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[Display omitted] • The immune response and inflammation in pulmonary hypertension (PH) have been systematically summarized based on recent studies. • The relationship between CC chemokines and the pathogenesis of pH is summarized in clinical and animal models. • We found that although the immune response serves as an important potential factor in the pathogenesis of PH, less attention has been paid to CC chemokines and their receptors. • We believe that a greater understanding of the relationship between PH and CC chemokines and their receptors is a pressing issue. • We believe that we need to further clarify the pathogenesis of pH and provide basis for the clinical treatment of PH. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a progressive condition characterized by the remodeling of pulmonary arteries, ultimately culminating in right heart failure and increased mortality rates. Substantial evidence has elucidated the pivotal role of perivascular inflammatory factors and immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PH. Chemokines, a class of small secreted proteins, exert precise control over immune cell recruitment and functionality, particularly with respect to their migration to sites of inflammation. Consequently, chemokines emerge as critical drivers facilitating immune cell infiltration into the pulmonary tissue during inflammatory responses. This review comprehensively examines the significant contributions of CC chemokines in the maintenance of immune cell homeostasis and their pivotal role in regulating inflammatory responses. The central focus of this discussion is directed towards elucidating the precise immunoregulatory actions of CC chemokines concerning various immune cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, particularly in the context of pH processes. Furthermore, this paper delves into an exploration of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms that underpin the development of PH. Specifically, it investigates processes such as cellular pyroptosis, examines the intricate crosstalk between bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) mutations and the immune response, and sheds light on key signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response. These aspects are deemed critical in enhancing our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of PH. Moreover, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of findings from experimental investigations targeting immune cells and CC chemokines. Aim of review : In summary, the inquiry into the inflammatory responses mediated by CC chemokines and their corresponding receptors, and their potential in modulating immune reactions, holds promise as a prospective avenue for addressing PH. The potential inhibition of CC chemokines and their receptors stands as a viable strategy to attenuate the inflammatory cascade and ameliorate the pathological manifestations of PH. Nonetheless, it is essential to acknowledge the current state of clinical trials and the ensuing progress, which regrettably appears to be less than encouraging. Substantial hurdles exist in the successful translation of research findings into clinical applications. The intention is that such emphasis could potentially foster the advancement of potent therapeutic agents presently in the process of clinical evaluation. This, in turn, may further bolster the potential for effective management of PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The skin is the first anatomical region that dengue virus (DENV) encounters during the natural infection. Although the role of some skin resident cells like dendritic cells and fibroblasts has been demonstrated to be crucial to elucidate the role of resident cells and molecules participating during the early events of the innate immune response, the participation of keratinocytes during DENV infection has not been fully elucidated. In this paper we aimed to evaluate the use of the HaCaT cell line as a model to study the immune responses of skin keratinocytes to DENV infection. We demonstrated productive DENV-2 infection of HaCaT cells and their capability to establish an antiviral response through production of type I and type III interferons (IFN-β and IFN-λ). The production of these cytokines by HaCaT cells correlated with upregulation of IFN-inducible transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) and viperin in bystander, uninfected cells. We also observed an increase in secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. Skin keratinocytes are known to secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) during viral infections. In our model, DENV-2 infected HaCaT cells upregulate the production of cytoplasmic LL-37. We evaluated the dual role of LL-37, HBD2, and HBD3 antiviral activity and immunoregulation during DENV-2 infection of HaCaT cells and found that LL-37 significantly reduced DENV-2 replication. This indicates that the HaCaT cell line can be used as a model for studying the innate response of keratinocytes to DENV infection. Our results also suggest that skin keratinocytes play an important role in the skin microenvironment after DENV infection by secreting molecules like type I and type III IFNs, pro-inflammatory molecules, and LL-37, which may contribute to the protection against arboviral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest and most common type of primary brain tumor in adults with a grim prognosis despite multimodal treatments. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality for GBM, whose efficacy is nonetheless fundamentally undermined by GBM-induced immunosuppression. Inducing emission of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) is a highly effective strategy to subvert tumor-associated immunosuppression. The present work was carried out to explore the idea of subverting the GBM immunosuppressive microenvironment through DC-mediated delivery of doxorubicin-polyglycerol-nanodiamond composites (Nano-DOX), a potent DAMPs inducer demonstrated by our previous study, and thereby eliciting enhanced DC-driven anti-GBM immune response. In the in-vitro work on human cell models, Nano-DOX-loaded DC were shown to be functionally viable and release cargo drug to co-cultured GBM cells (GC). Nano-DOX-treated GC displayed not only profuse DAMPs emission but also antigen release. Enhanced activation and acquisition and presentation of GC-derived antigen were then demonstrated in DC in co-culture with GC and Nano-DOX. Consistently, co-culture with GC and Nano-DOX also activated mouse bone marrow-derived DC (mDC) which in turn stimulated mouse spleen-derived lymphocytes which ultimately suppressed co-cultured GC. Next, athymic mice bearing orthotopic human GBM xenografts were intravenously injected with Nano-DOX-loaded mDC and, 48 h later, spleen-derived lymphocytes. The presence of Nano-DOX, DAMPs emission and enhanced infiltration and activation of mDC and lymphocytes were detected in the GBM xenografts. Taken together, our results demonstrate the efficacy of DC-mediated delivery of Nano-DOX to stimulate GC immunogenicity and elicit anti-cancer immune response in the GBM. By this work, we present a novel approach with great application potential to subverting the GBM immunosuppressive microenvironment and to anti-GBM immunotherapy. Investigation has also been conducted probing the mechanisms by which Nano-DOX stimulates GC immunogenicity, which is described in a follow-up paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Created with BioRender.com [Display omitted] Cancer immunity is dependent on dynamic interactions between T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Polymer-based nanoparticles target DC receptors to improve anticancer immune responses. In this paper, DC surface receptors and their specific coupling natural ligands and antibodies are reviewed and compared. Moreover, reaction mechanisms are described, and the synergistic effects of immune adjuvants are demonstrated. Also, extracellular-targeting antigen-delivery strategies and intracellular stimulus responses are reviewed to promote the rational design of polymer delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), comprised of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, is essential in tissue homeostasis and in determining the balance of the immune response through its role in antigen presentation. It has been identified as a therapeutic target in infectious disease, cancer, autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. Here, we review the current understanding of the immunophenotype and function of the MPS in normal human liver. Using well-defined selection criteria, a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases identified 76 appropriate studies. The majority (n = 67) described Kupffer cells (KCs), although the definition of KC differs between sources, and little data were available regarding their function. Only 10 papers looked at liver dendritic cells (DCs), and largely confirmed the presence of the major dendritic cell subsets identified in human blood. Monocytes were thoroughly characterized in four studies that utilized flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy and highlighted their prominent role in liver homeostasis and displayed subtle differences from circulating monocytes. There was some limited evidence that liver DCs are tolerogenic but neither liver dendritic cell subsets nor macrophages have been thoroughly characterized, using either multi-colour flow cytometry or multi-parameter fluorescence microscopy. The lobular distribution of different subsets of liver MPS cells was also poorly described, and the ability to distinguish between passenger leukocytes and tissue resident cells remains limited. It was apparent that further research, using modern immunological techniques, is now required to accurately characterize the cells of the MPS in human liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the promising deterministic dendritic cell algorithm (dDCA) in terms of anomaly detection has been demonstrated in large number of studies. However, the results of these studies also show that the signal calculation phase of dDCA depends on artificial experience, while the algorithm also lacks adaptability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new approach for anomaly detection based on dDCA, in which numerical differential and immune responses are applied. The numerical differential is introduced to provide a new method of calculating the signal values that is independent of artificial experience. In the immune response method, moreover, the immune nonlinear model is adopted to adjust the weight signal matrix of dDCA. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has significant advantages over the compared immune anomaly detection approaches in terms of signal calculation and adaptability. • A dDCA with numerical differentiation and immune response is proposed in this paper. • Numerical differentiation is used for signal extraction. • An immune dynamic model of nonlinear model is used to adjust the weights in dDCA. • Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves a better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]