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The rapid spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emphasized the importance of understanding and adapting to the indoor remediation of transmissible diseases to decrease the risk for future pandemic threats. While there were many precautions in place to hinder the spread of COVID-19, there has also been a substantial increase of new research on SARS-CoV-2 that can be utilized to further mitigate the transmission risk of this novel virus. This review paper aims to identify the building parameters of indoor spaces that could have considerable influence on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The following building parameters have been identified and analyzed, emphasizing their link with the indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2: temperature and relative humidity, temperature differences between rooms, ventilation rate and access to natural ventilation, occupant density, surface type and finish, airflow direction and speed, air stability, indoor air pollution, central air conditioning systems, capacity of air handling system and HVAC filter efficiency, edge sealing of air filters, room layout and interior design, and compartmentalization of interior space. This paper also explains the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with indoor environments and its persistence. Furthermore, the modifications of the key building parameters have been discussed for controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor spaces. Understanding the information provided in this paper is crucial to develop effective health and safety measures that will aid in infection prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various categories of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients have exhibited major mortality rate differences and symptoms. Some papers have recently explained these differences in mortality rates and symptoms as a consequence of this virus infection acting in synergy with one or more latent pathogen infections in some patients. A latent pathogen infection likely to be involved in millions of these patients is the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii , which infects approximately one third of the global human population. However, other papers have concluded that latent protozoan parasite infections can reduce the severity of viral infections. The aims and purposes of this paper include providing explanations for the contradictions between these studies and introducing a significant new category of T-cell exhaustion. Latent pathogens can have different genetic strains with great differences in their effects on a second pathogen infection. Furthermore, depending on the timing and effectiveness of drug treatments, pathogen infections that become latent may or may not later induce immune cell dysfunctions, including T-cell exhaustion. Concurrent multiple pathogen T-cell exhaustion is herein called "polyspecific T-cell exhaustion." • COVID-19 patients exhibit mortality rate differences probably from latent pathogen infections. • Toxoplasma gondii infects about one third of the global human population and it is likely involved. • Latent pathogens have different genetic strains & different effects on later pathogen infections. • Drug treatments affect pathogen infections causing immune dysfunctions, e.g. T-cell exhaustion. • "Polyspecific T-cell exhaustion" enables concurrent multiple pathogen T-cell exhaustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water and wastewater has recently been reported. According to the updated literature, the stools and masks of the patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were considered as the primary route of coronavirus transmission into water and wastewater. Most coronavirus types which attack human (possible for SARS-CoV-2) are often inactivated rapidly in water (i.e., the survival of human coronavirus 229E in water being 7 day at 23 °C). However, the survival period of coronavirus in water environments strongly depends on temperature, property of water, concentration of suspended solids and organic matter, solution pH, and dose of disinfectant used. The World Health Organization has stated that the current disinfection process of drinking water could effectively inactivate most of the bacterial and viral communities present in water, especially SARS-CoV-2 (more sensitive to disinfectant like free chlorine). A recent study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in inflow wastewater (but not detected in outflow one). Although the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in water influents has been confirmed, an important question is whether it can survive or infect after the disinfection process of drinking water. To date, only one study confirmed that the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in water for people was null based on the absence of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infectivity tests. Therefore, further studies should focus on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater under different operational conditions (i.e., temperature and water matrix) and whether the transmission from COVID-19-contaminated water to human is an emerging concern. Although paper-based devices have been suggested for detecting the traces of SARS-CoV-2 in water, the protocols and appropriate devices should be developed soon. Wastewater and sewage workers should follow the procedures for safety precaution against SARS-CoV-2 exposure. • SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus detected in water and wastewater. • Transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 into water through stool and mask of infected patient. • Coronavirus often inactivated rapidly in water. • Paper-based devices suggested for detecting traces of SARS-CoV-2 in water. • Existing disinfection processes possibly sufficient to kill SARS-CoV-2 in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian government took strong containment measures to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with rigid hygiene protocols and restrictions on daily living, such as social distancing and closing businesses and schools. While these measures were crucial to stop the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2, numerous voices highlighted their disorderly psychological, social, and economic impacts on food consumption behavior and lifestyle. Therefore, this paper aims to understand how consumers' food-related habits in Russia have shifted due to the COVID-19 pandemic and potential problems and opportunities this might bring for the Russian food system. The study is based on an online cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire administered in Russian through the Survey Monkey platform. A total of 1297 valid answers was collected. The results reveal that diet and food shopping, preparation, and use have been widely affected. Indeed, the survey results suggested (i) a change in the modality of acquiring food, consumers reduced the number of shopping trips and buying more on each trip to minimize store visits; (ii) a surge of stockpiling of non-perishable food items; (iii) a shift toward healthier diets; (iv) an increase in culinary capabilities; (v) a decrease of food waste. The results are expected to inform current emergency plans as well as long-term food-related strategies in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of social distancing and wearing masks has been popular worldwide in combating the contraction of COVID-19. Undeniably, although such practices help control the COVID-19 pandemic to a greater extent, the complete control of virus-laden droplet and aerosol transmission by such practices is poorly understood. This review paper intends to outline the literature concerning the transmission of virus-laden droplets and aerosols in different environmental settings and demonstrates the behavior of droplets and aerosols resulted from a cough-jet of an infected person in various confined spaces. The case studies that have come out in different countries have, with prima facie evidence, manifested that the airborne transmission plays a profound role in contracting susceptible hosts. The infection propensities in confined spaces (airplane, passenger car, and healthcare center) by the transmission of droplets and aerosols under varying ventilation conditions were discussed. Interestingly, the nosocomial transmission by airborne SARS-CoV-2 virus-laden aerosols in healthcare facilities may be plausible. Hence, clearly defined, science-based administrative, clinical, and physical measures are of paramount importance to eradicate the COVID-19 pandemic from the world. • Social distancing and wearing masks became popular worldwide for control of COVID-19. • Droplet and aerosol transmission of COVID-19 has been poorly understood. • Examples have been reported to speculate the airborne transmission of COVID-19. • Nosocomial infection through airborne transmission seems plausible in confined spaces. • Proper administrative, clinical, and physical measures are paramount to combat the transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]