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The excessive application of water-soluble pesticides poses enormous potential risks to groundwater by leaching or in runoff. Ionic liquids can regulate the physicochemical properties of pesticides and surmount their disadvantages. In this study, five herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on clopyralid have been synthesized and characterized to reduce the risks to the aquatic environment and improve the herbicidal activity. The new HILs are prepared by pairing isopropylamine, 1-dodecylamine, 2-benzothiazolamine, 1-methylimidazole, benzyltriethylammonium chloride respectively. The results of the solubility, soil adsorption, surface activity, leaching characteristic and herbicidal activity of HILs show that the physicochemical properties can be optimized by selecting different counter cations. Compared with clopyralid potassium, HILs have better herbicidal activity, greater adsorption capacity and lower leaching characteristic. The HILs of clopyralid can reduce its hazardous impacts on the aquatic environment, suggesting a desirable candidate in clopyralid application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bentazone is one of the widely used herbicides for controlling sedges and broad-leaf weeds. Due to its high mobility in soils, bentazone has been frequently found among the contaminants detected in surface and ground water and poses a potential threat to aquatic organisms by runoff and leaching. In this work, novel herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on bentazone with four typical cations were synthesized and characterized. The physicochemical properties (water solubility, surface activity, leaching and soil adsorption) and herbicidal activity of HILs were investigated. The result showed that the water solubility of HILs was reduced along with the increasing length of alkyl chains in cations. Compared with bentazone sodium, HILs showed higher adsorption capacity, weaker mobility, and excellent surface activity and Pyr-1 substantially performed higher efficacy under field condition. With high activity of weed control and fascinating physicochemical properties, HILs can reduce the risk of bentazone in aquatic environment and they will be applied widely in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]