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Climate change is getting more attention in recent years as it is bringing more devastating natural disasters such as heat waves, drought and floods around the world. Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which produce heat-trapping gases, are the main driver of climate change. The enormous amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere accelerates the pace of global warming. On the other hand, renewable energy is usually clean and sustainable. Thus, turning down the role of fossil fuel in the energy sector should be a priority and facilitating the use of renewable energy is the best solution to mitigate climate change. To have a clear picture on the current situation, the paper will include a literature review about climate change, greenhouse gases and renewable energy. The methodology, analysis methods and results will be included in the paper. Data collection, pre-processing, data analysis and data visualisation dashboard will be involved during the process. A data analysis dashboard will be created to incorporate the background of the story and the results of the data analysis. The users will be exploring the trends of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions with data analysis tools to gain useful insights from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of global energy demand and the pressure of environmental protection, ocean energy has received widespread attention as a clean and sustainable form of energy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various forms of ocean energy, explore its working principles, power generation technologies and application potential, and evaluate its research progress on a global scale. This paper details the working principle and power generation technology of ocean current, tidal, wave, temperature difference and salt difference energy. Especially in terms of salt differential energy, this paper analyzes the key role of permeable membrane technology and the large-scale production of low-cost special membranes. The analysis shows that countries have made significant progress in research in the field of ocean energy, especially in ocean current energy and tidal energy. China has also made breakthroughs in ocean current, wave and temperature difference energy. In short, ocean energy has great potential for development as a clean and sustainable energy source. Future development trends will focus on improving power generation efficiency, reducing costs, and reducing ecological environmental impact. As technology advances and costs fall, ocean energy is expected to occupy a more important position in the global energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's power scenario, the increasing power demand is a prevailing concern. The electrical power generated by non-renewable energy sources falls short in meeting this escalating demand. Utilizing renewable sources in conjunction with non-renewable energy becomes imperative. Among various renewable energy sources like wind, tidal, biomass, and solar, the latter is especially advantageous due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the power generated by solar cells is influenced by atmospheric conditions, and its delivery hinges on connected loads. Achieving maximum solar cell power output is challenging due to atmospheric variations, necessitating the use of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. This paper introduces the application of the Incremental Conductance (INC) method for MPPT, which, in comparison to the Perturb and Observe (P & O) method, is better suited for tackling oscillations arising from diverse atmospheric conditions. The selection of a DC-DC CUK converter holds significance for maximizing power, offering low ripple levels at both input and output stages. The paper comprehensively covers converter design, simulation outcomes for a battery-connected standalone PV system employing the INC MPPT method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the relatively inexpensive alternative energy sources in terms of production and relatively environment friendly was the development of bioethanol from urban wastes that contain many lignocellulose such as paper waste. This study characterizes the composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in blank HVS paper, inked HVS and newspaper. The results showed the predominate cellulose (49-60 %) while the lignin concentration was very low due to the removal of colors (lignin) in the manufacturing process. The experiments continued with synthesis of bioethanol through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process. A combination of enzymes (Cellulase + Cellobiase) in 1:1 weight ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for hydrolysis and fermentation in the SSF process. Paper waste from newspapers, inked HVS, and empty HVS papers were used as raw materials. The initial pH of SSF in the column was at pH 5. Variation of enzyme concentration was carried at 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 g. The SSF process was carried out at incubation time of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The ink affected the concentration of bioethanol produced. In this study, the best bioethanol content was produced by inked HVS and Newspapers at 0.5 grams of enzyme with a concentration of 1531 and 1111 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a crucial technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize their energy conversion efficiency. This paper briefly reviews various MPPT techniques and algorithms utilized in solar-powered systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are explored, and a brief comparison table is offered to make it easier to choose the best MPPT approach for a given application. The paper also discusses the importance of MPPT research in harvesting pure energy from renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the power output issues faced by solar-powered systems, especially in partial shading conditions, which reduce the power output of the systems. Nonetheless, the maximum power point (MPP) is the only power point needed to obtain maximum PV power. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into MPPT techniques and algorithms, their strengths, and limitations, and their suitability for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has targeted to achieve 40% of renewable energy (RE) by 2035. It is evident that solar energy shall contribute the largest portion of the target due to the abundant resources of solar in Malaysia. Nevertheless, Malaysia should not limit its' RE resources to only solar energy. This includes RE in the likes of wind energy. Although generally Malaysia has comparatively low annual average wind speed, numerous studies have shown that there are several areas with relatively higher annual average wind speed. These areas may potentially be considered for wind energy development. Several methodologies have been utilized by researchers to identify such areas. Several researchers opted to develop wind maps to identify the potential area in Malaysia for wind energy development. Interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging are commonly utilised in wind mapping studies as these methods are effective to estimate the wind speed at unmeasured area. This paper reviews the comparison between the wind speed interpolation methods which are IDW and Kriging for wind energy applications in Malaysia. Among the interpolation parameters compared include input, results and validation. The way forward proposed by this paper will aid as a reference for future advances in wind mapping in Malaysia and its surrounding region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of green building is believed to be a key factor in achieving sustainable development in the building sector. The Green Building Council Indonesia is responsible for the development and deployment of green buildings in Indonesia, and has released version 1.2 of the Greenship rating tools for evaluating new green buildings. The use of renewable energy sources in green buildings is highly encouraged, with one point awarded for every 0.5% of energy usage covered by renewable energy, up to a maximum of five points. The installation of rooftop PV systems is a popular choice for renewable energy in many governmental green-rated buildings, but it is important to determine the ideal capacity to prevent overpriced installation costs. This paper proposes a method where the focus is on gaining maximum points in renewable energy and minimizing investment costs, rather than maximizing installed capacity. This approach can reduce capacity by up to 68%. Another important consideration is choosing the optimum grid connectivity type, and the paper discusses the options of on-grid or zero export schemes. Zero export scheme is chosen for this case since the capacity of the PV system is much smaller than the grid power connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important and effective source of energy production in the present and the future because it is clean, available, and unlimited. Because of Iraq's proximity to the equator, solar energy is available in large quantities. However, due to some limitations, such as the problem of overheating the board, the energy cannot be extracted in large quantities. The current research paper deals with a biaxial solar tracking system. In February, the system was installed in Iraq, specifically in Karbala (longitude 44.0270 degrees, latitude 32.60010 degrees). The system consists of a photovoltaic panel, a battery, a controller,d two actuators. When compared to a solar panel fixed in the same location, the system generates 39.98% more electrical energy. Solar panels benefit from the low temperatures in winter and spring in the cooling of the panel, as the tracking system keeps it perpendicular to the sun's rays, which increases the temperature of the solar panel. In the summer, an adequate cooling process must be provided for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the rising cost of petroleum products and the widespread demand for clean and renewable energy to lower carbon dioxide pollution to meet global emissions targets in developed and developing countries. For this reason, alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, and thermal have become crucial. This energy must be cheaper, and safer, and contribute significantly to energy development. Nigeria is faced with the problem of poor access to power supply, which contributes to retarded industrial growth, insecurity, and mass unemployment. Alternative sources, such as solar energy, bio-energy, etc are capable of solving the energy crisis in Nigeria with average solar insolation of 7.0KWℎ∕m2 per day in the north and 3.5KWℎ∕m2 per day) in the south. Biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass are also promising alternatives. They can reduce harmful emissions and give Nigeria hope for energy security and sustainable development. This paper reviews the potential of various renewable sources for energy generation in Nigeria. Presently, Nigeria requires thermal power plants from renewable sources capable of providing 13000MW, to meet the daily energy needs in Nigeria compared to the available 4000MW which is insufficient for over two hundred (200) million Nigerians. This study identifies biofuels as a major energy innovation for car engines, gas turbines, power plants, etc. In Nigeria and throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the use of biofuels could prevent energy shortages and promote more sustainable development. Challenges to widespread biofuel adoption in developing countries include deforestation, land scarcity, and the conflict between energy production and food security. It concludes that significant spending on energy research and the right institutional and governmental frameworks are needed to overcome the difficulties in order to realize the potential of alternative energy for sustainable development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to combating climate change and global warming, the best course of action is to promote the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. In this regard, most nations have resolved to boost the use of solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WTs) to generate clean green energy and curb carbon emissions. India is actively contributing to the international change of the energy sector. When it comes to renewable energy and encouraging the use of electric vehicles, India is among the top five countries in the world. There has been a recent push to increase the world's renewable energy generation capacity to 450 GW by 2030, up from its current level of around 400 GW. Getting India's total generation beyond 60%using the low-carbon energy sources is encouraged because it will help the country meet its larger climate goals and push it above the amount agreed upon in the Paris Agreement. Economic growth, increased energy security, and expanding access to energy for the rural population are only a few of the goals, roles, and responsibilities of government. As part of India's progress toward modernization, this paper details a number of related efforts, policy shifts, technical and economic hurdles, and regulatory rules for rolling out renewables and EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the issues of climate change and global warming, the transportation industry is gradually shifting from the usage of hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. The electric vehicles (EVs) are uses battery to store the energy with is subsequently used to convert into mechanical energy while driving the vehicle. Similarly, Micro-grids are used in distribution system that adds renewable energy sources along with the loads. The batteries placed in the EVs could be used significantly applied as energy storage units within the MG system. A good control system have to research and developed in order to satisfy the goal of fast charging of the EV batteries to avoid large queues at the charging stations. In this paper, the implementation of a MG model based vehicle to grid (V2G)-grid to vehicle (G2V) system using the level-3 fast charging of EV's is presented. A level-3 fast charging model consist of a fast DC charging technology for operating the electric vehicle. Various simulation conditions were realized and results have been observed to carry out to operate the power flow of V2G-G2V. Test results shows that regulation of the active power is achieved in the MGs by using the batteries of the EVs as dispatchable sources via the G2V-V2G operational modes. The charging infrastructure that is built should be attaining minimum harmonic distortions for injecting current into the of grid as well as while charging the EV and the controller should always give the very good dynamic results in the point of the DC-bus link voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the issues of climate change and global warming, the transportation industry is gradually shifting from the usage of hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. The Electric Vehicles are uses battery to store the energy with is subsequently used to convert into mechanical energy while driving the vehicle. Similarly, Microgrids are used in distribution system that adds renewable energy sources along with the loads. The batteries of the Electric vehicle (EVs) can be possibly used as energy storage and buffering devices inside the microgrids (MGs) or parking space of buildings. These EVs can help in managing the microgrid energy balance under two circumstances, viz. surplus generation it can store the excess energy as the Grid-To-Vehicle, G2V mode by charging of the batteries and during energy deficient in the MG it can provide energy back to the grid by working as Vehicle-To-Grid, V2G operation as discharging of the batteries. To facilitate these concepts proper development of inter-connecting infrastructure and control system arrangements have to be done. This paper provides a literature survey on various architecture for realizing the V2G-G2V strategies within a MG by studying different types of power electronics interfacing (PEI) like level-1, level-2, and level-3 acting as fast charging stations for the EVs are presented. Maintaining the power balance state and improving the reliability of the intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) MGs using proper PEI is a critical task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the vehicles uses fossil fuel or gasoline for transportation. Usage of fossil fuel contaminates the air due to emission of nitrous oxides and particulates. It also causes the depletion of ozone layer. These fossil fuels are non-renewal and hence will be deplete from the earth in near future dueto increased demand. Moreover, due to scarcity, its cost is also increasing rapidly. In order to deal with this, an electric vehicle can be good alternative for transportation. With usage of electricvehicle, demand for fossil fuel can be greatly reduced. All the electric vehicle (EVs) are refer to BEV (battery electric vehicles) and they are equipped with the battery to store power. With increasing usage of renewable energy sources, clean power can be generated which can be supplied for charging of the electric vehicle. In this paper, review of electric vehicle is carried. Itinvolves various features of EV like its tractive effort, efficiencyof motor and battery necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For researchers working for electric utilities, using renewable energy sources to lessen the impact of various uncertainties on electric power networks is a hot topic. The usage of Photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation would become widely accessible in the future due to a number of anticipated cost savings. Enhancing Power Quality (PQ) becomes imperative for utility-grid connected systems. In this study, the Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) architecture, which is based on solar photovoltaic (SPV) as a DC (Direct Current) source, is used to examine the performance of a grid-connected system. Simulink/MATLAB software is used for the imitation model. Imitation models are carried out for SPV connected to CHB multilevel inverter (MLI) system. The paper analyzes various parameters including solar, grid and MLI output such voltage, current and power. In this study, a comparison of 7-level, 9-level and 11-level CHB MLI is presented. Different results are analyzed and based on a comparative analysis; the imitation model results are shown to be accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons for pollution and the limitations of fossil fuels have driven the use of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are synonymous with electric batteries that require periodic charging. There has been an increase in research on battery charging for electric vehicles. There is also the use of renewable energy resources such as photovoltaics for battery charging stations. This paper focuses on prototyping battery charging stations from solar photovoltaic energy using ANN-based MPPT controllers within the framework of optimizing solar energy harvesting and comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. Test results showed that the prototype of the proposed charging system took 33.3 minutes to charge a 7Ah battery. Compared to conventional MPPT methods, the charging time of MPTT methods with Neural Network is 6.01% faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the renewable energy sources and its necessity to fulfil the energy requirement of real world. Renewable energy is one of the booming industries where it represents a highest impact on increasing the economical status, energy needs, and fighting with the natural climate variations. But, due to their inherent intermittency, some of the renewable energy leaders, such as Wind and Solar they can not full fill the huge demand. Also, there is a grow in aggressive objective of greenhouse gas depletion. Furthermore, the money matters of distributed renewable energy plans are coming up with high competition for the risky environment developers. To solve these kinds of solutions and improve the energy distribution for changing climate intelligent energy storage is used. In addition to that, artificial intelligence is enabled for bringing a novel value streams for renewable energy plans. Adding AI to energy storage increases the returns on investment, provide the control and elasticity of varying prices, etc. Hence this paper insists that the integration of Artificial Intelligence into renewable energy industry is more important for enhancing the economic as well as customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for energy is surpassing its availability owing to the increase in population and advancements in technology. It is essential to move closer to a dependable, economical, and sustainable renewable energy source to meet future energy demands. All alternative energy sources, including photovoltaic (PV) energy, have the potential to be renewable resources that can be used to address these ongoing issues with the energy crisis. PV systems are subject to the dynamic and fluctuating nature of the surrounding environment, which can lead to the manifestation of a diverse array of defects. It is essential to promptly identify and rectify any defects in order to ensure that the photovoltaic panel's efficiency, endurance, and durability remain uncompromised. The significance of automated defect detection is increasing in the PV industry due to the limitations of manual or visual inspection and the expanding production of PV modules. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a deep learning (DL) system that can accurately classify and detect defects in Electrouminescent (EL) images of PV cells, more specifically through implementing Convolutional Neural Networks CNN. Surprisingly, the suggested PV fault detection model outperformed commercially available PV fault detection systems by resolving existing challenges. The proposed model was further evaluated in terms of accuracy, loss, recall, f1 measure, and precision. The precision measure was 97.4% and the accuracy was 91.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand-side management (DSM) is an effectual approach by coordinating utility management and routinely tracking energy usage, the intelligent grid assists in controlling energy demand and promotes its efficiency. However, the paper aims to utilize Linear programming optimization algorithms as an effective tool for managing energy demand and maximizing the use of renewable energy sources. These algorithms are able to estimate which is the best utilization of what resources are accessible and reduce consumption by describing the energy system as a collection of linear equations. The optimization system makes assumptions about the various energy costs when it will be high or low and modifies energy use accordingly. We applied different scenarios to assess the resiliency of the system. The simulation took into account a number of variables, including the weather, energy usage, and pricing fluctuations. MATLAB R2023a and Simulink provide an integrated platform with data analytics to build the proposed system and optimization model to minimize cost in MATLAB. Compared to other methods using various optimization algorithms as the binary orientation search algorithm (BOSA), cockroach swarm optimization (CSO), and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were applied to DSM methodology for a residential community with a primary focus on decreasing peak energy consumption results as in previous study was, BOSA has a lower standard deviation (0.8) compared to the other algorithms (1.7 for SSA and 1.3 for CSOA), making it more robust and superior, in addition to minimizing cost (5438.98 cents of USD (mean value) and 16.3% savings), the suggested approach is used for lowering electrical energy costs in a micro-grid system while maintaining their regular load and operating hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maldives' optimal options for renewable energy systems are determined using a model analysis that is provided in this paper. The systems' technical and financial performance was examined using the HOMER simulation tool. Malé, the nation's capital as well as the four inhabited outlying islands that represent the majority of the Maldivian islands— Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru were used for the investigation. Studies and comparisons have been conducted on a number of systems that utilize photovoltaic (PV), wind, and biomass electricity generators. Regarding outer islands of the Maldives: Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru, a hybrid system of photovoltaic, wind, and biomass is the most intriguing option for these islands because using biomass is worthy way to complement the fluctuations in the production of energy from photovoltaic and wind under variable weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing worldwide concern about global warming and the usage of fossil fuels has increased the demand for clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources (RESs) for energy production via the microgrid (MG) paradigm. Among the AC MG then DC MG, the DC has several advantages. DC MGs can be linked to the primary electrical grid or operate independently. As a result, it is an effective mechanism for remote and rural places, and it may be used to power everything from small structures to massive facilities. It has several advantages, such as higher system efficiency, lower cost, and smaller system size. However, protection is a predominant concern, which needs to be occupied upkeep for flat process. In this research the author discussed the various issues and challenges of the DC-MG. Various methods adopted for safeguarding the DC Microgrid system is discussed which mainly includes different current, voltage and impedance operated schemes, different fuses and circuit breakers etc. At the end a comparison is also carried out for evaluating various methods. The paper obliges as a reference for the researcher and industrial working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the sparrow search optimisation algorithm (SSA) is utilised to obtain the optimal values for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters to reduce frequency deviation and change in tie-line power in interconnected power systems within a deregulated environment. A load frequency control (LFC) was designed and analysed for the proposed power system model, which consists of a two-area reheat steam turbine generator integrated with a solar thermal renewable energy source in area 1 and a geothermal energy plant in area 2. All possible contracts in the deregulated power market, including Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract violations, were thus investigated, and the performance of the proposed controller analysed. The simulation of the proposed model was implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the robustness of the proposed control technique using a PID controller using SSA compared with the results of using a Particle swarm optimisation technique (PSO) and Gray wolf optimisation (GWO). The SSA algorithm optimised PID controller performance was found to be considerably better in terms of the settling time of power system frequency deviation, with improvements of 71.25%, 67.44%, and 56.39% in terms of Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract scenarios seen, respectively. Moreover, the rise time and steady-state error of the frequency deviation and the change in power in the tie line were also significantly enhanced. The suggested controller was thus shown to be more reliable and to produce superior outcomes in all possible scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has become a hot issue as the solution to avoid the energy crisis, while fossil fuel production has decreased. In this paper, the renewable energy from the potential of vibration power plants on motorcycle suspensions is designed to generate electricity. For that purpose, a module of the powerplant, which contains a series of piezoelectrics, is arranged and installed in the suspension of the motorcycle to convert the suspension vibration to electricity. The experiments are then conducted to get the powerplant's performance for several types of roads. The data acquisition and PC laptop are used in the experimental set-up to get real-time data on the voltage produced by the powerplant. The results show that the concrete road makes 11,9 V, the route with speed bump 30,79 V, and 5,56 V for smooth asphalt. It is shown that the potential of the designed powerplant is to charge the battery while running on the road. The module can be applied to online motorcycle taxis for charging the phone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy learning is the first step to create energy security in the future. However, in fact, there are still many students who find it difficult to learn about renewable energy in high school. Learning materials have good role in support students in learning physic. Therefore, this study aims to develop learning materials on the renewable energy topic based on STEM framework. The research method used is development study consisting of 3 stages namely the preliminary stage, the prototyping stage and the assessment stage. However, the discussion on this paper just describes the preliminary prototype of STEM-based learning material on renewable energy topic. The subjects of this study are the 10th grade students in Palembang. Data related to prototyping of learning materials are collected by documents and walkthrough. They are analyzed and described descriptively. The results showed the first prototype of the renewable energy learning materials based on STEM framework containing 8 learning objectives on the renewable energy, the limitation of electrical energy problem, the sources related to renewable energy topic, the series of STEM-based activities, and the evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the promising renewable energy sources that has the ability to supply all the world's energy needs in the future is solar energy. The determination of the maximum output from a photovoltaic system remains a significant challenge for photovoltaic researchers. This paper presents an experimental analysis of uncertainties such as variation in irradiation, temperature,andtilt angle, on two polycrystalline solar modules of 80W each. An experimental set-up consisting of halogen bulbs with a mechanism to vary the tilt angle and irradiation is incorporated with a regulatory mechanism which serves as artificial light source. The experimental results and graphs illustrate the variation in different parameters which impact the power output. From the results it is suggested that tilt angle between (15-20) o C is best suited for extracting the maximum power at the specified location. Finally, a power conditioning circuit with MPPT control is adopted to verify the effect of the presented dynamics. A simulation study using MATLAB is also being conducted by considering battery as a load and charging and discharging of battery along with state of charge is presented to fit the proposed method for future battery charging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the global warming, a supportable and sustainable transportation system needs to be established, which should be relied on renewable energy resources. This paper presents design, calculations of each parameter and simulation of solar powered ferry boat propulsion system which consist of 2.6kW photovoltaic (PV) system, 19.2 kWh battery system, bidirectional converter, inverter & 2.2 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor as an alternative to diesel powered ferry boat. The ferry boat is 21 feet long and 8 feet beam, capable of carrying 7 passengers at the maximum speed of 5 knots. Empty boat weight is 700 kg and capable up to 1.5 ton of water displacement. The performance of the system is validated through numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entire modern world is dependent on energy. Providing cooling with renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is one of the primary answers to the energy and environmental issues. Phase change materials (PCMs) play a significant role in the utilisation of solar energy in cooling applications. Recent study on solar energy using PCMs for low and medium temperature cooling applications indicates that PCMs are widely employed in solar thermal cooling, transport refrigeration, and commercial food outlets. Since low-temperature PCMs can maintain the temperature of small-scale refrigerators for an extended time, it can be used to maintain the space temperature of the appliance without the use of an electrical energy storage during the night. The primary factors in adapting a conventional system to work with solar energy with PCM are performance parameters such as pull-down time and on-off cycle of the compressor. In this paper, therefore, the experimental findings for the pull-down time and on-off cycle time of a 210-liter solar refrigerator with and without a PCM are provided. The experimental data revealed that the compressor's pull-down time and off-time were raised by 78% and 6.1 times, respectively. In addition to enhancing performance and facilitating temperature maintenance within the refrigerated space, the per-day energy consumption was reduced from 14.4 to 18.5% as compared to the system without PCM. It was confirmed that the use of PCM in refrigeration systems can play an essential role in enhancing their overall performance. Furthermore, this study could serve as a key link between the PCM and all currently available small-scale solar-powered household cooling appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study of the possibility of highly efficient conversion of solar energy and heat using photothermoelectric converters (FTC). Design solutions of the device are shown. In this article, we conducted a literature analysis of the development of technology for the development and research of highly efficient combined solar and thermoelectric generators that simplify the operation of renewable energy sources, as well as increase the efficiency of photothermal devices. The theory of thermoelectric compatibility was explored to provide analytical solutions for device efficiency in idealized materials with temperature dependent properties. The methods of theoretical calculation of the mechanism of absorption and refraction of light were analyzed. The article presents the radiation of a selected wavelength in the volume of a photoelectric converter and the design of an efficient photothermal converter with a fixed slit. The possibility of optimal distribution of the light spectrum on the frontal surfaces of the solar cell and thermoelectric converter has been studied. According to the results of experimental studies, it was concluded that the efficiency of the photoconverter increases by 3 times compared to analogues, but operating without a thermal converter. A comparative analysis of the results of both foreign and domestic scientific developments is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources. Various collectors were made, tested, and refined to perform in various temperature ranges. The parabolic trough solar collectors (PTC) are the most frequent in steam production and heat process applications. The receiver tube is the heating element and a crucial device (PTC) component. Many studies have focused on improving the thermal efficiency of receiver tubes. A detailed evaluation of the experimental and numerical investigations carried out to improve heat transmission in receiver tubes in four different ways. 1. Use to reduce heat loss (glass cover, selective coating, and evacuated tube) 2. They increase the heat transfer coefficient by using (turbulent flow, Nanofluid, and different gaseous). 3. Increase the surface area of heat transmission using (fins, porous material, surface modification). 4. Combine two or more of these methods. The aims of the current review papers is to improve heat transfer in the receiver tube and reduce heat loss, resulting in improved heat transfer to the thermal fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current period, the solar energy system has become the most important source of renewable energy, such as wind, fuel cells, and others. The need for it has increased greatly, so that it is relied upon in many services, industrial and agricultural fields, etc. With the increase in demand for solar energy, it leads us to develop and increase its efficiency and improve its performance in various ways. One of these ways is the interest in the monitoring system, which has received great attention from researchers and designers recently. Wireless monitoring systems have been linked with photovoltaic systems and display them on a platform in a more clear and easy way for the user. The design and implementation of a wireless data acquisition system for a photovoltaic panel system is discussed in this paper. based on the ATmega328P microcontroller integrated with the Arduino Uno board, In the proposed monitoring system, the Bluetooth technology was relied on to receive the values of the variables or parameters to be measured by the sensors that were previously determined, namely temperature, humidity, solar radiation, voltage, current, and power, and then display the results taken on smart phones and tablets running Android operating systems using the APK application. The proposed system is characterized by its low cost, simple design, open source, real-time measurement, developable, efficient, high accuracy, reliable, and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing population density causes an increased demand for energy. Also, the large number of power generating stations, in addition to the rapid development of renewable energies, has brought an important challenge: developing energy networks and making them smart. Advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) provides data on energy use and network status by connecting utility companies and homeowners through wireless communication. Smart meters with real-time invoicing are a measurement device, tool that uses automatic data reading to give users information on how much energy they have used in the past hour, day, and month. The gadget advises the user on when to use energy and forecasts when power consumption will exceed the intended power. This paper reviews all aspects of smart power meters and their applications and billing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, solar power represents one of the most stable and important renewable energy resources in our life, its importance increases every second because the planet will be run out of fossil fuel in the near future, but sometime uncertain fluctuations appear duo to rain, dust, clouds, and heat which prompts the issue of power supply interference. So that, in the traditional way, the solar panels have to be check from time to another to figure out if they still work correctly, and that could make either the maintenance cost will be high, or there will be loss in the performance, that could be obvious in a solar system of large number of panels. As a result a better way to check the solar cells is needed to make the performance better, especially in case of a large number of solar panels. In this paper, a study will be made about solar system consists of an array of solar panels and photovoltaic parameter in each of them. The main purpose is building a system which works on fault detection. This study depends on Smart Monitoring Device (SMD) sensors, which connected to each PV panel. These sensors collect the measurements periodically, and send them to an IoT central server, in order to detect the faults to correct them as soon as possible and improve the efficiency of solar panels. The results showed that the AC voltage from the applying the system of Solar Voltage 1when the fault occurs as the maximum is 30.62 V and average is 17.9 V while the Solar Voltage 2 as max is 31.05 V, and average is 18.15 V. The AC power consumed per unit time (0.1 seconds is 20.573 W to 0.8 seconds is 20.592 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroelectricity one of the best practical it works sources of renewable energy, based above than a century of knowledge in this field. energy and installation are two necessary the criteria to classify a hydroelectric power plant. The first includes six technologies: reservoir dam, flow flow, pumped storage, current technology, pipeline water turbine technology and new gravity vortex technology. The other is classified on the energy scale as major, minor, minor, micro, and hydro peak. Today, most rural areas of developing countries rely on hydropower to generate electricity, and it is cheap and efficient. This paper provides an overview of Hydropower technology and turbines with emphasis to categories characteristics of linear hydropower systems, as well as more appropriate spherical turbines that It can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of industries and people around the globe continues to rise, so do energy demands, necessitating the use of renewable energy sources. One of the long-term energy storage devices being developed by participants in the competition is a supercapacitor with a high power density and an extended life cycle. To expand the applications of supercapacitors, however, a greater energy capacity is required, necessitating the development of high-performance, secure, and environmentally favorable supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as electrolytes due to the presence of organic cations and anions, as well as their excellent ionic conductivity, strong temperature stability, and broad potential window. Consequently, ILs can be used as electrolytes in supercapacitors, enabling them to store more energy while remaining safe to use. Electrolytes serve as an insulator between positive and negative electrodes and conduct electricity by transporting ions. However, ILs have a high viscosity, which could be an advantage because they can be solid electrolytes, allowing supercapacitors to be widely used in promising energy storage systems with specific energy as high as 710.526 Wh.kg-1, specific power as high as 51000 W.kg-1, and an operating voltage as high as 3.4 V. This paper will discuss the performance of ILs as electrolytes in supercapacitors, the various types of ILs as electrolytes, and the outlook for the development of supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of fossil energy consumption to catalyze the production of biofuels as renewable energy, especially heat and electricity generation, will raise a level of concern for the environment and health. Biomass waste that is produced into biofuel is very promising as a renewable energy raw material. The utilization of biofuels from biomass has the advantage of increasing the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One very promising way of generating electricity is by using co-firing biomass pellets, especially for renewable energy generation. There are several routes in thermochemical conversion, but torrefaction is one technology that can produce pyrolysis at low temperatures. In addition, co-firing biofuels can produce efficiently at temperatures of 200-300oC with low conversion losses. However, the conventional heating used today, especially in batch operations, adversely affects the torrefaction of palm oil. In addition, the biomass processing rate and throughput are very low and the heat transfer rate is very poor. The integrated microwave technology can provide a good and promising solution, especially in increasing the capacity for upscaling torrefaction technology. The production quantity offered is also higher with optimal volumetric heat transfer. Critically the discussion in this paper is to discuss the latest developments in palm oil waste torrefaction technology for the production of biochar energy with low water content and better durability and resilience. The microwave radiation used is intended for heating so that the catalytic reaction of torrefaction on energy activity is lower. Based on the continuous microwave system that is included in the reactor, it has enormous potential, especially during the torrefaction streamlining process. Thus, the energy produced is more friendly to the environment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented paper the flow charts for Life cycle of main types of fuels/energy sources and cars is done. Respective mathematical models, taking into account the stages of material and cars production, exploitation and recycling are developed. Based on the energy production for 2015 and 2020 years and energy mix of European countries and Bulgaria, an assessment of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the cars is done. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cars using gasoline, natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells etc. show advantages and disadvantages of different type of vehicles, during its entire Life cycle. Development in regarded 5 years is analyzed. Results show a decrease of the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the period. The main cause is increase the part of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows an examination over the characteristics of resonant LC converter in battery charge applications. Common application of this circuit can also be found in the supplementary power supplies and renewable energy systems. A double full-bridge design is used to deliver the necessary features of power conversion. The output stage is considered as a current source, which works independently from the battery cell state and number. Operation mode is achieved by a phase-shift control circuit with a microcontroller. Calculations about resonant converter values are shown. Experimental data for device output characteristics are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present time, symmetric level inverters have some problems, such as large modulation ratio and many reactive elements. This paper presents a new inverter with a new modulation scheme. By improving the voltage value of the original single DC power supply, two expansion methods under the condition of voltage increase are obtained. In wiring, the application of auxiliary circuit is cancelled and the number of components is reduced. At the same time, it meets the necessary conditions of intelligent adjustment of components and voltage self-balancing. In terms of components, the new inverter this paper proposed can improve the output voltage and reduce the use of components. The resultant Symmetrical Cascaded HB (SCHB) inverter designed in this paper can normally adapt to single-stage AC/DC power conversion, and the output voltage can be increased proportionally. The new inverter proposed by us improves the existing problems of the original inverter and lays a foundation for further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide use of renewable energy technologies, especially photovoltaic system technologies is required to know and find the main factors and parameters for the productivity and efficiency. This paper presents the real and decisive parameters for generating and harvesting the maximum energy from three different kinds of photovoltaic technologies, which are the (Poly-Crystalline, Mono-Crystalline, and Thin Film cells) based on the conditions of the Jordanian Climate. In this work, a real data was generated using installing the three different kinds of PV technologies in three districts in Jordan (north, middle, south) to customizes the best technology with the optimum azimuth and tilt angle. This wok shows that the optimum technology in north is (mono-technology) with optimum tilt angle (15◦), in middle is (mono-technology) with optimum tilt angle (10◦), and in south is (m0no-technology) with optimum tilt angle (19◦). It is known that the energy generated by the same renewable energy technology varies by location. Likewise, the energy obtained from two different technologies may differ in the same location even if both systems have the same nominal capacity. It is the target of this paper to collect the actual and the accurate data of two photovoltaic systems with the same nominal capacity but use two different technologies. This is accomplished by installing different systems in the same location, studying the environmental and weather effects on energy production and quality while collecting real data that will be used later for further investigation. Finally, a comparison of technologies and how they withstand environmental conditions in Jordan is silicon and thin film silicon photo voltaic panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International goals on climate protection can only be reached when significantly reducing the building sector's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This reduction is achieved by sufficient insulation as well as the use of renewable energies (RE). Storage is needed to utilise not fully controllable and fluctuating RE. This storage can be gained by integrating thermal activations into solid walls and thus converting them into multifunctional building parts (MBP). By this, the buffer storage size can be kept at a low level of several 100 litres for a single-family dwelling while archiving high solar shares and low GHG emissions. In addition, these standard-sized buffer storages avoid supplementary back draws like increased mechanical loads, reduced architectural freedom, or increased space demand. The paper shows that utilisation decreases the annual electric demand by ab. 33%, when compared to a reference. Furthermore, it is shown that increasing the buffer storage to 3000 l reduces the annual electric demand by an additional 24%. Vice-versa, the MBPs investigated compensate for a buffer storage volume of 700 to 2700 l. The paper closes with an outlook on further research and introduces the full-scale demonstrator 'SmallHouse IV'. Latter allows for testing under real conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid energy systems play a critical role in the electrification of remote dwellings. Currently, many residents in remote areas have no connection to the electricity grid and rely on standalone power systems driven by diesel generators. The integration of hybrid renewable energy sources has become an attractive solution to enhance power system capabilities, cost savings and environmental performance in recent times and hence provides a potentially cleaner alternative to diesel generators. However, effective operation of hybrid alternatives in such ways requires the careful configuration and operation of multiple power sources. This paper explores a hybrid system that involves a combination of renewable generation, battery energy storage and a diesel backup generator as a non-renewable energy source to supply electricity to rural areas. Easy-to-apply analysis and design rules are developed and discussed, which when applied can ensure adequate capacity to cover loads while retaining cost-effective operations in such off-grid situations. A case study considered is for a remote village in Malar, in the Awaran District of Baluchistan province in Pakistan. The hybrid renewable energy system is designed using the specified procedures and the Homer-pro software and simulated to determine the optimal cost for various combinations of renewables under different cases in comparison to the use of diesel generator as a raw base case. Building Energy optimization (BEopt) software is used for the creation of representative load profiles that reflects the consumption pattern of the remote household dwellers under consideration. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid system, and the obtained results indicate a significant reduction in energy cost post initial outlay. The effective cost of energy under the hybrid system of various combination of renewables is computed to be $0.171kWh, whereas the effective cost for the diesel generator system is $0.467kWh, resulting to 63% difference in energy cost. Similarly, this is reflective of the Net Present Cost (NPC) of Diesel Generator which is approximately thrice that of a hybrid system. The paper concludes by observing that even in the absence of financial instruments to support renewable and storage technology procurement and installation, design rules and configuration guidance tools such as that described in this work can increase the Rate of Return (ROR), and hence larger benefits for rural communities wishing to decarbonize and reduce long-term costs can be leveraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the current policy context that encourages the use of renewable energy sources given unstable electricity prices in Europe. The evolution of the technologies used to manufacture photovoltaic panels has made their performance increase in recent years and their price affordable. The instability of electricity prices and attractive prices are the main reasons why many domestic electricity consumers are installing photovoltaic panels on the roofs of their houses or on the ground, thus becoming electricity producers. These panels will support the electricity needs of the home and the excess production can be stored in batteries or fed into the grid for neighbours. The paper also presents a scenario that could lead to grid instability in the event of an overproduction of electricity produced by photovoltaic systems feeding electricity into the grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is having an attention for most of the researchers. The energy generated from these renewable energy sources are weather dependent and can not give the constant power at the output. To solve this issue battery energy storage systems are used and then the stored energy is converted from DC into AC. This paper presents the power quality improvement in multilevel inverter by designing a single phase 11-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. Harmonics presents at the output of multilevel inverter plays an important role for power quality. Switching angles minimization is an effective way to reduce the harmonics. This paper presents an effective optimization algorithm TLBO that minimizes switching angles better than PSO, ABC, GA, and ICA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]