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The increasing worldwide demand for energy combined with diminishing fossil fuel reserves and concerns about climate change have stimulated intense research into the development of renewable energy sources, in particular microbial biofuels. For a biofuel to be commercially viable, the production processes, yield and titre have to be optimised; this can be achieved through the use of microbial cell factories. Using multidisciplinary research approaches and through the application of diverse biotechnologies such as enzyme engineering, metabolic engineering, systems biology and synthetic biology, microbial cell factories have begun to yield some very encouraging data. Microbial biofuels have a very promising future.In this book a panel of international experts reviews the most important hot-topics in this area to provide a timely overview. The production of different biofuel molecules including hydrogen, methane, ethanol, butanol, higher chain alcohols, isoprenoids and fatty acid derivatives, from genetically engineered microbes, is comprehensively covered. Special focus is given to the use of metabolic engineering of microbes, including bacteria, yeast and microalgae, to enhance biofuel production. In addition authors discuss current research progress, technical challenges and future development trends for biofuel production.Essential reading for research scientists, graduate students, and other specialists interested in microbial biofuels, the book is also recommended reading for environmental microbiologists, chemists and engineers.