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Both developed and developing countries have committed to reduce their emissions through the increased use of renewable energy. This paper aims to compare renewable energy deployment in developed and developing countries represented by Australia and China. The paper firstly argues the validity of comparison of renewable energy deployment in Australia and China. Then, the governance structures in both countries are compared; the paper also compares management mechanisms in terms of funding and incentive support, renewable energy grid-connection and coordination between different levels of governments in both countries. Moreover, the current status of renewable energy development in two countries is summarized. From the study, it can be concluded both countries have set a Renewable Energy Target and promulgated legislation and regulations to enlarge the scale of renewable energy; China shows a stronger commitment to renewable energy than Australia. However, Renewable Energy Certificate mechanism is implemented more effectively in Australia than in China. The paper suggests: augmenting and rebuilding the electricity network and strengthening coordination between different levels of governments for both countries; enhancing manufacturing facilities and incentives for the solar and wind industry for Australia, while developing more-detailed implementation legislation and renewable power quota system for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper assesses air connectivity between China and Australia for the period 2005–16 using a Connectivity Utility Model. Our direct connectivity measure shows that as a gateway city, Sydney continues to play a key role in facilitating the movements of people and goods between China and Australia. Guangzhou has become the city best connected with Australia since 2011 as measured by direct connectivity. When indirect connections are considered, the largest increases in overall connectivity from 2005 to 2016 can be observed among Australia's major capital cities, particularly Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Chinese carriers are the key drivers behind the increases. There have been rises and falls for airports serving as a hub between China and Australia. Guangzhou has forged its strong status as a transfer hub between Australia and China thanks to the quick expansion of China Southern. The gaps between Guangzhou and other transfer hubs measured by hub connectivity have widened since 2010. Highlights • Air connectivity between China and Australia for the period 2005–2016 is assessed. • Chinese airlines makes a major contribution to the two countries' air connectivity. • Guangzhou has forged its strong status as an emerging transfer hub between Australia and China. • The development of other transfer hubs is assessed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children in China and Australia learn English in distinct sociolinguistic contexts. • China forbids early childhood English education, despite great parental demand. • Australia has no curriculum framework for early childhood English education. • Both countries are similarly inactive in guiding early childhood English education. Although English is taught to students worldwide at different educational levels, the actual implementation of early childhood English language education (ECELE) may vary from country to country. This study aims to comprehensively compare how ECELE is being put into practice in China and Australia, where young children learn English as a foreign language and as an additional language or dialect, respectively. Based on a critical analysis of relevant policy documents and the empirical studies found in the literature, this paper provides a detailed account and comparison of how ECELE is delivered in China and Australia. It is found that despite their different sociolinguistic contexts, the educational authorities in both countries share the same ostrich policy and inactive involvement in overseeing and directing ECELE. The implications for policymaking are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]