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The production gap between oil palm smallholder-owned plantations and corporations shows a real problem in the national palm oil industry. To reduce the gap, user-friendly assistance for smallholder-owned plantations is needed for the cultivation of sustainable palm oil production. Android-based software can be a platform for bridging the transfer of knowledge and technology, transfer of problems, and transfer of solutions between planters and experts. The platform development was formulated in five stages which began with Learning Management System (LMS) application development, identification of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Best Management Practices (BMP) materials, development of digital contents, uploading the digital content to the LMS server, and dissemination. The curriculum in the application platform was prepared based on the needs of the growers according to the identification results of the farmers' profiles. The curriculum consists of GAP and BMP material blocks. Each block was divided into discussion topics. The digital contents related to GAP and BMP were set in the LMS, which was built using Moodle platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization needs close collaboration in economic, social, political, cultural, education, and research to enhance collaborative socio-economic development, conservation of the environment, and transfer of knowledge and technology innovation across the continents. Cross country, intra-continental, and intercontinental research collaboration and research output publication offer a unique platform for achieving all these significant objectives. Therefore, there is a great need for developing an effective indicator to evaluate national, intra-continental, and intercontinental research output collaboration. The existing vital indicators such as h-index and g-index are mainly used to evaluate the effectiveness of the research output of individual researchers. However, there are no indicators currently available in the public domain to assess the collaboration effectiveness from a national or international perspective. Therefore, this article brings forth a novel method called Collaboration Index (C-index) that evaluates a researcher's collaborative capability, a department or an institution, or any cluster with other peer-level researchers spread across the different continents. The C-index's principal theme, mathematical equation, and application example are elaborated. The implication of the C-index is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]