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Biopolymers are becoming an increasingly important area of research as traditional chemical feedstocks run low and concerns about environmental impacts increase. One area of particular interest is their use for more sustainable development of metal nanoparticles. Biopolymer-Based Metal Nanoparticle Chemistry for Sustainability Applications, Volume 2 reviews key uses of biopolymers and biopolymer-based metal nanoparticles for a range of key sustainability-focused applications. After providing contextual examples of applications across the fields of food science, biomedicine and biochemistry, the book goes on to explore further sustainability-focused applications of Biopolymer-Based Metal Nanoparticles in such important areas as catalysis, environmental science, biosensing, and energy. - Provides an overview of biopolymer-based metal nanoparticles for a wide range of applications - Provides technological details on the synthesis of natural polymer-based metal nanoparticles - Explores the role of biopolymer-based metal nanoparticles for more sustainable catalytic processes

Biopolymers are becoming an increasingly important area of research as traditional chemical feedstocks run low and concerns about environmental impacts increase. One area of particular interest is their use for more sustainable development of metal nanoparticles. Biopolymer-based Metal Nanoparticle Chemistry for Sustainability Applications, Volume 1 reviews key polymers found in nature, their characterization and modification, and processes for using them in the development of metal nanoparticles. Beginning with an introduction to both green chemistry and biopolymers in Part 1, the book goes on to outline the classification of biopolymers in Part 2, with specific details on polysaccharides, proteins and polypeptides, lignin, and polylactic acid. Properties of biopolymers, including biodegradability and toxicity, are the focus of Part 3, before Part 4 goes on to discuss synthesis and characterization. - Reviews novel sources of polymers with high potential as green media for synthesizing nanostructures - Provides technological details on the synthesis of natural polymer-based metal nanoparticles - Highlights the use of natural polymer supports and the impact of their properties on stability, morphology and scale of nanostructures

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the metallographic study of ancient metals. Metallography is important both conceptually as a microstructural science and in terms of its application to the study of ancient and historic metals. Metallography is a well-established methodology for the characterization of the microstructure of metals, which continues to be significant today in quality control and characterization of metallic properties. Not only does the metallographic examination of ancient metals present its own challenges in terms of sample size and interpretation of evidence, but it must be integrated with archaeological data and cultural research in order to obtain the most meaningful results. Issues of authentication and the establishment of fakes and forgeries of metallic artefacts often involve metallographic evidence of both metal and patina or corrosion interface, as an essential component of such a study. The present volume sets out the basic features of relevant metallic systems, enhanced with a series of examples of typical microstructural types, with illustrative case studies and examples throughout the text derived from studies undertaken by the two authors. This book provides a comprehensive presentation of metallography for archaeologists, archaeometallurgists, conservators, conservation scientists and metallurgists of modern materials.

Updated and translated by André Luiz V. da Costa e Silva This book is a combination of a metallographic atlas for steels and cast irons and an introductory textbook covering the fundamentals of phase transformations and heat treatment of these materials. Every important stage of processing, from casting to cold working is clearly discussed and copiously illustrated with metallographs that show the obtained structures, both desired and those achieved when deviations occur. First published in 1951 by Professor Hubertus Colpaert from the Institute for Technological Research (IPT) of São Paulo, Brazil, this book became one of the most important Brazilian references for professionals interested in the processing, treatment, and application of steels and cast irons. In the Fourth Edition and English translation, updated and translated by Professor André Luiz V. da Costa e Silva, the concept of the of the original edition was preserved while the important developments of recent decades, both in metallographic characterization and in steel and iron products, as well as progress in the understanding of the transformations that made the extraordinary developments of these alloys possible, were added. Most metallographs are of actual industrial materials and a large number originate from industry leaders or laboratories at the forefront of steel and iron development. As steel continues to be the most widely used metallic material in the world, Metallography of Steels continues to be an essential reference for students, metallographers, and engineers interested in understanding processing-properties-structure relationships of the material. The balance between theoretical and applied information makes this book a valuable companion for even experienced steel practitioners.

As the selection of material for particular engineering properties becomes increasingly important in keeping costs down, methods for evaluating material properties also become more relevant. One such method examines the geometry of grain boundaries, which reveals much about the properties of the material.Studying material properties from their geometrical measurements, The Measurement of Grain Boundary Geometry provides a framework for a specialized application of electron microscopy for metals and alloys and, by extension, for ceramics, minerals, and semiconductors. The book presents an overview of the developments in the theory of grain boundary geometry and its practical applications in material engineering. It also covers the tunneling electron microscope (TEM), experimental aspects of data collection, data processing, and examples from actual investigations. Each step of the analysis process is clearly described, from data collection through processing, analysis, representation, and display to applications. The book also includes a glossary of terms.Exploring both the experimental and analytical aspects of the subject, this practical reference guide is essential for researchers and students involved in material properties, whether in physics, materials science, metallurgy, or physical chemistry.

Lançado pela primeira vez em 1951, reunindo a vasta experiência do Professor Hubertus Colpaert na Seção de Metalografia do Instituto de Pesquisas tecnológicas de São Paulo, este livro se transformou, rapidamente, numa das mais importantes referencias Brasileiras para todos os profissionais interessados no processamento, tratamento e emprego de aços e ferros fundidos. Uma feliz combinação de Atlas de Metalografia dos aços e ferros fundidos, manual de técnicas metalográficas e texto introdutório aos fundamentos das transformações de fases e aos tratamentos térmicos destes materiais, o livro, carinhosamente conhecido como'o Colpaert'educou gerações de metalurgistas brasileiros. Nesta edição, revista e atualizada pelo Prof. André Luiz V. da Costa e Silva buscou-se preservar o espírito da edição original, agregando, entretanto, os importantes desenvolvimentos ocorridos nas últimas décadas, tanto sob o aspecto dos produtos siderúrgicos como das técnicas de caracterização assim como o progresso na compreensão das transformações que permitiram a realização dos extraordinários desenvolvimentos destas ligas.

Until comparatively recently, trace analysis techniques were in general directed toward the determination of impurities in bulk materials. Methods were developed for very high relative sensitivity, and the values determined were average values. Sampling procedures were devised which eliminated the so-called sampling error. However, in the last decade or so, a number of developments have shown that, for many purposes, the distribution of defects within a material can confer important new properties on the material. Perhaps the most striking example of this is given by semiconductors; a whole new industry has emerged in barely twenty years based entirely on the controlled distribu­ tion of defects within what a few years before would have been regarded as a pure, homogeneous crystal. Other examples exist in biochemistry, metallurgy, polyiners and, of course, catalysis. In addition to this of the importance of distribution, there has also been a recognition growing awareness that physical defects are as important as chemical defects. (We are, of course, using the word defect to imply some dis­ continuity in the material, and not in any derogatory sense.) This broadening of the field of interest led the Materials Advisory Board( I} to recommend a new definition for the discipline,'Materials Character­ ization,'to encompass this wider concept of the determination of the structure and composition of materials. In characterizing a material, perhaps the most important special area of interest is the surface.

This monograph provides an overview of all metal body armour from the European Bronze Age from a typo-chronological perspective but also in focusing on the manufacture and usage of such armour. This was enabled through the re-evaluation of central and eastern European finds in particular and their material analyses. The research history, distribution and chronology, as well as manufacture and use of helmets, greaves and cuirasses is discussed., Die Publikation bietet erstmals einen Gesamtüberblick über metallene Schutzwaffen (Helme, Panzer, Beinschienen) der europäischen Bronzezeit. Typologie und Chronologie sowie Herstellung und Verwendung der Schutzwaffen werden erörtet. Dies wurde durch eine umfassende Neuaufnahme vor allem osteuropäischer Funde und durch zahlreiche Materialanalysen möglich.

Developed by the late metallurgy professor and master experimentalist Hubert I. Aaronson, this collection of lecture notes details the fundamental principles of phase transformations in metals and alloys upon which steel and other metals industries are based. Mechanisms of Diffusional Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys is devoted to solid-s

Summary: Cellular solids and porous metals have become some of the most promising lightweight multifunctional materials due to their superior combination of advanced properties mainly derived from their base material and cellular structure. They are used in a wide range of commercial, biomedical, industrial, and military applications. In contrast to other cellular materials, cellular metals are non-flammable, recyclable, extremely tough, and chemically stable and are excellent energy absorbers. The manuscripts of this Special Issue provide a representative insight into the recent developments in this field, covering topics related to manufacturing, characterization, properties, specific challenges in transportation, and the description of structural features. For example, a presented strategy for the strengthening of Al-alloy foams is the addition of alloying elements (e.g., magnesium) into the metal bulk matrix to promote the formation of intermetallics (e.g., precipitation hardening). The incorporation of micro-sized and nano-sized reinforcement elements (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide) into the metal bulk matrix to enhance the performance of the ductile metal is presented. New bioinspired cellular materials, such as nanocomposite foams, lattice materials, and hybrid foams and structures are also discussed (e.g., filled hollow structures, metal-polymer hybrid cellular structures).

Summary: This book aims to summarize the latest achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern medicine and dentistry, for example, in cases where, as a result of a traffic or sports accident, aging, resection of organs after oncological surgery, or dangerous inflammation, there is a need to replace lost organs, tissues, and parts of the human body. The essence of biomedical materials is their constant contact with living tissues, organisms, or microorganisms and, therefore, they should meet numerous requirements from various fields, including medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. For this reason, biomaterials must be compatible with the organism, and biocompatibility issues must be addressed before using the product in a clinical setting. The production and synthesis of biomaterials require the use of various technologies and methods to obtain the appropriate material, which is then processed using advanced material processing technologies. Often, however, it is necessary to directly manufacture a specific product with individualized geometric features and properties tailored to the requirements of a particular patient. In such cases, additive manufacturing methods are increasingly used. In this sense, it can be considered that the Biomaterials 4.0 stage has been reached, and detailed information is included in the individual chapters of this book on the achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern regenerative medicine, regenerative dentistry, and tissue engineering.

'In physical metallurgy it is frequently necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of microstructural features in order to compare experimental observations with theoretical predictions. These may relate to the kinetics of processes such as grain growth, phase transformations or particle coarsening, or to the development of mechanical properties such as strength and toughness. Quantitative metallography, or stereology, is concerned with the measurement of microstructural features such as grain size, and the size and spatial distribution of second phase particles from observations made on sections by optical or scanning electron microscopy, and on replicas or thinfoils by transmission electron microscopy. In all cases only a small sample section or thin slice of material is observed in order to identify the microstructural characteristics of the bulk material. Stereology is therefore concerned with geometrical probability. The mathematics behind the analysis of experimental data has been developed over a long period of time, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. The aim of this book is to show examples of the application of these principles to calculate mean values and the confidence intervals for a number of important microstructural features.'

By understanding microstructure and its origin, one can develop a basis for achieving specific properties tailored for a particular application. This book provides a solid overview of the important metallurgical concepts related to the microstructures of irons and steels, and it provides detailed guidelines for the proper metallographic techniques used to reveal, capture, and understand microstructures. This book provides clearly written explanations of important concepts, and step-by-step instructions for equipment selection and use, microscopy techniques, specimen preparation, and etching. Dozens of concise and helpful “metallographic tips” are included in the chapters on laboratory practices and specimen preparation. The book features over 500 representative microstructures, with discussions of how the structures can be altered by heat treatment and other means. A handy index to these images is provided, so the book can also be used as an atlas of iron and steel microstructures. The Metallographer's Guide was prepared with the beginning metallographer in mind, but it will also be of interest to experienced metallographers who are seeking practical tips, alternative approaches, and useful insights.

Offering a comprehensive source of information on metallographic techniques and their application to the study of metals, ceramics, and polymers, this work is available once again from ASM. It contains an extensive collection of micro- and macrographs. This proven reference for metallographers, engineers, technicians has also been found useful by students studying physical metallurgy, metallography and materials science.

Modern Metallography focuses on the defects in the properties of metals, such as precipitates, cracks, grain boundaries, dislocations, stacking faults, and impurity atoms. The publication first offers information on reflected light microscopy and high temperature microscopy. Discussions focus on specimen preparation, defects of lenses, methods of increasing the resolving power of an objective, long working distance objectives, and typical hot-stage experiments. The text then elaborates on surface topography and polarizing microscope, including oblique illumination, interferometry, examination of anisotropic surfaces, and other uses of polarized light microscopy. The text takes a look at X-ray metallography and specialized X-ray diffraction techniques. Topics include Laue method and orientation, structure factor, powder method and the accurate measurement of lattice parameters, Bragg law, sheet textures, and preferred orientation. The publication further elaborates on electron microscopy and metallography at the atomic level. The manuscript is a valuable reference for students and readers interested in modern metallography.

High Temperature Metallography focuses on the reactions, processes, methodologies, and approaches involved in high temperature metallography. The publication first offers information on the basic principles of high temperature vacuum metallography, including the methods of heating test specimens in vacuo to high temperatures; specimens for investigating structure and properties of metals by heating in vacuo; and methods of regulating and controlling the temperature of specimens heated in vacuo. The text then ponders on vacuum systems in equipment for investigating the structure and properties of metals and alloys heated at low ultimate pressures, as well as gas flow through the tubes during evacuation; construction and characteristics of vacuum pumps used for high temperature metallography equipment; and approximate calculation of parameters of vacuum systems for equipment intended for investigating metals during heating in a vacuum. The book takes a look at equipment and instruments for investigating metals heated in a vacuum; method of investigation by studying microstructures and properties of metals and alloys while heated in vacuo; and methods for measuring elasticity, internal friction, and hardness, and for investigating the deformation of metals and alloys at high temperatures in vacuo. The text is a dependable reference for readers interested in high temperature metallography.

Interpretation of Metallographic Structures, Third Edition, is concerned with metallography as a metallurgical tool. It is an organized presentation of specimen microstructures, each chosen for its clarity of illustration and each or in groups forming the pretext for discussions of the interrelation between physical metallurgy and metallography. The focus is on structures characteristic in a physical metallurgy sense, with the purpose of demonstrating that logical framework of interpretation can supplant mental storage of infinite variations. The book contains seven chapters and begins with a discussion of polycrystalline structures. This is followed by separate chapters on the metallography of fracture; crystallization processes including dendritic crystallization, peritectic crystallization, and metastable crystallization; solid state transformations; diffusion and transport processes; procedures for measuring metallographic features; and energy dispersive spectography. This book is directed toward the senior student as a preview of the scope of his subject and to the practicing metallurgist as a reintroduction.

Cyril Smith's study of the structure of metals and alloys and the properties that result from their processing remains, after more than two decades, a foundational work on the history of metallography. It starts from the intuitive knowledge of metals achieved by such early artists and craftsmen as Biringuccio, Descartes, Réaumur, Bréant, Osmond, Sorby, Brinell, Tschernoff, Howe, Percy and others, and then describes the evolution of the modern scientific understanding of materials. Throughout, the author emphasizes the interplay of contributions from practical engineering, from experimental and theoretical science, and from the workings of the aesthetic imagination.The original hardcover edition of A History of Metallography won the Pfizer Prize of the History of Science Society.

Metallurgical Microscopy provides the general principles, methods, and techniques in metallurgical microscopy. The book initially provides the techniques for specimen preparation for macroscopic and microscopic examination. Subsequent chapters are devoted to the discussion of light-optical microscopy and photography, interferometry and contrast-raising methods, and microhardness measurement. Topics on high-temperature microscopy, a brief review of the electron microprobe and its applications, and the construction, properties and applications of the electron microscope are presented as well. Metallurgists and materials scientists will find the book very informative and useful.