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Addition of energy demand especially of the quick progression of adaptable and reduced contraptions, from mobile phones to electric vehicles, demands more unassuming and lighter energy-storing devices with yet higher energy densities and power yields. Conventional liquid electrolytes have the drawback of spilling and evaporating water, which does not meet the application needs of versatile zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Researchers have been working to make common soluble electrolytes the selective electrolytes. For example, Tetra-PEG prepolymers, PANa-Fe3+, Wet-PAAS-g-PVDF, α,ω-dialkyne PEG10K and azido-functionalized α-cyclodextrin. At this point, the schematic of the hydrogel electrolyte has its own characteristics such as Solvent replacement, Crosslinking method, Phase-alteration method, 'One-pot method'. Hydrogel polimers have made great strides in the field of versatile ZABs functional development, and bring hydrogel polymer electrolytes are becoming more excellent. On this work, the justification for this paper is to investigate the approach to acting of ionic conductivity in dissolvable gel-plans, which advances in pieces of zinc-air batteries execution. The technique for examination of different upsides of ionic conductivity in the hydrogel polymer electrolyte utilized for the zinc-air battery utilizes the SWOT investigation strategy. Including the development of moldable ZABs from the point of view of the hydrogel and the electrode such us adding organic/inorganic elements or ionic liquids to PVA, or moldable Zn electrodeposition on carbon cloth, or moldable air cathodes use a variety of substrates (carbon cloth, nickel foam, or stainless-steel mesh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid polymer electrolyte system has been developed using biodegradable materials, namely poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan as polymer host. Deionized water and dilute acetic acid solution were used as green solvents. Solution casting technique was employed to fabricate free-standing membranes. The polymer host was activated by involving lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB) electrolyte salt in the polymer complex. Ionic conductivity was calculated by means of impedance measurement using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Addition of LiBOB salt improved ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte by an order of magnitude. To further enhance the performance, glycerol was added as plasticizer in the PVA-chitosan-LiBOB solid polymer electrolyte system. As a result, ionic conductivity was increasing from 6.45×10−7 S/cm for pristine PVA film to 1.74×10−5 S/cm for plasticized solid polymer electrolyte membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to find an alternative for lithium in electrochemical cells due to its limited availability and increasing cost. Sodium is a good replacement to Lithium. Studies carried out using solid polymer electrolyte forms the theme of the paper. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are better than liquid electrolytes as they can be safely shipped and stored. Internal shorting problems are less compared to liquid ones. Morphological studies of SPE film were carried out using XRD and FTIR. The ionic conductivity is analyzed from the transport number calculated using Wagner's method. The obtained ionic conductivity is around 1.121 x 10 −6 S cm−1. The electrochemical stability of SPE films estimated using Cyclic voltammetry studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study illustrates the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) complexed with different inorganic dopants. Pure HPMC and various compositions of complexed films of HPMC with different dopants, like sodium iodide (Nal), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and ceric ammonium nitrate (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (CAN) were prepared by solution cast method using double distilled water as solvent. The prepared samples were gamma irradiated with different dose of 20, 60 and 100 kGy. Direct current (dc) conductivity was measured in the temperature range of 313-383K. The magnitude of conductivity was found to increase with increasing concentration of the salt, temperature and for higher dose of gamma radiation. All systems exhibits Arrhenius behavior, and was determined from the plots obtained for all the systems. HPMC:Nal (5:4) exhibits the maximum ionic conductivity at 313 K for un-irradiated samples. Whereas after 100 kGy gamma irradiation, HPMC:CdCl2 (5:4) and HPMC:CAN (5:2) exhibits a slightly higher conductivity value compare to that of HPMC:Nal un-irradiated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ab initio study based on density functional theory is performed, to describe the effect of the addition of Na salt to polyethylene oxide PEO polymer. Three monomer units of PEO and one molecule of NaClO4 were taken for calculations. To study the variation in chemical parameters such as electronegativity, chemical potential and chemical hardness of polymer and salt-polymer system HOMO-LUMO compositions and energies were obtained from density of state (DOS) analysis. For quantitative analysis of partial atomic charge distribution on each atom Hirshfield population analyses has been done. Electronics studies have been carried out from density of states (DOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) analysis. From DOS analysis the forbidden energy gap of (PEO)3 with and without NaClO4 is traced and found to be reduced by 1.5 eV for polymer–salt system than of polymer alone. This implies that there is increase in sodium cation concentration and hence ionic conductivity in solid polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na+ ion based hybrid solid polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and appreciable electrochemical stability has been reported. Addition of nano NASICON ceramic fillers [NaTi2(PO4)3] in polymer electrolyte matrix leads to significant ionic conductivity enhancement. These composites have been prepared in wide composition range and exhibit thermal stability at least upto 100°C for compositions with large amount of NASICONs. A maximum ionic conductivity of ⎕ 3 × 10-5 Ω-1cm-1 is obtained at 40°C for a typical composition 10NaCF3SO390[0.7NTP0.3PEO]. The hybrid polymer composites are potential candidates for Na+ ion based solidstate battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes were prepared using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as polymer matrix, sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) as salt and succinonitrile (SN) as a plasticizer by solution casting technique. By blending a plastic crystal such as succinonitrile (SN) with PEO-NaClO4 electrolyte system, we aimed at improving the ionic conductivity by weakening the ether oxygen-Na+ interactions. The XRD and FTIR studies revealed structural and micro-structural changes in the blended electrolytes which aids in improving ionic conductivity. Also, DSC measurements showed improved segmental motion in the blended polymer electrolytes due to plasticizing effect of SN. The maximum ionic conductivity observed at room temperature is 1.13×10–5 S cm−1 merely for 7 wt. % of SN, which is one order higher than pure polymer-salt complex. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) suggests that blending of SN with polymer electrolyte had no detrimental effect on its thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a polymer electrolyte blend containing polymers Poly ethylene oxide (PEO) and Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was prepared. The polymer blend was complexed with potassium trifluoromethanesulfonate (KCF3SO3), and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) (10nm size) were dispersed in to the complex at different weight percentages. The conductivity due to ions in the blend is determined by Ac impedance measurements in the frequency range of 10Hz-1MHz. The nano composite polymer blend containing 5wt% of TiO2 shows a conductivity of 7.95×10−5Scm-1, which is almost 1.5 orders more than polymer electrolyte with PEO as a polymer. XRD studies show a decrease in the coherence length of XRD peaks on addition of nanoparticles, which is due to increase the amorphous phase in the systems. Temperature dependence conductivity studies of the systems shows that, activation energy decreases with increase in the percentage of nanoparticles in the blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]