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The industrial sector accounts for more than one-third of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the sector, the chemical industry makes up nearly 30% of global industrial energy consumption. In this study, a framework is developed to apply bottom-up energy modelling for analyzing energy efficiency improvement and GHG mitigation potential in the chemical sector. Also, techno-economic and policy analyses are used to analyze the applicability and economic performance of different mid- to long-term energy efficiency measures. The comprehensive, data-intensive, and technology-rich model is flexible and can be used to study the GHG mitigation potential in different regions. A case study was conducted for Alberta, one of the biggest industrial hubs in Canada, using the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning model. Twenty-eight GHG mitigation scenarios in the petrochemical and fertilizer industries (the two major chemical industry sub-sectors) were developed. The costs of implementing each mitigation measure were calculated and used to develop cost curves. The results suggest that cumulative mitigation potential from the chemical industry would be 7.1 and 29.7 megatonnes CO 2 equivalent in the periods ending 2030 and 2050, respectively. We also found that more than 75% of the emissions reductions are achievable with negative cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a cost structure for energy storage systems (ESS) has received limited attention. In this study, we developed data-intensive techno-economic models to assess the economic feasibility of ESS. The ESS here includes pump hydro storage (PHS) and compressed air energy storage (CAES). The costs were developed using data-intensive bottom-up models. Scale factors were developed for each component of the storage systems. The life cycle costs of energy storage were estimated for capacity ranges of 98–491 MW, 81–404 MW, and 60–298 MW for PHS, conventional CAES (C-CAES), and adiabatic CAES (A-CAES), respectively, to ensure a market-driven price can be achieved. For CAES systems, costs were developed for storage in salt caverns hard rock caverns, and porous formations. The results show that the annual life cycle storage cost is $220–400 for PHS, $215–265 for C-CAES, and $375–480 per kW-year for A-CAES. The levelised cost of electricity is $69–121 for PHS, $58–70 for C-CAES, and $96–121 per MWh for A-CAES. C-CAES is economically attractive at all capacities, PHS is economically attractive at higher capacities, and A-CAES is not attractive at all. The developed information is helpful in making investment decision related to large energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy derived from biomass provides a promising energy alternative and can reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from fossil fuels. Biomass-based thermochemical conversion technologies have been acknowledged as apt options to convert bioresources into bioenergy; this bioenergy includes electricity, heat, and fuels/chemicals in solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. In this review, the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of these technologies (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, carbonization, and co-firing) are summarized. Specific indicators (production costs in a techno-economic analysis, functional units and environmental impacts in a life cycle analysis) for different technologies were compared. Finally, gaps in research and future trends in biomass thermochemical conversion were identified. This review could be used to guide future research related to economic and environmental benefits of bioenergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The cement industry is responsible for between 5% and 9% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The increasing trend of GHG emissions from cement sector highlights the importance of GHG mitigation in this industry. In the current study, bottom-up energy modelling and scenario analyses were used to assess long-term GHG mitigation potential in the cement industry. The developed comprehensive, data-intensive, and technology-rich model is flexible and can be used to study the GHG mitigation potential in different regions. For the case study of Canada, a reference scenario along with 20 GHG emissions' reduction scenarios were developed in the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model. For each scenario, cumulative energy saving and GHG reduction potential were analyzed. Furthermore, the net present value, cost of saved energy, and carbon were calculated to assess the economic performance of different scenarios. Carbon abatement cost curves were also developed using the GHG mitigation potential and the cost of implementing different energy efficiency options. Overall, compared to the reference scenario, the cumulative GHG mitigation potentials in the Canadian cement sector are 27 and 59 million tonnes CO 2 eq. by the years 2030 and 2050, respectively. More than 70% of the emissions' reduction is achievable with negative cost. Highlights • A bottom-up and technology-rich model is developed for the cement industry. • Energy consumption demand tree is used to analyze the energy intense sub-processes. • 20 scenarios are developed to assess the long-term energy saving and GHG mitigation. • Carbon abatement cost curves are developed to rank energy saving options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]