and dhū‐Raydān who ruled at the end of the third century CE. The inscription mentions the town of Ẓafār, the capital of Ḥimyar, and provides us with important data on the history of the kingdom of Qatabān, the history of the town of Maryamah, and the relationship of its people to the cities of the western and southern highlands during that important stage in the history of ancient Yemen. The hypothesis that the Shammar Yuharʿish dhū‐Raydān mentioned in the inscriptions from Maryamah is the same Shammar dhū‐Raydān from the inscription RES 4336 (to be dated 50–20 BC), as recently adopted by Christian Robin, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of interpreters in frontlines is completely different from that of community interpreters. It needs advanced skills and competencies, in addition to resilience and a amenability to survive and prepare to face multiple risks. The language and culture barriers are the most pressing challenges facing conflict interpreters. Besides, diversity of culture, society norms, and hostile nature have a huge impact on the interpreters' work. The greatest obstacle to international understanding is the barrier of language (Kirkpatrick, 2020). 10 Yemeni interpreters working in conflict zones in Yemen were selected using an open-ended questionnaire to explore if they face challenges and barriers in their work as interpreters. For this purpose, the paper aimed to identify the barriers and challenges that encounter interpreters in conflict zones in Yemen. The findings showed that interpreters encounter many challenges, including linguistic, social, cultural, and psychological challenges, in addition to pressure work, translation lost, workload, security threatening, diversity of dialects, diversity of society, workload, and term conflicts. The findings also showed that most interpreters are affected by cultural and psychological factors more than linguistical and social ones. The study recommended the interpreters to be aware of cultural sensitivity and to avoid psychological pressure and tension . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the impact of family business governance (FBG) on organizational innovation (OIN) in family firms operating in Yemen. The study collected data from 219 family firms, and employed PLS-SEM to test the hypotheses and validate the study model. The results provide evidence of the influence of FBG on OIN in family firms, and that the application of FBG practices promotes better results at the organizational level seen as product innovation and process innovation. The results show that there are significant differences in organizational innovation that can be attributed to the size of the firm, while no differences are found to be attributed to the generation in charge. These findings provide a better understanding of the innovativeness in family firms with respect to the different roles of formal and informal governance structures, and may help business families to develop more effective governance structures out of which more active stewards with more innovative ideas can help trigger better organizational innovation. This paper attempts to update the current knowledge concerning inconsistency of findings in prior studies, and so contributes in updating research opportunities with respect to heterogeneity in family firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage buildings are considered unique assets with a significant value for the country where they are situated that must be conserved or preserved for the coming generations. However, heritage sites, as any other site where a construction is present, experience tremendous risks that impact both the condition and the withstanding of the building or asset they include. Therefore, a risk management framework is essential for these sites and buildings, in particular to be able to decide how to respond and act upon foreseeable risks when they occur or even before experiencing them. This study starts with investigating the most dominant risks in the heritage buildings context with a focus on Yemeni sites, and consequently 38 Yemeni experts in the field of heritage building management were surveyed to examine the identified risks in three case study heritage sites in Yemen. The significance of the risks as well as their impact, likelihood, and detectability levels were measured using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) basis that reduces the subjectivity of the expert opinions. After risks were analyzed, a suitable response action was therefore suggested to manage and minimize risk impacts as much as possible. In addition to the relative scoring for the priority of each identified risk, an overall risk proneness metric is presented in this paper that can be used to compare the vulnerability of different heritage buildings and/or sites for a strategic efficient budget allocation for the management and preservation of those areas. The preliminary results revealed that armed conflicts, climate change, and flooding are three of the most critical risk factors in Yemeni heritage buildings. This framework is expected to aid heritage building managers in identifying the correct course of actions to prevent or mitigate risks from disturbing the heritage sites and help preserve their value and significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, many developing countries are using biomass as their primary energy supply. However, this energy affects the environment, health and safety of women and children. In addition, utilization of this energy using traditional cooking stoves is causing indoor air pollution and in turn health problems to millions of people. To overcome such problems, efforts are being made by researchers globally and are suggesting alternative safe energy sources. This paper demonstrates solar cooker with an integrated PCM thermal storage and heat transportation loop system suitable for high temperature applications. The system has designed to address Injera baking application. Injera, a fermented flat bread type, is the most common food type served three to four times a day in Ethiopia. Other countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen also use this food. The storage system has storing capacity of heat up to 2500C and it can retain this heat for about two days. The storage has coupled to a polar mounted concentrator, fixed receiver and used steam heat transfer fluid. The steam circulates naturally between the evaporator and condenser in a closed loop. The paper focuses on indirect charging, simultaneous charging-discharging and discharging of the stored heat for the purpose of Injera baking. The frying pan is a custom-made aluminum plate casted by embedding a 10mm coiled stainless steel steam pipe as heating element. The pan is 500mm in diameter and 30mm thick; and the fins are 20mm in diameter and 140mm long. The fins have immersed into a 20kg PCM, which is coupled to a 1.8m diameter parabolic dish collector. The solar fryer demonstrates Injera baking for average family size. Baking is tested from the stored heat, while storage is charging. A fully charged storage has supplied enough heat to baked average household Injera demands about 19Injeras and additional breads with the remaining heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict analysis as one of the most challenging and demanding issues within different fields of nowadays world, is generally characterized by two types of complexities: structural and behavioral. Therefore, scholars worldwide to tackle the mentioned complexities welcome a multi-methodology intervention. Consequently, this study focuses on the development and application of multi-methodological intervention benefiting from the advantages of Soft OR and Game theory to deal more effectively with the complex nature of a real-world problem. Accordingly, the paper contributes to JOURNEY making methodology through developing new concepts, making it richer information-wise, and thus more reliable. Moreover, it applied the proposed model for the Saudi-led war on Yemen, where the latter faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crisis. In addition, a stability analysis considered investigating stable scenarios (equilibrium) for all parties. Ultimately, findings indicate that only one stable scenario can stop the war and resolve one of the world's worst humanitarian crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ethiopian-Yemen plateaus have been affected by plume-related magmatism for at least 40 My, yet the nature and distribution of intrusive magmas and their relation to subsequent East Africa rifting remain poorly characterized. This paper presents a 3D shear (S) - wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the northern sectors of the East African rift and the dynamically-supported Ethiopian Plateau. We apply a Bayesian inversion of group and phase velocity dispersion curves for periods 5–40 s extracted from the ambient noise tomography of data from over 125 broadband seismic stations, and we identify seismic discontinuities using autocorrelation of P-wave coda. The resulting crustal structure affecting much of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) indicates a pronounced low S-wave velocity lower crust (∼3.6 km/s) that becomes thinner towards the northeast rising to almost the same depth level (∼20 km) as the base crust beneath the Afar triple junction zone. We also find high velocity features in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Afar rift axes, the current locus of strain and volcanism, that may indicate voluminous new basaltic crust. Our Moho-depth map indicates that the entire Afar Depression is underlain by crust thinner than 25 km, whereas the MER and central Ethiopian plateau are underlain by low S-wave velocity crust thicker than 35 km. These patterns suggest active underplating beneath the largely unfaulted plateau, in contrast to the efficient magmatic feeder system supplying a narrow zone of incipient seafloor spreading in the Afar depression. Within the uppermost mantle we report evidence of a localized asthenospheric upwelling beneath the western part of the plateau southeast of Lake Tana, overlying a cooled magma body within the upper crust. A broader low-velocity uppermost mantle underlies the crust beneath the Western Plateau. These observations attest to active mantle upwelling, heating, and melt intrusion at relatively different length scales beneath the plateau in agreement with the ongoing active strains reported away from the rift zones. At 45–60 km depth beneath the rift and its shoulders, we observe a fast lid (4.2–4.4 km/s). Beneath the plateau, upper mantle velocity highs that are at least 5 km below the Moho are observed. These areas have most likely experienced prolonged magma extraction and may mark highly depleted areas. • Ambient seismic noise tomography • Bayesian inversion • P wave coda autocorrelation • Ethiopian Rift • Mantle upwelling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present new archaeological data coming from the recent excavations in Adulis (Eritrea) in the so-called "Church of the British Museum", discovered in 1868 by Captain Goodfellow. New excavations that began in 2018 have led to highlight the biggest church known so far in Adulis, probably the ecclesia episcopalis. It stands as a 30 meters long building, which follows the typical Aksumite architectural layout. Also, the great quantity of decorated marbles coming from the church are of great interest, revealing important contacts with Yemen and Byzantium, mostly in the 6th century AD. The new archaeological data will be contextualized in the wider scenario of the rise and establishment of early Christianity in the Aksumite kingdom, until the arrival of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounts of the encrusting, coral-killing sponges are increasing at an alarming rate. The present paper details about a thinly encrusting red sponge Clathria (Microciona) aceratoobtusa (Carter, 1887) which is invasive or locally spreading species and create deleterious outbreaks on Gulf of Mannar coral reefs. Earlier it has also been recorded from Yemen, but not taxonomically identified. This sponge is regarded as an aggressive space-competitor locally overgrowing and killing corals, mostly belonging to the coral genera such as Porites, Acropora, Montipora, Favia and Turbinaria. We observed that Turbinaria colonies were the substrate more preferred by the sponge than other coral colonies in the entire study site. The present observation analyses detail the taxonomical and ecological data of Clathria (M.) aceratoobtusa with a comprehensive review of its ecological preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the discourse of international law facilitate extraterritorial state violence? This paper synthesizes insights from International Relations, comparative politics, and legal studies in order to explore how the sovereign foundations of international law may render "frontier territories" exceptionally vulnerable to external military intervention. I argue that international law's focus on sovereignty constitutes frontier territories as "ambiguous," which leads to discursive conflicts over how to define these spaces, what is considered "legal" and "illegal" action within them, and who gets to define their status. All of this creates a conducive environment for powerful international governments to denigrate frontier territories as "lawless," by rhetorically constructing them as exceptional legal spaces that do not deserve the same protections as areas ordered by sovereign ideals. To illuminate this empirically, I conduct a discourse analysis of 16 distinct legal documents from the Obama White House, including internal memorandums and public speeches on the legal standing of drone strikes in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]