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This book focuses on two issues: the creation of benefits and opportunities for the poverty-stricken people and the trade-off between FCS and poverty alleviation. At the theoretical level, it explains the essential characteristics of PAFCS, analyses the impact mechanism of FCS projects in poverty alleviation, clarifies the stakeholders and their interests and demands, and delineates the dynamic mechanism of FCS projects and poverty alleviation. Based on this theoretical framework, the current situation and challenges for PAFCS in southwest China's ethnic areas are examined in depth. Project performance was quantitatively measured both for projects themselves and for community farmers. The research emphasises that FCS projects in poverty-stricken areas are not the same as PAFCS, highlights the combination of poverty alleviation theory and ecological compensation theory, and considers PAFCS as an intersection of poverty research and ecological compensation research. Additionally, theresearch suggested that FCS projects are not general poverty alleviation projects, highlights the need for full respect to be granted to the subjective will and value judgement of farmers, including poverty-stricken farmers, takes the lead in focusing on the win–win goal of combating climate change and reducing poverty, and makes a breakthrough in researching some key issues that need to be solved in the practice of PAFCS in the ethnic areas of Southwest China. This book is helpful for global scholars in the field of sustainable development, anti-poverty and forest carbon sequestration, government officials, and organisations in developing countries concerned with agricultural development, forestry economy, and sustainable development, as well as all the people around the world who want to find innovative solutions in the climate negotiations.

This book is dedicated to Dick de Jongh's contributions to the theory of intuitionistic and provability logics. Consisting of 13 chapters, written by leading experts, this book discusses de Jongh's original contributions and consequent developments that have helped to shape these fields. The book begins with an autobiographic note by Dick de Jongh, which discusses the main themes of his work and places the other contributions in context. The next four chapters explore the De Jongh-Sambin fixed point theorem and other contributions to provability and interpretability logics. The following four chapters focus on modal, intuitionistic and intuitionistic modal logics. They discuss independence of formulas, unification and de Jongh formulas in intuitionistic and modal logics. Then there follow two chapters on the other two areas to which Dick de Jongh made important contributions: the theory of well-partial orders, and formal learning theory. The second to last chapter on Origami Geometry can be seen as representing the Master of Logic program of the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) in which de Jongh invested a lot of energy. The book ends with a complete bibliography of Dick de Jongh in the last chapter. This volume provides a vital overview – and continuation of - de Jongh's prolfic work in the theory of intuitionistic and provability logics.

Disorienting Politics mines 21st-century media artifacts—including films like The Martian and TV/streaming media shows such as Firefly and House of Cards—to make visible the economic, cultural, political, and ecological entanglements of China and the United States. Describing these transpacific entanglements as “Chimerica”—coined by economic historians to reference the symbiosis of China and America—Yang examines how Chimerican media, originating in the US but traversing national boundaries in their production, circulation, and consumption, co-create the figure of rising China and extend a political imagination beyond the conventional ground of the nation. Examining how Chimerican media are shaped by and perpetuate uneven power relations, Disorienting Politics argues that the pervasive tendency among wide-ranging cultural producers to depict the Chinese state as a racialized Other in American media life diminishes the possibility of engaging transpacific entanglements as a basis for envisioning new political horizons. Such othering of China not only results in overt racism against people of Asian descent, Yang argues, but also impacts the wellbeing of people of color more generally. This interdisciplinary book demonstrates the ways in which race is embedded in geopolitics even when the subject of discussion is not the people, but the (Chinese) state. Bridging media and cultural studies, Asian and Asian American studies, geography, and globalization studies, Disorienting Politics calls for a relational politics that acknowledges the multifarious interconnectivity between people, places, media, and environment.

This book introduces readers to the principles and practical applications of intelligent robot system with robot operating system (ROS), pursuing a task-oriented and hands-on approach. Taking the conception, design, implementation, and operation of robot application systems as a typical project, and through “learning-by-doing, practicing-while-learning” approach, it familiarizes readers with ROS-based intelligent robot system design and development step by step.The topics covered include ROS principles, mobile robot control, Lidar, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), navigation, manipulator control, image recognition, vision calibration, object grasping, vision SALM, etc., with typical practical application tasks throughout the book, which are essential to mastering development methods for intelligent robot system.Easy to follow and rich in content, the book can be used at colleges and universities as learning material and a teaching reference book for “intelligent robot,” “autonomous intelligent system,” “robotics principles,” and “robot system application development with ROS” in connection with automation, robotics engineering, artificial intelligence (AI), mechatronics, and other related majors. The book can assist in mastering the development and design of robot systems and provide the necessary theoretical and practical references to cultivate robot system development capabilities and can be used as teaching material for engineering training and competitions, or for reference, self-study, and training by engineering and technical personnel, teachers, and anyone who wants to engage in intelligent robot system development and design.

This volume LNCS 14243 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop, CMMCA 2023, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2023, on October 8, 2023, in Vancouver, BC, Canada. The 17 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 25 submissions. The conference focuses on the discovery of cutting-edge techniques addressing trends and challenges in theoretical, computational, and applied aspects of mathematical cancer data analysis.

In recent years, transmitarray antennas have attracted growing interest with many antenna researchers. Transmitarrays combines both optical and antenna array theory, leading to a low profile design with high gain, high radiation efficiency, and versatile radiation performance for many wireless communication systems. In this book, comprehensive analysis, new methodologies, and novel designs of transmitarray antennas are presented. Detailed analysis for the design of planar space-fed array antennas is presented. The basics of aperture field distribution and the analysis of the array elements are described. The radiation performances (directivity and gain) are discussed using array theory approach, and the impacts of element phase errors are demonstrated. The performance of transmitarray design using multilayer frequency selective surfaces (M-FSS) approach is carefully studied, and the transmission phase limit which are generally independent from the selection of a specific element shape is revealed. The maximum transmission phase range is determined based on the number of layers, substrate permittivity, and the separations between layers. In order to reduce the transmitarray design complexity and cost, three different methods have been investigated. As a result, one design is performed using quad-layer cross-slot elements with no dielectric material and another using triple-layer spiral dipole elements. Both designs were fabricated and tested at X-Band for deep space communications. Furthermore, the radiation pattern characteristics were studied under different feed polarization conditions and oblique angles of incident field from the feed. New design methodologies are proposed to improve the bandwidth of transmitarray antennas through the control of the transmission phase range of the elements. These design techniques are validated through the fabrication and testing of two quad-layer transmitarray antennas at Ku-band. A single-feed quad-beam transmitarray antenna with 50 degrees elevation separation between the beams is investigated, designed, fabricated, and tested at Ku-band. In summary, various challenges in the analysis and design of transmitarray antennas are addressed in this book. New methodologies to improve the bandwidth of transmitarray antennas have been demonstrated. Several prototypes have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating the desirable features and potential new applications of transmitarray antennas.

This book presents a new global optimization technique using Taguchi's method and its applications in electromagnetics and antenna engineering. Compared with traditional optimization techniques, Taguchi's optimization method is easy to implement and very efficient in reaching optimum solutions. Taguchi's optimization method is developed based on the orthogonal array (OA) concept, which offers a systematic and efficient way to select design parameters. The book illustrates the basic implementation procedure of Taguchi's optimization method and discusses various advanced techniques for performance improvement. In addition, the integration of Taguchi's optimization method with commercial electromagnetics software is introduced in the book. The proposed optimization method is used in various linear antenna arrays, microstrip filters, and ultra-wideband antenna designs. Successful examples include linear antenna array with a null controlled pattern, linear antenna array with a sector beam, linear antenna array with reduced side lobe levels, microstrip band stop filter, microstrip band pass filter, coplanar waveguide band stop filter, coplanar ultra-wide band antenna, and ultra-wide band antenna with band notch feature. Satisfactory results obtained from the design process demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed Taguchi's optimization method. Contents: Introduction / Orthagonal Arrays / Taguchi's Optimization Method / Linear Antenna Array Designs / Planar Filter Designs / Ultra-wide Band (UWB) Antenna Designs / OA-PSO Method / Conclusions

This book constitutes the proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Mathematics Modeling in Cancer Analysis (CMMCA2022), held in conjunction with MICCAI 2022, in Singapore in September 2022. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, the CMMCA2022 was held virtually. DALI 2022 accepted 15 papers from the 16 submissions that were reviewed. A major focus of CMMCA2022 is to identify new cutting-edge techniques and their applications in cancer data analysis in response to trends and challenges in theoretical, computational and applied aspects of mathematics in cancer data analysis.

This book revisits the discourse theories of Habermas and Foucault in a Chinese context. After arguing that Habermas's Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy is too normative and idealistic, it presents Foucault's Discourse Theory of Power Relations to illustrate the tensions between different Western discourse theories. The book then draws on the normative concept of Confucian Rationality from traditional Chinese cultural sources in order to investigate how adaptable these two discourse theories are to the Chinese society, and to balance the tension between them. Presenting these three dimensions of discourse theory, as well as the relations between them, it also uses empirical descriptions of certain facts of political-legal discussion both in traditional China and in the country's new media age to explain, supplement and question this theoretic framework.The book asserts that, because of the diverse modes of thinking in specific cultures, there might be different normative paradigms of discorse and different political-legal discussion modes across corresponding cultural contexts. Normative discourse theories provide guidance for the practices of deliberative democracy and legal discussions, which can in turn verify, supplement, improve and challenge the normative discourse theories. In addition to demonstrating the multiple dimensions of discourse theories, this research also promotes an approach to the Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy that combines elements of both Chinese and modern society.

As China has undergone rapid urbanization and population aging in the past few decades, improving the welfare of older people in rural areas has become an ever more pressing issue. This title is the first book-length work to examine the influence of urbanization on the mental health of China's older population outside the city. Incorporating the theoretical framework of social ecology, the author analyzes the socio-cultural factors that have exerted an impact on participants'mental health, such as their personal life course transition, changes to family living arrangements and community restructuring. Moreover, he introduces several elderly mental health intervention models in China, while evaluating the policy initiatives that have developed based on China's local resource sufficiency, cultural customs, and older people's needs. The research findings not only facilitate a deeper understanding of China's welfare policy making, but also offers a useful reference for countries that are experiencing similar urbanization and population aging and that wish to formulate better social policies. Students and scholars of social policy, welfare, and gerontology will find this title to be essential reading.

Written by the leading experts in the field, this text provides systematic coverage of the theory, physics, functional designs, and engineering applications of advanced engineered electromagnetic surfaces. All the essential topics are included, from the fundamental theorems of surface electromagnetics, to analytical models, general sheet transmission conditions (GSTC), metasurface synthesis, and quasi-periodic analysis. A plethora of examples throughout illustrate the practical applications of surface electromagnetics, including gap waveguides, modulated metasurface antennas, transmit arrays, microwave imaging, cloaking, and orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam generation, allowing readers to develop their own surface electromagnetics-based devices and systems. Enabling a fully comprehensive understanding of surface electromagnetics, this is an invaluable text for researchers, practising engineers and students working in electromagnetics antennas, metasurfaces and optics.

This book provides engineers with a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in reflectarray antenna research and development. The authors describe, in detail, design procedures for a wide range of applications, including broadband, multi-band, multi-beam, contour-beam, beam-scanning, and conformal reflectarray antennas. They provide sufficient coverage of basic reflectarray theory to fully understand reflectarray antenna design and analysis such that the readers can pursue reflectarray research on their own. Throughout the book numerous illustrative design examples including numerical and experimental results are provided. Featuring in-depth theoretical analysis along with practical design examples, Reflectarray Antennas is an excellent text/reference for engineering graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the field of antennas. It belongs on the bookshelves of university libraries, research institutes, and industrial labs and research facilities.

In the field of image processing, many applications require real-time execution, particularly those in the domains of medicine, robotics and transmission, to name but a few. Recent technological developments have allowed for the integration of more complex algorithms with large data volume into embedded systems, in turn producing a series of new sophisticated electronic architectures at affordable prices. This book performs an in-depth survey on this topic. It is primarily written for those who are familiar with the basics of image processing and want to implement the target processing design using different electronic platforms for computing acceleration. The authors present techniques and approaches, step by step, through illustrative examples. This book is also suitable for electronics/embedded systems engineers who want to consider image processing applications as sufficient imaging algorithm details are given to facilitate their understanding.

This book focuses on developing methods for constructing learning paths in terms of “learning resources” (learning contents), “learning approaches” (learning method), and “learning quality” (learning performance) to support learning. This book defines different teaching approaches for learning activities and organizes them into a learning path which indicates the learning sequence. This book introduces how to automatically generate well-structured learning resources for different students. Also, this book introduces a method about how to generate adaptive learning approach to learn learning resources for different students. Finally, this book introduces a method to monitor and control learning quality. The adaptive learning path expresses well-structured learning contents, using which approach to access those learning contents, and in which sequence to carry out the learning process. The learning path comes with a monitoring tool to control the learning progress, which helps tomake students having a balanced development on different knowledge and abilities. Researchers who worked in E-learning area, both education and computer sciences people.Educators who worked in educational institutes, such as Universities, Schools, etc. They would like to use or study E-learning tools/technologies/methods in their own work.And technicians who run/design educational websites will understand the appeal of this work.

In recent years, transmitarray antennas have attracted growing interest with many antenna researchers. Transmitarrays combines both optical and antenna array theory, leading to a low profile design with high gain, high radiation efficiency, and versatile radiation performance for many wireless communication systems. In this book, comprehensive analysis, new methodologies, and novel designs of transmitarray antennas are presented. Detailed analysis for the design of planar space-fed array antennas is presented. The basics of aperture field distribution and the analysis of the array elements are described. The radiation performances (directivity and gain) are discussed using array theory approach, and the impacts of element phase errors are demonstrated. The performance of transmitarray design using multilayer frequency selective surfaces (M-FSS) approach is carefully studied, and the transmission phase limit which are generally independent from the selection ofa specific element shape is revealed. The maximum transmission phase range is determined based on the number of layers, substrate permittivity, and the separations between layers. In order to reduce the transmitarray design complexity and cost, three different methods have been investigated. As a result, one design is performed using quad-layer cross-slot elements with no dielectric material and another using triple-layer spiral dipole elements. Both designs were fabricated and tested at X-Band for deep space communications. Furthermore, the radiation pattern characteristics were studied under different feed polarization conditions and oblique angles of incident field from the feed. New design methodologies are proposed to improve the bandwidth of transmitarray antennas through the control of the transmission phase range of the elements. These design techniques are validated through the fabrication and testing of two quad-layer transmitarray antennas at Ku-band.A single-feed quad-beam transmitarray antenna with 50 degrees elevation separation between the beams is investigated, designed, fabricated, and tested at Ku-band. In summary, various challenges in the analysis and design of transmitarray antennas are addressed in this book. New methodologies to improve the bandwidth of transmitarray antennas have been demonstrated. Several prototypes have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating the desirable features and potential new applications of transmitarray antennas.

Faked in China is a critical account of the cultural challenge faced by China following its accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. It traces the interactions between nation branding and counterfeit culture, two manifestations of the globalizing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime that give rise to competing visions for the nation. Nation branding is a state-sanctioned policy, captured by the slogan'From Made in China to Created in China,'which aims to transform China from a manufacturer of foreign goods into a nation that creates its own IPR-eligible brands. Counterfeit culture is the transnational making, selling, and buying of unauthorized products. This cultural dilemma of the postsocialist state demonstrates the unequal relations of power that persist in contemporary globalization.

This brief reviews concepts of inter-relationship in modern industrial processes, biological and social systems. Specifically ideas of connectivity and causality within and between elements of a complex system are treated; these ideas are of great importance in analysing and influencing mechanisms, structural properties and their dynamic behaviour, especially for fault diagnosis and hazard analysis. Fault detection and isolation for industrial processes being concerned with root causes and fault propagation, the brief shows that, process connectivity and causality information can be captured in two ways:· from process knowledge: structural modeling based on first-principles structural models can be merged with adjacency/reachability matrices or topology models obtained from process flow-sheets described in standard formats; and· from process data: cross-correlation analysis, Granger causality and its extensions, frequency domain methods, information-theoretical methods, and Bayesian networks can be used to identify pair-wise relationships and network topology.These methods rely on the notion of information fusion whereby process operating data is combined with qualitative process knowledge, to give a holistic picture of the system.

At the end of June 2013, Professor Anton MJ COORAY retired from his position at the City University of Hong Kong School of Law after almost twenty-five years of loyal and productive service. During that time, he made a very substantial contribution to the success of the School, as well as to the study and practice of law both within and outside of Hong Kong. This Festschrift has attracted contributions from not only his colleagues, but also a number of world-renowned scholars who wished to convey through their contributions their enormous respect for his scholarship, leadership, and gentlemanly bearing. The Rule of Law: a Comparative Perspective has been chosen as the theme of this Festschrift because it is one of the most important topics in the area of constitutional and administrative law, about which Professor COORAY has researched and written extensively. Although the study of the ‘rule of law'encompassed a very long list of fundamental legal principles or precepts, the thirteen chapters contained in this Festschrift fall into three main spheres: the rule of law from the perspectives of (1) international law, (2) domestic law, and (3) law and religion. The excellent and original scholarship presented in this Festschrift contributes to the promotion of a better understanding of the concept of rule of law and its implications, including how the rule of law has interacted and continues to interact with international laws, domestic laws, and religions over time to meet the changing needs and aspirations of human dignity worldwide.

Periodic structures are of great importance in electromagnetics due to their wide range of applications such as frequency selective surfaces (FSS), electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, periodic absorbers, meta-materials, and many others. The aim of this book is to develop efficient computational algorithms to analyze the scattering properties of various electromagnetic periodic structures using the finite-difference time-domain periodic boundary condition (FDTD/PBC) method. A new FDTD/PBC-based algorithm is introduced to analyze general skewed grid periodic structures while another algorithm is developed to analyze dispersive periodic structures. Moreover, the proposed algorithms are successfully integrated with the generalized scattering matrix (GSM) technique, identified as the hybrid FDTD-GSM algorithm, to efficiently analyze multilayer periodic structures. All the developed algorithms are easy to implement and are efficient in both computational time and memory usage. These algorithms are validated through several numerical test cases. The computational methods presented in this book will help scientists and engineers to investigate and design novel periodic structures and to explore other research frontiers in electromagnetics. Table of Contents: Introduction / FDTD Method and Periodic Boundary Conditions / Skewed Grid Periodic Structures / Dispersive Periodic Structures / Multilayered Periodic Structures / Conclusions

The main aspect of this work is to study a hybrid structure made of metallic ferromagnet (FM) on top of a semiconductor to prove possibilities of spin control via the stray field of a FM. To achieve an effective sensitivity, a diluted magnetic II-VI semiconductor quantum well (DMSQW) is used, where a film ZnCdMnSe well is used to prove the stray field at a fixed distance from the FM. The s,p-d exchange interaction between magnetic Mn ions and band electrons leads to the giant Zeeman effect with g-factors in the order of 500 at low temperature (T ≈ 1.5 K). In typical DMSQW with zinc blende symmetry and compressive strain, the exchange interaction of the exciton ground-state is dominated by the p-d coupling of the heavy-hole which has a negligible in-plane magnetic moment and interacts thus mainly with a field component along the quantum well growth direction z. The sample is especially designed with transparent ZnSe substrate to allow photoluminescence (PL) and Faraday rotation (FR) studies. Mn concentration is chosen to obtain an optimal g-factor. The thickness of the cap layer of 25 nm is an empirical value to ensure the stable formation of a type I quantum well structure as well as a strong enough magnetic fringe field in the well layer in the case of hybrid structure. Since the Fe/Tb thin film exhibits perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), it obeys a remanent outof- plane magnetization which creates the necessary vertical magnetic fringe field component at the position of the DMS well. Patterned FMs (”wire” and ”anti-dot” arrays) are fabricated at the Duisburg-Essen University by electron beam lithography of a mask, thermal evaporation of the FM constituents in ultrahigh vacuum and lift-off technique. Wire arrays consist of 1200 nm wide slender bands separated by 800 nm, anti-dot arrays have 1000 nm × 1000 nm square apertures in the FM. The total height of the FM is smaller than the lateral dimensions. The ratio of FM height to cap layer thickness is designed to optimize the out-of-plane component of magnetic fringe field at the DMS layer. Therefore, this hybrid structure satisfies well the necessary properties for the studies. At the beginning of this work, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown ZnCdMnSe/ZnSe DMSQWs on transparent substrate are characterized and compared with properties of DMSQWs on GaAs substrate. The excitation intensity dependence of the giant Zeeman splitting shows that the Mn spin temperature is equalized with the lattice temperature via spin-lattice relaxation. The FM acts as shadow mask for the optical fields and, apart from a minor diffraction contribution, only uncovered sample regions are optically accessed. For photoluminescence (PL), a laser spot with a diameter below 100 μm was carefully adjusted to the center of the patterned fields. A photon energy of 2.75 eV and an excitation intensity 1W/cm2 ensure negligible spin heating. The giant Zeeman splitting associated with the FM fringe field is documented by the shift of the PL maximum in different circular polarization detection. An polarization degree of exciton PL | ρ |≈ 30% is found. On the reference DMSQW, an external magnetic field of Bext ≈ 40 mT is required to achieve the same | ρ |. The Faraday rotation (FR) technique is used to verify the fringe field by detecting the splitting of exciton states directly. The resulting difference of phase velocity of right and left circularly polarized light yields the rotation of polarization plane of incident linearly polarized light. A rotation angle ΘFR ≈ 0.3◦ is found corresponding to Bext ≈ 40 mT for reference sample. The values for FR are fully in agreement with the data obtained from the PL polarization degree studied. Both for PL and FR, the opposite signal signs prove that the FR in the hybrid structure is indeed caused by the reversed fringe field in the regions between FMs. To perform the spin manipulation of both FM and DMSQW by optical pulse, the Faraday rotation technique is used. A single

The Chinese government set a target to reduce China's carbon intensity by 40%-45% in 2020 at its 2005 level. To achieve this target, the government has allocated targets to provinces, cities, and large enterprises, and selected five pilot provinces and eight cities for CO2 emission trading. Such emission trading process will involve decentralization, optimization, and negotiation. The prime objective of this book is to perform academic research on simulating the negotiation process. Through this research, a methodological framework and its implementation are set up to analyze, model and facilitate the process of negotiation among central government and individual energy producers under environmental, economical and social constraints. Negotiation In Decentralization: Case Study Of China's Carbon Trading In The Power Sector discusses research carried out on negotiation issues in China regarding Chinese power sector reform over the past 30 years. Results show that conflicts exist between power groups and the national government, and that the most current negotiation topics in China's power industry are demand and supply management, capital investment, energy prices, and CO2 emission mitigations. Negotiation In Decentralization: Case Study Of China's Carbon Trading In The Power Sector is written for government policy makers, energy and environment industry investors, energy program and project managers, environment conservation specialists, university professors, researchers, and graduate students. It aims to provide a methodology and a tool that can resolve difficult negotiation issues and change a loss-loss situation to a win-win situation for key players in a decentralized system, including government policymakers, energy producers, and environment conservationists.

This comprehensive, applications-oriented survey of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) engineering explains the theory, analysis, and design of EBG structures. It helps you to understand EBG applications in antenna engineering through an abundance of novel antenna concepts, a wealth of practical examples, and complete design details. You discover a customized FDTD method of EBG analysis, for which accurate and efficient electromagnetic software is supplied (www.cambridge.org/9780521889919) to provide you with a powerful computational engine for your EBG designs. The first book covering EBG structures and their antenna applications, this provides a dynamic resource for engineers, and researchers and graduate students working in antennas, electromagnetics and microwaves.

This book presents a new global optimization technique using Taguchi's method and its applications in electromagnetics and antenna engineering. Compared with traditional optimization techniques, Taguchi's optimization method is easy to implement and very efficient in reaching optimum solutions. Taguchi's optimization method is developed based on the orthogonal array (OA) concept, which offers a systematic and efficient way to select design parameters. The book illustrates the basic implementation procedure of Taguchi's optimization method and discusses various advanced techniques for performance improvement. In addition, the integration of Taguchi's optimization method with commercial electromagnetics software is introduced in the book. The proposed optimization method is used in various linear antenna arrays, microstrip filters, and ultra-wideband antenna designs. Successful examples include linear antenna array with a null controlled pattern, linear antenna array with a sector beam,linear antenna array with reduced side lobe levels, microstrip band stop filter, microstrip band pass filter, coplanar waveguide band stop filter, coplanar ultra-wide band antenna, and ultra-wide band antenna with band notch feature. Satisfactory results obtained from the design process demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed Taguchi's optimization method. Contents: Introduction / Orthagonal Arrays / Taguchi's Optimization Method / Linear Antenna Array Designs / Planar Filter Designs / Ultra-wide Band (UWB) Antenna Designs / OA-PSO Method / Conclusions