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[Display omitted] • Analysis of long-term exposure to PM 2.5 major components and overall mortality among the elderly in the southeastern United States. • A large-scale population-based cohort study by leveraging fine-resolution PM 2.5 components data and the Medicare population. • We observed elevated all-cause mortality associated with long-term exposure to black carbon, organic matters, nitrate, and soil particles. • Better understanding of component-specific effects of PM 2.5 on all-cause mortality could inform pollution control policies on specific sources. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) mass has been associated with adverse health effects. However, the health effects of PM 2.5 components have been less studied. There is a pressing need to better understand the relative contribution of components of PM 2.5 , which can lay the scientific basis for designing effective policies and targeted interventions. We conducted a population-based cohort study, comprising all Medicare enrollees aged 65 or older in the southeastern United States from 2000 to 2016, to explore the associations between long-term exposure to PM 2.5 major components and all-cause mortality among the elderly. Based on well-validated prediction models, we estimated ZIP code-level annual mean concentrations for five major PM 2.5 components, including black carbon (BC), nitrate (NIT), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO 4), and soil particles. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders. The cohort comprised 13,590,387 Medicare enrollees and a total of 107,191,652 person-years. In single-component models, all five major PM 2.5 components were significantly associated with elevated all-cause mortality. The hazard ratios (HR) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure were 1.027 (95% CI: 1.025–1.030), 1.012 (95% CI: 1.010–1.013), 1.018 (95% CI: 1.017–1.020), 1.021 (95% CI: 1.017–1.024), and 1.004 (95% CI: 1.003–1.006) for BC, NIT, OM, SO 4 , and soil particles, respectively. While the effect estimate of soil component was statistically significant, it is much smaller than those of combustion-related components. Our study provides epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to major PM 2.5 components is significantly associated with elevated mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]