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In this paper, characterization and discrimination of some silicate gems (gemstones and low-gem quality varieties) from ancient Egyptian mines have been performed for the first time adopting molecular and elemental spectroscopic techniques. The selected gem groups are peridot, beryl/emerald, amazonite, and amethyst. In this sense, characterization of the genuine Egyptian gems and the importance of mineralogical and chemical signatures in a historical context as well as the scope of geoheritage can be achieved for the first time. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis has been found to be an effective method for the discrimination among different gems groups where a characterizing element for each group in a specific spectral window has been found. Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra have proven to be fingerprints with the ability to distinguish future alteration of the gemstone depending on the molecular vibrational spectroscopy. FTIR provides the functional group that can absorb the infrared radiation and be responsible for the coloring of the gemstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intellectual journey that began with the discovery of strange attractors derived from Chua's circuit, their translation into physical shapes by means of 3D printers, and finally, to the production of jewelry is presented. After giving the mathematical characteristics of Chua's circuit, we explain the chaotic design process, used for creating jewels, providing specifications of the used methodological approach, for its reproduction. We discuss the feasibility of this approach and the transmission of scientific contents on chaos theory, usually restricted to university students, in a high school Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics course, for the realization of advanced educational processes, implemented both in computational and real environments. We think that the idea of transforming science into art forms can drive students in acquiring scientific knowledge and skills, allowing them to discover the inner beauty of chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superlattice films composed of frustrated spin systems, [ZnFe2O4]m/[ZnCr2O4]m, are grown on MgAl2O4 (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition, and their frustrated magnetism is studied. The superlattice films show spin-glass behavior and the spin-glass transition temperature (Tg) varies nonmonotonically as a function of the layer thickness m. Tg increases with decreasing m due to an increase in the inhomogeneous exchange interaction between Cr3+ and Fe3+ at the interface. However, below m = 4, a decrease in Tg is observed. Compared with the solid solution Zn(CrFe)O4 film and the other superlattices, the decrease in Tg is considered to be a unique property of the periodically modulated short period superlattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen spectrum is one of the most commonly demonstrated and most commonly studied. After the visible spectral lines (Balmer series) are explained by the Rydberg's formula, it becomes immediately apparent that there will also be similar infrared and ultraviolet series. As you may have taught your students, these are called the Paschen and the Lyman series, respectively. But do they really exist? In this article I explain how these wavelengths were first detected and go further to provide advice on modern means to more simply detect and measure invisible spectral lines. The history of these spectral lines is also presented, which gives a good flavor for the different roles of theoretical physics and applied physics in investigating a given phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]