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The achievable performance of conventional repetitive control (CRC) is constrained by the error amplification at the non-harmonic frequencies, the intrinsic sensitivity to the signal period shift and the limited tracking frequency range under fixed sampling rate. To remedy these undesirable behaviors, a notch-filter-based repetitive control (NF-RC) is proposed based on the spectrum-selection filtering scheme in this paper with application to fast tool servos (FTSs). The loop-shaping property of this NF-RC can be flexibly designed by the cascade of a series of parameterized IIR notch filters without the aforementioned limitations of the CRC, so as to provide a unified formula for various RCs and even resonant control schemes. A general realization along with several simplified versions of the IIR notch filter is derived for the digital implementation of the NF-RC. Comparative trajectory tracking experiments on a self-developed FTS have validated the superiorities of the proposed NF-RC in terms of the performance improvement for periodic reference tracking, the robustness against the signal period variations and the trackable frequency range under fixed sampling rate. Taking advantage of an excellent comprehensive performances of the NF-RC scheme, the radial sinusoidal surface and the water-drop surface were successfully produced with high form precision and excellent surface quality after the FTS-based diamond turning. • A novel notch-filter-based repetitive control (RC) scheme is proposed. • This RC scheme can suppress the nonperiodic errors amplification. • This RC scheme can maintain the robustness against the signal frequency fluctuation. • This RC scheme can track any harmonic references under a fixed sampling rate. • This RC scheme provides a unified design framework for various existing RCs. • Two high-accuracy micro-structured surfaces are fabricated with this RC scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full spectrum white LED plant growth light sources are suitable for use in conditions requiring a high color rendering index. In addition to red and blue light, green light was shown to have a positive impact on plant growth in earlier studies. In this work, a series of Sm3+ doped ZnWO 4 phosphors was prepared using the high-temperature solid-state reaction method. Li+ serves as a charge compensator to reduce lattice defects caused by non-equivalent isomorphism. XRD measurements and Rietveld refinement were used to investigate the phase composition and structural properties of the samples. The luminescent properties of the samples were tested using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The Li + introduction can significantly improve the energy transfer from the matrix to Sm3+ and the luminescence intensity of Sm 3+ . In addition, this phenomenon was explained with non-equivalent isomorphism and the charge density difference diagram. The LED lamp was prepared using ZnWO 4 : 0.004Sm3+, 0.004Li + phosphor and LED chip. The emitted full spectrum light can match well with the absorption spectrum of plant pigments. The color rendering index of the LED lamp is greater than 91. And the comparative experiment of plant cultivation shows that the prepared LED plant lamp has good effects. The dependence of luminescence properties of ZnWO 4 : 0.004Sm3+, 0.004Li+ phosphor on temperature was determined. Based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technology, the maximum S aMAX and S rMAX are 52 % K−1 at 453 K and 9.31 % K−1 at 303 K, respectively. As the temperature increases, the chromaticity shift (Δ s) value is 0.254. The benefits of the ZnWO 4 : 0.004Sm3+, 0.004Li+ phosphor are the straightforward synthesis process, low cost, pure phase, full spectrum, high color rendering index, tunable red-to-blue ratio, and temperature monitoring function. Therefore, this phosphor is an ideal material in plant growth and optical temperature measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Antimicrobial PDI pH-responsive film is developed via a facile casting method. • Incorporation of AE improves film mechanical strength, barrier and hydrophobicity. • Release of AE from matrix is pH-responsive and well controlled. • AE endows the film with PDI activity and antimicrobial activity. • Target film can effectively thwart Botrytis cinerea infection on cherry tomatoes. Using novel active food packaging has gradually become a daily necessity in terms of impeding microbial contamination. Here, an antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) pH-responsive film is developed by incorporating aloe-emodin (AE) into a vehicle of gelatin/chitosan (GC). Besides enhancement in hydrophobicity, the well-dispersed crystals of AE in the GC matrix by hydrogen bonding can upgrade the film's mechanical strength and barrier. The matrix is capable of regulating the release of AE in response to acidic stimuli by a combination mechanism of diffusion and polymer relaxation. Being benefitted from the inherent bioactivity of AE and the PDI activity under visible light irradiation (i.e., 456 nm), the target film of GC-AE2 has excellent antibacterial effect towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , showing bacterial viability of 9.93 ± 1.33 % and 14.85 ± 1.16 %, respectively. Furthermore, the film can effectively thwart Botrytis cinerea infection in cherry tomatoes, demonstrating its potential in preventing the microbial spoilage of postharvest fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomagnetic storms frequently affect satellite navigation, communication and satellite orbits. Monitoring and understanding the ionospheric disturbances and responses to geomagnetic storms are crucial. The detailed ionospheric responses and physical mechanisms to various geomagnetic storms, however, have not yet been extensively studied. In this paper, the ionospheric variation behaviors and features following the April 2023 magnetic storm along the Asian sector are thoroughly studied using multi-instrument observation data, including the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), ionosonde, and other satellites. Large-scale Traveling Ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) are observed from BeiDou Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, GPS and GLONASS. LSTIDs traveled with a speed of 760–1300 m/s from high latitude region to low latitude region with a period of about 40 min. The equatorial propagating LSTIDs were generated by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which occurred in April 2023 with periodic energy input from the auroral area. The poleward LSTIDs are also observed with a velocity of approximately 600–750 m/s and the period is similar. Neutral wind also influenced the characteristics of the ionospheric response. The [ O ] / [ N 2 ] ratio declined during the storm, which led to the formation of the negative storm phases. The largest vertical total electron content (VTEC) is found, and the strengthened region of TEC is mainly centered between ± 20° within geographical latitude. Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) is also observed, which is probably influenced by the electric field. As the time goes on, the peak on the south side of the EIA is disappearing. Meanwhile, the height of the ionospheric maximum electron density rises, and the electron density falls. • Ionospheric variation features following the 2023 geomagnetic storm in the Asian sector are obtained using multi-instruments. • Large-scale Traveling Ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) are observed from BDS, GPS and GLONASS data. • Different TID characteristics during the storm are found and caused by atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep-sea tsunami detection relies on Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART), GNSS buoys, and cabled Ocean-Bottom Pressure (OBP) gauges, which are very expensive and difficult to maintain, and often suffer from vandalism or negligent damage. Here, we exploit the potential of establishing a less expensive and more robust island-based geodetic network for tsunami detecting, source reconstruction and warning. The network locates at the coastline of islands and uses a new technique: GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR). GNSS-IR retrieves sea levels from combination of the direct and reflected signals from the sea surface sent by satellites. To test the feasibility and efficiency of such a new geodetic network, we use the South China Sea region as an example, and compare its performance in reconciling the variable slip distribution on the Manila megathrust with the previously designed deep-sea monitoring system, i.e., DARTs and planned cable-based OBP gauges. We find that the newly designed GNSS-IR network could work equally well as the cabled OBP network in detecting tsunamis if the stations are built in strategically chosen locations. Combining GNSS-IR with a Kalman filter approach, we demonstrate that carefully situated coastal GNSS stations at global remote deep-ocean islands could function similarly to conventional tide gauges but with advantages of simultaneously measuring relative sea-level and land-height changes, meanwhile suffering lower risk from damaging sea-level events and potential vandalism. • Coastal GNSS-IR network built in strategically chosen locations could work effectively in detecting and reconstructing tsunami source. • Kalman filter approach can process the sparse sea-level retrievals measured by GNSS-IR to equally sampled data as conventional tide gauge. • Carefully situated coastal GNSS stations at remote deep-ocean islands could complement current tsunami warning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional textile degumming process produces abundant wastewater, which contains a lot of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. It is of great economic and environmental significance to utilize these carbohydrates in high value. In this study, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the carbohydrate components in kenaf degumming wastewater, and then the production of C-dots using the wastewater was explored. The results showed that the types and content in the degumming wastewater were monosaccharides (glucose, xylose and arabinose) and oligosaccharides (dextran, xylan and araban). The carbohydrate (mainly glucan and xylan) content in wastewater accounted for 91.16 % of the total carbohydrates weight loss in kenaf degumming process. By using hydrolysis and hydrothermal reaction on kenaf degumming wastewater, blue-green carbon dots (C-dots) with good performance were prepared and successfully applied to anti-counterfeiting printing. In particular, the as-prepared C-dots prepared from kenaf degumming wastewater with urea added (WUC-dots) showed an excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and quantum yield (QY) of 2.4 % in aqueous solution. The fluorescent code exhibited a clear outline, excitation-tunable color and good stability, showing a great potential for anti-counterfeiting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South China Sea (SCS) coastlines are particularly vulnerable to tsunamis due to rapid urbanization and dense infrastructures. However, whether the SCS has experienced ocean-wide tsunamis is still under debate. Some geological records from the offshore islands inside the SCS imply a regional tsunami event may have occurred approximately 1000-yr-ago. We address these questions for the first time using forward numerical simulations in the SCS: what source could be responsible for such deposits, how the deposits were formed and at what conditions do the deposits could be preserved? Here, we assume the validity of the tsunami deposit hypothesis and use the forward model COMCOT-SED to investigate if these tsunami deposits can be linked to potential seismogenic tsunami sources inside the SCS, including megathrust earthquakes (Mw8.8–9.2) from the Manila subduction zone (MSZ) and the 1918 Mw7.5 Nan'ao earthquake from the Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ) in the northern continental shelf of the SCS. We also utilize a reported tsunami deposit from Qing'ao Embayment, Nan'ao Island, China, to exemplify the deposit formation process in a typical barrier-low coastal plain system. Quantitative analysis suggests large earthquakes from the MSZ may account for the reported geological deposits. The full-rupture earthquake scenario could best explain the depositions if such extreme case is geophysically and geologically plausible. If not, earthquakes (∼ Mw 9.0) covering the northern (16–23.5°N) or southern portion (14–19°N) of the MSZ could also be suitable candidates. Such great earthquakes can generate large tsunami waves (>7 m) that inundate the Qing'ao Embayment, transporting sediments and leaving tsunami deposits in low-lying areas. Conversely, tsunamis triggered by nearshore earthquakes in the LFZ cannot cause deposition in Qing'ao Embayment. The barrier-low coastal plain system is well-suited for preserving tsunami deposits, which remain unaltered by subsequent tsunami waves. Our findings offer a quantitative reference for paleo-tsunami research in the SCS and enhance global understanding of the tsunami deposition process in barrier-low coastal plain systems. • The full-rupture earthquake (Mw 9.0) from the MSZ best explains the reported plausible tsunami deposits in the South China Sea. • Tsunami waves >7 m generated by MSZ earthquakes could inundate the Qing'ao Embayment anddeposit sediments in low-lying areas. • The barrier-low coastal plain system in Qing'ao Embayment forms favorable conditions to preserve overwash tsunami deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) specifically expressed on the surface of pancreatic β-cells and insulinoma, is a potential biomarker for imaging β-cell mass (BCM). In this study, two new 68Ga-labelled GLP1R targeting agents were prepared and their biological properties for imaging BCM and insulinoma were evaluated. [68Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 ([68Ga]Ga- 4) and its dimer ([68Ga]Ga- 5) were synthesized from corresponding precursors. Cell uptake studies were evaluated in INS-1 cells. Biodistribution and microPET studies were performed in male normal Sprague-Dawley rats, diabetic rats and insulinoma xenograft NOD/SCID mice. [68Ga]Ga- 4 and [68Ga]Ga- 5 were efficiently radiolabelled by a simple one-step reaction without purification leading to high radiochemical yields and radiochemical purities (both >95%, decay corrected, n = 6, molar activity 15 GBq/μmol). They both showed excellent stability (~95%) in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, and in rat serum (~90%) for 2 h. Biodistribution studies and small animal PET/CT imaging showed that [68Ga]Ga- 4 displayed specific uptake in rat pancreas and mouse insulinoma, and a reduced uptake in the pancreas of diabetic rat was observed (~62% reduction). Notably, it exhibited a rapid time-to-peak pancreatic uptake (0.96 ± 0.19%ID/g in 15 min) and fast clearance from the kidney (42% clearance in 30 min). Results suggested a favorable in vivo kinetics for human imaging studies. [68Ga]Ga- 4 targeting GLP1R of pancreatic β-cells may be a potentially useful PET agent and a suitable candidate for further structural modification studies. This agent has demonstrated several advantages, rapid time-to-peak pancreatic uptake and faster clearance from the kidney, factors may enhance diagnosis of diabetes and insulinoma. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exposure to ISO led to miR-302p-3p upregulation and neuronal apoptosis. • MiR-302b-3p had protective effect against neuronal apoptosis caused by ISO. • MiR-302b-3p directly targeted and regulated PTEN to protect hippocampal neurons against ISO-induced apoptosis. • MiR-302b-3p targeted PTEN to activate AKT signaling pathway. Isoflurane (ISO) is an anesthesia and can result in neuron injury. A previous study has indicated that microRNA-302b-3p (miR-302b-3p) exerts a crucial function in modulating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage-induced neuronal injury. We sought to examine the role of miR-302b-3p in ISO-induced neuronal injury. In the present study, the effects of miR-302b-3p on ISO-induced neuron injury were investigated by MTT and TUNEL assays. We discovered that ISO stimulation led to miR-302b-3p upregulation and neuronal injury. MiR-302b-3p silencing exerted protective effects against ISO induced neuronal injury. In addition, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) was a direct downstream target gene of miR-302b-3p. MiR-302b-3p targets the 3'UTR of PTEN to inhibit its mRNA expression, and further reduces its protein expression. Silencing of PTEN partially reversed the protecting effects of silenced miR-302b-3p on ISO-induced injury of hippocampal neurons. Further, miR-302b-3p activated the AKT signaling pathway in neurons exposed to ISO by downregulation of PTEN. Finally, in vivo studies revealed that silencing of miR-302b-3p alleviates ISO-induced injury and spatial memory impairment of rats partly by upregulation of PTEN. Overall, our findings indicated that miR-302b-3p targets PTEN to activate the AKT pathway, and silencing of miR-302b-3p plays a neuroprotective role in ISO-induced neuronal injury by the PTEN/AKT pathway, suggesting miR-302b-3p as a crucial target for ISO-induced neuronal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zein electrospun nanofibers are widely used as the vehicles to load bioactive entities for release control; however, the water absorption of zein always restricts their applications in food preservation. In this work, an active hydrophobic membrane of peppermint oil (PO) loaded zein (ZN) with coating of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) was developed for pork preservation. The fiber matrix of ZN was use for PO incorporation. The secondary structure of ZN and the feature of the relevant fibers are dependent on solvents of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol. In the composite structure, PO is hydrogen-bonded with ZN matrix; while the coating of MTES is bonded with fiber matrix by Si–O–C. The well-controlled release of PO predominantly follows the law of Fickian diffusion, endowing the membrane good antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity. The coating of MTES has no obvious influence on the bioactivities but provides the membrane outstanding hydrophobicity with water contact angle of 138 ± 5°. ZN-PO30-MTES can extend shelf life of pork by 100% (i.e., 24 h) at 25 °C, demonstrating its potential in food active packaging. [Display omitted] • An active hydrophobic electrospun membrane was developed for pork preservation. • Secondary structure of ZN and feature of fibers are dependent on solvents. • Release of peppermint oil from matrix is well controlled. • Coating of MTES endows membrane with water contact angle of 138 ± 5°. • Target membrane can effectively the extend shelf life of pork by 100% at 25 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concentrated on two new distributed data-driven optimal fault detection approaches in large-scale systems using a group of sensor blocks, each of which accesses part of the process variables. Towards this end, an optimal fault detection problem is first formulated and solved, which lays a foundation for further distributed studies. Based on it, the first distributed data-driven optimal fault detection scheme, consisting of offline distributed learning and online distributed detection, is developed using the average consensus algorithm. To further reduce communication and computation efforts, the second average consensus based fault detection is investigated. Considering that the iteration computations for average consensus algorithm can lead to fault detection delay, a variation of the average consensus based fault detection scheme is proposed with iterative estimation of the covariance matrices of random variables and implementation of the distributed test statistic during the consensus iteration. A numerical example and a case study on the PRONTO heterogeneous benchmark dataset are used to demonstrate the proposed approaches. • Two distributed data-driven optimal fault detection scheme is developed. • Data transmissions among the sensor nodes are considered to reduce uncertainties. • The test statistic is performed during the iteration to reduce the detection delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleogel as fat replacer is an emerging strategy and holds great interests in food industry. Oleogels structured by monoglyceric stearate (MO), β-sitosterol/lecithin (SO) and ethyl cellulose (EO) with different gelation mechanisms were evaluated to prepare oleogel-based chocolate (OGC) with 50% or 100% replacement of cocoa butter (CB). The physical-chemical properties of OGC were evaluated by rheological, thermal, crystal polymorph and microcosmic analyses. The results indicated that OGC exhibited not only a shear thinning behavior but high degree of unsaturation. For the 50% replacement, the hardness of chocolate containing EO was higher than that of chocolates containing MO and SO, which was mainly attributed to the higher solid fat content for the former. Only MO could replace 100% CB with solid-like appearance. Thermal properties and polymorphic form of OGC were comparable to dark chocolate. The microstructure characterization verified that three kinds of oleogels-CB mixtures exhibited different crystalline structure. These findings demonstrate that highly unsaturated oleogels could be promising candidates for reducing use of CB in chocolate. • Oleogels of three gelation mechanisms were evaluated for replacing cocoa butter. • Oleogels significantly lowered the saturated fatty acid content in chocolate. • Monoglyceric stearate oleogels successfully replaced 100% of cocoa butter. • Oleogelation mechanism affected the macro-micro properties of chocolate. • Stable β polymorphic structure was presented in oleogels-based chocolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of low-frequency microwave (915 MHz) assisted pulse-spouted bed freeze-drying (MFD-915) w ith high processing capacity was investigated. A multi-stage variable microwave power loading scheme was developed based on the dielectric properties of Chinese yam to avoid gas discharge. The MFD-915 trials with different spouting intervals (10, 20 and 30 min) was performed. MFD-915 with spouting interval of 10 min that had best performance reduced the drying time by 41.38% compared to freeze-drying (FD). In term s of energy consumption, the MFD-915 saved up to 34.4% of total energy consumption compared to FD. Compared with high-frequency microwave (2450 MHz) assisted pulse-spouted bed freeze-drying (MFD-2450), the specific energy consumption was greatly reduced due to the large sample processing capacity per unit time. MFD-915 produced dried yam products with the same quality (color, rehydration ratio, total phenols and total flavonoids content) as FD and MFD-2450, and a short spouting interval was more conducive to improving drying uniformity. This study demonstrated that MFD-915 had the advantages of producing high quality products, saving energy, reducing time and increasing processing capacity, which provided a basis for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental segregation to grain boundaries (GBs) can induce structural and chemical transitions at GBs along with significant changes in material properties. The presence of multiple principal elements interacting in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) makes the GB segregation and interfacial phase transformation a rather challenging subject to investigate. Here, we explored the temporal evolution of the chemistry for general high-angle GBs in a typical equiatomic FeMnNiCoCr HEA during aging heat treatment through detailed atom probe tomography (APT) analysis. We found that the five principal elements segregate heterogeneously at the GBs. More specifically, Ni and Mn co-segregate to some regions of the GBs along with the depletion of Fe, Co and Cr, while Cr is enriched in other regions of the GBs where Ni and Mn are depleted. The redistribution of these elements on the GBs follow a periodic characteristic, spinodal-like compositional modulation. The accumulation of elements at the GBs can create local compositions by shifting their state from a solid solution (like in the adjacent bulk region) into a spinodal regime to promote interfacial phase-like transitions as segregation proceeds. These results not only shed light on phase precursor states and the associated nucleation mechanism at GBs in alloy systems with multiple principal elements but also help to guide the microstructure design of advanced HEAs in which formation of embrittling phases at interfaces must be avoided. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is an attempt to establish a probabilistic framework for the assessment and design of observer-based fault detection systems. The fundament of our study is randomized algorithms methods which are successfully applied to deal with uncertainty issues in robust control. For our purpose, probabilistic parameter models for faults and model uncertainties are first introduced. The main focus of our work is on the development of randomized algorithms for the assessment of false alarm rate, fault detection rate and mean time to detection as well as for the design of observer-based fault detection systems. To illustrate the potential applications of the proposed algorithms and methods, benchmark study on a real three-tank system is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) requires long duration at high temperatures, which limits their wide application. In this study, high-entropy (La 0.2 Ce 0.2 Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Eu 0.2) 2 Zr 2 O 7 ceramics was prepared at low temperatures of 762–885 °C in very short time of 60 s using the flash sintering. The effects of electric field strength and current limit on the densification and grain growth, as well as the phase transformation were systematically investigated. Both density and grain size were increased with the increase of the electric field strength and current limit. The phase transformation from defective fluorite to pyrochlore occurred at large current limit. The flash-sintered bulks exhibited good mechanical properties. This study demonstrates that flash sintering is an effective method for rapid preparation of HECs at low temperatures. Moreover, the microstructure of HECs can be controlled by adjusting the electric field strength and current limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) requires long duration at high temperatures, which limits their wide application. In this study, high-entropy (La 0.2 Ce 0.2 Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Eu 0.2) 2 Zr 2 O 7 ceramics was prepared at low temperatures of 762–885 °C in very short time of 60 s using the flash sintering. The effects of electric field strength and current limit on the densification and grain growth, as well as the phase transformation were systematically investigated. Both density and grain size were increased with the increase of the electric field strength and current limit. The phase transformation from defective fluorite to pyrochlore occurred at large current limit. The flash-sintered bulks exhibited good mechanical properties. This study demonstrates that flash sintering is an effective method for rapid preparation of HECs at low temperatures. Moreover, the microstructure of HECs can be controlled by adjusting the electric field strength and current limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oleogel-based chocolate showed high bloom stability. • Crystallization behaviors of monoglyceric stearate and cocoa butter are similar. • Oleogels slowed down the polymorphic transition of cocoa butter. • Oil diffusion in chocolate was inhibited by oleogels. As promising cocoa butter (CB) alternatives, oleogels have the potential to prevent fat blooms of chocolate. We aimed to explore possible reasons for the bloom resistance of oleogels by investigating the crystallization behavior of CB-oleogel blends, including crystallization kinetics, thermodynamic properties, crystal polymorphism, and oil distribution. Oleogels structured by monoglyceric stearate (MO), β-sitosterol/lecithin (SLO), and ethylcellulose (EO) were selected as representative oleogels with various structuring-mechanisms. Crystallization kinetic results showed that the crystallization dimension of CB-oleogel increased with the oleogel proportion (from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional), confirming that CB crystallization was inhibited. The presence of liquid oil and oleogelators in oleogels may increase the free energy barrier for CB crystallization. The proton mobility of liquid oil in CB-MO was lower because MO was more tightly bound to CB. The crystallization mechanism of the CB-oleogel suggested that the inhibitory effect of oleogels on CB crystallization delayed the polymorphic transition, thereby improving the bloom stability of chocolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a data-driven based cross-coupling compensation (DD-CCC) method is proposed to suppress the cross-coupling effect of the scanner in atomic force microscopy (AFM). Firstly, the phase difference method is employed to accurately estimate the frequencies, amplitudes and phases of the harmonic components of the periodic compensation signal obtained from the fractional model-free repetitive control with the nonsynchronized sampling. Afterwards, the compensation signal is constructed analytically via summing the harmonic components, which requires very little memory units. In AFM scanning, the constructed compensation signal is applied in a feedforward manner, which is combined with a baseline tracking controller to follow the desired staircase trajectories. A series of scanning and imaging tests are conducted on an AFM with a fixed sampling frequency and different scanning rates. The results demonstrate that high performance AFM scanning and imaging can be achieved under the scanning rate of 120 Hz with the DD-CCC method. • The method of generating the analytical expression of the compensation signal is proposed. • The phase difference method is employed to accurately reconstruct the compensation signals. • The obtained analytical compensation signal can be recorded by a vector with only 12 elements. • The reconstruction errors are small and the performance of the AFM imaging is satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are at the front lines of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in education. They are expected to develop an adequate understanding of AI and become educated users as well as educators. Their readiness for the use of AI is critical for the success of AI-enhanced education. The present study conceptualized AI readiness from four components: cognition, ability, vision, and ethics in the educational use of AI, and investigated their interrelationships and their implications for teachers' work. The data from 3164 primary school teachers were collected and analyzed by partial least square structural equation modelling and cluster analysis. This study found that cognition, ability, and vision in the educational use of AI were positively associated with ethical considerations. The four components of AI readiness all positively predicted, whereas perceived threats from AI negatively predicted, AI-enhanced innovation, which in turn positively predicted teachers' job satisfaction. This study identified three clusters of teachers based on their AI readiness levels. Teachers with high levels of AI readiness tended to perceive low threats from AI and demonstrate high AI-enhanced innovation as well as high job satisfaction. However, teachers from different socio-economic regions and of different genders showed no significant differences regarding AI readiness and its impact on their jobs. This study empirically validated the importance of AI readiness for teachers' work and has important implications for the development of strategies and policies facilitating successful AI-enhanced education. • Teachers' AI readiness were conceptualized from cognition, ability, vision, and ethics in the educational use of AI. • Teachers' cognition, ability, and vision in the educational use of AI were positively associated with ethical considerations. • The four components of AI readiness all positively predicted AI-enhanced innovation and job satisfaction. • Teachers with high levels of AI readiness perceived low AI threats and demonstrated high innovation and job satisfaction. • Teachers from different socio-economic regions and of different genders showed no significant differences in AI readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high yield strength is important in extreme service conditions, but it severely deteriorates the ductility and also brings significant challenges for material forming. Here, we successfully developed a strategy involving the compositionally lean alloy design and strain-aging processing route to endow medium Mn steels with unprecedented 'part performance' of 2.0–2.3 GPa yield strengths and 8–14% uniform elongations. The significant bake hardening response with the maximum of 465 MPa higher than the most of existing researches is reported, which leads to the ultra-high yield strength above 2 GPa. By applying pre-strains, the morphology and volume fraction of retained austenite can be tailored, which affects the Lüders bands and the transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) effect. In the suitable pre-strain range, the film-like retained austenite with high stability can provide sustained TRIP effect, thus ensuring high uniform elongations in the strain-aged samples. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • First comprehensive identification on phenolics of septum of walnut. • Seventy-five phenolics were identified/tentatively identified. • Seven flavonols were first reported in walnut plant. • Flavonoids and hydrolysable tannins were the major polyphenols of walnuts. Abstract Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an abundant source of polyphenols. Although phenolic species in the walnut kernel have been studied comprehensively, their compositional profile in the internal fruit septum, a traditional nutraceutical material in China, has been rarely explored. In the current study, the methanolic extract of the walnut septum was analysed by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Totally seventy-five phenolics belonging to flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids were identified based on mass spectra, references and literatures. Among them, quercetin-3- O -galactoside, quercetin-rhamnose-pentoside, quercetin-3- O -glucoside, quercetin-rhamnose-hexoside, kaempferol-rhamnoside, and two isomers of quercetin-rhamnoside were reported for the first time in walnut. The total polyphenol content was found to be 122.78 ± 2.55 mg GAE/g dry weight in septum. This study is the first to comprehensively investigate and identify phenolic compounds in the fruit septum of walnut and indicates that the septum to be a rich resource of polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Searching for advanced anode materials with exceptional electrochemical performance is essential for next-generation rechargeable batteries. The selection and structural design of anode materials are pivotal in the development of high-performance batteries. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of uniform NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes via a simple and cost-effective electrospinning technique followed by calcination in the air. Impressively, the advantages and importance of NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is demonstrated, which surpass their respective monometallic oxides in terms of electrochemical performance. Encouragingly, the as-obtained NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) exhibit appealing electrochemical performance, such as high initial discharge capacity (879 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability. Moreover, a reversible capacity of 420 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 can be maintained even after 100 cycles, corresponding to around 72% of the second cycle discharge capacity (584 mAh g−1). It is worth noting that this facile technique may provide a feasible way for the preparation of other functional materials with tube-like architectures for application in energy-storage device. Graphical abstract An advanced NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes anode has been successfully prepared through a simple and cost-effective electrospinning technique followed by calcination in air. The as-obtained NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes exhibits appealing electrochemical performance, such as high initial discharge capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability. Image 1 Highlights • NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes are prepared through an electrospinning technique. • The NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes surpass their respective monometallic oxides in terms of electrochemical performance in LIBs. • The NiCo 2 O 4 nanotubes as anode for SIBs present excellent electrochemical properties. • The electrospinning technique can be extended to prepare other functional materials in energy-storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Zn (II) coordination compounds have aroused growing attentions as antibacterial entities. In the present work, we fabricated a new antibacterial complex of l ‑phenylalanine‑oxidized starch-coordinated zinc (II) (l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II)) by successive reactions of oxidization, Maillard and coordination. Maillard reaction occurred between l ‑Phe and OSt to form l ‑Phe-OSt, which was then coordinated with Zn (II) by carboxyl groups for l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II). The complex showed good antibacterial activity and the antibacterial activity against E. coli was slightly poorer than B. subtilis. The presence of complex favored the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria and the ROS level in B. subtilis was higher than that in E. coli. Furthermore, the toxicity of l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II) towards HT-29 cells was very low. The characteristics of better antibacterial activity and less cytotoxicity endow l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II) a great potential of application as a food additive. Highlights • A new strategy to fabricate coordination compound of l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II). • Structure of l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II) was proposed and characterized. • l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II) with better antibacterial activity and less toxicity. • l ‑Phe-OSt → Zn (II) favored the generation of reactive oxygen species in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The main focus of this paper is on the analysis and design scheme of performance-based fault detection and fault-tolerant control for automatic control systems with incipient (slowly developing) multiplicative faults. To this end, the realization form of the multiplicative faults is first studied with the aid of the coprime factorization techniques. Then, the fault-tolerant margin is proposed in the closed-loop setup aiming at characterizing the fault-induced performance degradation. By embedding the fault-tolerant margin as a performance indicator, a performance-based fault detection approach is developed. Based on the fault detection and the well-known controller parameterization form, a control performance-based fault-tolerant control strategy is investigated. A case study on three-tank system is given in the end to illustrate the proposed approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) encapsulated in gelatin (GA) (GA-BHA) fiber mats were fabricated via electrospinning technique and applied to strawberry preservation. The volatile release kinetics and functional effectiveness of the mats were investigated. BHA was high efficiently encapsulated in GA fibers and the antioxidant activity of BHA could be well protected. The encapsulation of BHA enhanced the stability of GA and favored structure transition of GA from random coil and β-turns to α-helix and β-sheet. The GA-BHA mats showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , and the predominant volatile release mechanism of BHA from mats was Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, the mats also showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against four mould genera ( Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp.). The shelf-life of strawberry can be prolonged effectively in the presence of GA-BHA mats during storage. Results suggested that the GA-BHA mats may have a great potential in active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To ensure the driving safety and avoid potential failures for electric vehicles, evaluating the health state of the battery properly is of significant importance. This study aims to serve as a useful support for researchers and practitioners by systematically reviewing the available literature on state of health estimation methods. These methods can be divided into two types: experimental and model-based estimation methods. Experimental methods are conducted in a laboratory environment to analyze battery aging process and provide theoretical support for model-based methods. Based on a battery model, model-based estimation methods identify the parameters, which have certain relationships with battery aging level, to realize state of health estimation. On the basis of reading extensive literature, methods for determining the health state of the battery are explained in a deeper way, while their corresponding strengths and weaknesses of these methods are analyzed in this paper. At the end of the paper, conclusions for these methods and prospects for the development trend of health state estimation are made. Highlights • A detailed classification of battery SOH estimation methods was presented. • The strengths and weaknesses of SOH methods were compared and analyzed. • Deficiencies of the existing research and the improving directions were pointed out. • SOH estimation with ultrasonic is expected to add one-dimensional data to batteries. • A prospect of future SOH management for battery application has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microstructures and dislocations associated with the slip band (SB) fatigue cracks were investigated in Cu single crystal and bicrystal. It is found that there are high strain localizations with abundant dislocation cells around the cracked SBs. Due to the high local strain and slip irreversibility, the lattice rotates severely leading to large misorientation and hence low- or high- angle grain boundaries could form between the neighboring cells. Moreover, the dislocation walls can serve as preferential sites for nucleation and propagation of fatigue cracks with high density of dislocations, vacancies and high strain incompatibility. Graphical Abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Dislocation cells form near early slip bands fatigue cracks in wavy-slip materials. • Lattice rotates severely and grain boundaries form between neighboring cells. • The walls of dislocation cells are preferential sites for fatigue cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and distributions of simazine, and its environmental behaviors were studied in Taizi River, China. Results showed that concentration of simazine in surface water and suspended solids (SS) were in the range of 35–1150 ng L −1 and 0.00–1075 ng g −1 with mean value of 240.26 ng L −1 and 311.68 ng g −1 , respectively. A significant correlation between the concentrations of simazine and organic carbon was observed in both surface water and SS (r 1  = 0.82, n 1  = 15, r 2  = 0.68, n 2  = 10). and organic carbon in SS was more adsorptive to simazine. Moreover, the concentrations of simazine in groundwater were negatively correlated to the well depths and the distances to the corn fields, and higher concentration of simazine corresponds to younger groundwater. The criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of simazine to Chinese native aquatic species was derived based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to assess the ecological risk. The CCC for simazine was derived to be 4.8 μg L −1 . Furthermore, Ecological risk assessment through risk quotient (RQ) showed that simazine presented low risk (RQ < 0.1) in some of sampling sites, while simazine posed medium risk (0.1 < RQ < 1) only on a few sampling sites nearby corn fields. The study contributed a better sight on the presence of simazine in river and its ecological risk to native aquatic species, and provided information for further studies of simazine potential hazards to the aquatic ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) resistant to current immunotherapy. The immunogenic apoptosis (currently termed immunogenic cell death, ICD) of cancer cells may induce the adaptive immunity against tumors, thereby providing great potential for treating HCC. In this study, we have confirmed the potential of scutellarin (SCU, a flavonoid found in Erigeron breviscapus) for triggering ICD in HCC cells. To facilitate in vivo application of SCU for HCC immunotherapy, an aminoethyl anisamide-targeted polyethylene glycol-modified poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-AEAA) was produced to facilitate SCU delivery in this study. The resultant nanoformulation (PLGA-PEG-AEAA.SCU) remarkably promoted blood circulation and tumor delivery in the orthotopic HCC mouse model. Consequently, PLGA-PEG-AEAA.SCU reversed the immune suppressive TME and achieved the immunotherapeutic efficacy, resulting in significantly longer survival of mice, without inducing toxicity. These findings uncover the ICD potential of SCU and provide a promising strategy for HCC immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectic oligosaccharides (POS) are gaining increasing recognition as a novel kind of prebiotics. Here, a new multipurpose amphiphilic POS was synthesized by coupling pectinase-mediated depolymerization of citrus pectin with lipase-catalyzed alkyl succinylation. Structural characterization by thin-layer chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and transmission electron microscopy showed that POS obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis consisted mainly of octamers and hexamers and was subsequently hydrophobically functionalized by reaction with alkylsuccinic anhydrides of various alkyl chain lengths to develop amphiphilic properties. Emulsions stabilized by pectin and alkylsuccinylated POS were assessed by analysis of droplet size distribution, zeta potential, and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that POS-derived amphiphiles POS-SA12 and POS-SA22 (alkyl C12 and C22) formed stable nanoemulsions with mean particle size of <200 nm and a narrow polydispersity index of <0.20, compared to pectin-based microemulsions (>1100 nm in size and >0.8 polydispersity index). Differences were largely ascribed to the well-balanced hydrophobicity of the introduced alkyl group and the hydrophilicity of the carboxyl groups in the molecular structure of POS-SA12. Our study introduces a green synthetic approach for the production of a novel POS-derived amphiphile with prebiotic and emulsifying properties showing excellent performance in stabilizing oil/water emulsions and other extensive applications. [Display omitted] • A novel POS-based amphiphile is synthesized by coupling enzymatic hydrolysis and alkylsuccinylation. • POS from pectinase-catalyzed hydrolysis consists mainly of octamer and hexamer. • Alkylsuccinylation endows POS with amphiphilic property to be emulsifier and stabilizer. • POS-SA12/-SA22 are equipped with well-balanced amphiphilicity and additive carboxyl group. • POS-SA12/-SA22 solely enables a uniform O/W nanoemulsion of <200 nm and PDI <0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate building damage assessment is essential in providing decision support for disaster relief and reconstruction. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) has become one of the most effective means of building damage assessment, due to its all-day/all-weather ability and richer backscatter information of targets. However, intact buildings that are not parallel to the SAR flight pass (termed oriented buildings) and collapsed buildings share similar scattering mechanisms, both of which are dominated by volume scattering. This characteristic always leads to misjudgments between assessments of collapsed buildings and oriented buildings from PolSAR data. Because the collapsed buildings and the intact buildings (whether oriented or parallel buildings) have different textures, a novel building damage assessment method is proposed in this study to address this problem by introducing texture parameters of statistical models. First, the logarithms of the estimated texture parameters of different statistical models are taken as a new texture feature to describe the collapse of the buildings. Second, the collapsed buildings and intact buildings are distinguished using an appropriate threshold. Then, the building blocks are classified into three levels based on the building block collapse rate. Moreover, this paper also discusses the capability for performing damage assessment using texture parameters from different statistical models or using different estimators. The RADARSAT-2 and ALOS-1 PolSAR images are used to present and analyze the performance of the proposed method. The results show that using the texture parameters avoids the problem of confusing collapsed and oriented buildings and improves the assessment accuracy. The results assessed by using the K / G 0 distribution texture parameters estimated based on the second moment obtain the highest extraction accuracies. For the RADARSAT-2 and ALOS-1 data, the overall accuracy (OA) for these three types of buildings is 73.39% and 68.45%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed spatial information of changes in surface water extent is needed for water management and biodiversity conservation, particularly in drier parts of the globe where small, temporally-variant wetlands prevail. Although global surface water histories are now generated from 30 m Landsat data, for many locations they contain large temporal gaps particularly for longer periods (>10 years) due to revisit intervals and cloud cover. Daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) imagery has potential to fill such gaps, but its relatively coarse spatial resolution may not detect small water bodies, which can be of great ecological importance. To address this problem, this study proposes and tests options for estimating the surface water fraction from MODIS 16-day 500 m Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) corrected surface reflectance image composites. The spatial extent of two Landsat tiles over Spain were selected as test areas. We obtained a 500 m reference dataset on surface water fraction by spatially aggregating 30 m binary water masks obtained from the Landsat-derived C-version of Function of Mask (CFmask), which themselves were evaluated against high-resolution Google Earth imagery. Twelve regression tree models were developed with two approaches, Random Forest and Cubist, using spectral metrics derived from MODIS data and topographic parameters generated from a 30 m spatial resolution digital elevation model. Results showed that accuracies were higher when we included annual summary statistics of the spectral metrics as predictor variables. Models trained on a single Landsat tile were ineffective in mapping surface water in the other tile, but global models trained with environmental conditions from both tiles can provide accurate results for both study areas. We achieved the highest accuracy with Cubist global model ( R 2 = 0.91, RMSE = 11.05%, MAE = 7.67%). Our method was not only effective for mapping permanent water fraction, but also in accurately capturing temporal fluctuations of surface water. Based on this good performance, we produced surface water fraction maps at 16-day interval for the 2000–2015 MODIS archive. Our approach is promising for monitoring surface water fraction at high frequency time intervals over much larger regions provided that training data are collected across the spatial domain for which the model will be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new damping control approach with positive acceleration, velocity and position feedback (PAVPF) scheme for piezo-actuated nanopositioning stages to implement high-bandwidth operation. To achieve this objective, the intrinsic hysteresis nonlinearity of the piezoelectric actuator is firstly handled by a feedforward compensator with a modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii model. Afterwards, the PAVPF controller with the pole-placement method is implemented to suppress the lightly damped resonant mode of the hysteresis compensated system. With the PAVPF controller, the poles of the damped system in a third-model can be placed to arbitrary positions with an analytical method. Finally, for accurately tracking a predefined trajectory, a high-gain proportional-integral (PI) controller is designed, which could deal with the disturbance and the unmodeled dynamics. For verifying the proposed PAVPF-based control approach, comparative experiments with positive velocity and position feedback controller and with PI controller are conducted on a piezo-actuated nanopositioning stage. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed control approach with PAVPF controller is effective on damping control and improves the control bandwidth of the conventional PI controller from 111 Hz to 766 Hz, which leads to the significant increase of the tracking speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the design issues of diagnostic observer-based fault detection (FD) for piecewise affine systems are investigated. To be specific, the diagnostic observer-based FD approaches are developed to satisfy the specified disturbance attenuation and optimize the fault detectability at the same time. Considering the fact that the measurements are generally corrupted with noises or disturbances, the proposed approaches are mainly dedicated to the case that the process and its FD system are non-synchronous in transition from one region to another. Moreover, aiming at improving the FD performance, a mode observer is integrated to relax the design condition for the residual generator. An example is given in the end to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SHRIMP zircon Pb/U dating of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Tengchong area, western Yunnan Province, China, shows that the dacite and andesitic breccia lavas from Qushi village were intruded at 480 ± 10 ka and 800 ± 40 ka, respectively. Moreover, Pb/U dating of trachyandesite from Tuantian village and olivine basalt from Wuhe village give weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of 2.82 ± 0.08 Ma and 12.28 ± 0.30 Ma. Corrections for initial 230 Th disequilibrium of zircon were used for the former two younger ages. The Tengchong volcanic rocks have a large range of SiO 2 (48.6–66.9 wt.%) and mostly belong to a high-K calc-alkaline series. The lavas originated from heterogeneous sources and were modified by subsequent fractional crystallization. The REE and other trace element patterns of the Tengchong volcanic rocks resemble magmas having a large component of continental crust. All have similar degrees of LREE and HREE fractionation and are enriched in LILE, La, Ce and Pb, with depletions in Nb, Ta, Ti, Sr and P relative to primitive mantle. Zircon δ 18 O values of 6.96 ± 0.17 and 7.01 ± 0.24‰ and highly varied negative ε Hf (t) values of − 1.5 to − 11.0 and − 10.3 to − 13.7, as well as the presence of inherited zircon grains in the studied samples, indicate that the magmas contain crustal material on a large scale. The Tengchong volcanic rocks have HFSE ratios (e.g., Nb/Ta, La/Nb, Zr/Y) similar to continental flood basalts, indicative of an intra-plate extensional tectonic setting. Widespread distributed faults might have facilitated upwelling of mantle-derived melts and eruptions from shallow crustal magma chambers to form the large volcanic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an inverse method for predicting the reference geometry of plastically deformed material body. The reference configuration is found by solving an elastic-plastic boundary value problem to determine an inverse deformation that maps the spatial material points back to their reference positions. Rate-type elastoplastic constitutive laws are employed in the inverse analysis. When the stress exceeds the yield limit, the plastic flow is invoked and plastic variables are predicted. The ensuing stress field satisfies equilibrium and yield condition. However, the loading history is replicated only approximately and therefore the reference configuration is approximately recovered. The method is limited to a certain family of deformations. In this work, we restrict the method to problems involving monotonic loading and moderately large deformations. Numerical examples demonstrate that the method is effective and reasonably accurate for such problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Source apportionment is crucial to the prevention and control of heavy metals in the soil. The major methods focus on the identification of soil heavy metals from different pollution sources. However, they are unsuited to the source apportionment at a regional scale due to ignoring the spatial heterogeneity of heavy metal content caused by soil formation. Thus, we built a source apportionment model by introducing the weathering and leaching coefficients as the key parameters of soil-forming processes. In this study, we selected Liaohe Plain in China as the study area, which was the starting point of China's industrial development, with dense industrial areas and high levels of heavy-metal emission. Heavy metals concentrations in surface and deep soil of reference and grid points were collected as model data. The results showed that the average contribution rates of soil-forming process to Cd, Hg, As, and Pb were 82.7%, 85.2%, 88.6%, and 91.7%, respectively, and those of anthropogenic activities were 17.3%, 14.8%, 11.4%, and 8.3%, respectively. Spatial distribution of contribution rates showed the superposition of soil environmental background and pollution sources. This study provides a feasible method to quantify heavy metals contents from natural and anthropogenic sources at a regional scale. [Display omitted] • Source apportionment was built for heavy metal of surface soil at regional scale. • Data contained heavy metals in surface and deep soil of reference and grid point. • Nature source content was estimated by weathering and leaching of reference point. • Anthropogenic content was calculated by regression coefficient and grid point value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While blocking inflammation is an effective way to ease the symptoms of gout disease in humans, the treatment and prevention of gout in goslings infected with goose astrovirus (GAstV), a recently emergent condition, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the reprogramming of the host genes as a result of GAstV infection by combining analysis of the global transcriptome and metabolic network pathways in the kidneys of goslings infected with GAstV. We showed that as GAstV replication increased in vivo , the regulation of key enzymes in the host metabolism progressively increased, flowing metabolites into the purine/pyrimidine biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, we found that GAstV: 1) inhibits the host oxidation-reduction response by inhibiting the expression of the catalase gene; 2) activates the Toll-like receptor 2 pathway to enhance the immune inflammatory response; and 3) activates the key enzyme in lactic acid synthesis to produce lactate accumulation which inhibits the host's antiviral response, so as to facilitate the replication of the virus itself. This study provided the first insight into the overall metabolic requirements of GAstV for replication in vivo by combining transcriptome with metabolic network pathway information. • Genome wide transcriptome analysis reverted TLR2 and CAT are the key targets of gout in geese infected with GAstV. • The enzymes leading to nucleotide metabolism pathway are the key to viral inhibition. • Global transcriptome analysis to clarify the metabolic requirements of the host infection by GAstV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cross-linking improves the barrier and water resistance of casted film. • Casted film is pH-sensitive and reversible in color changes. • Electrospun membrane is antibacterial and release controllable. • Antioxidant activity is sourced from the released linalool. • Highly reliable milk freshness monitoring and double shelf-life extending at 25 °C. Colorimetric active double-layer composites of film@membrane were developed via direct electrospinning functional nanofibers on colorimetric film. In the structure, oxidized sodium alginate cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan (CO) was used as colorimetric film matrix to incorporate the anthocyanins extract from Oxalis triangularis ssp. papilionacea (OTA); while the blend of gelatin/zein (GZ) was used as fibrous matrix for linalool (L) encapsulation. Besides good barrier and water resistance, the outer-layer of CO-OTA showed colorimetric sensitivity towards pH-stimuli with reversible color changes. The inner-layer of GZ-L exhibited good antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The volatile release of L from fibrous matrix was well controlled and mainly followed Fickian diffusion. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the composites is source from the released linalool. The high reliability on milk freshness monitoring and double shelf-life extending at 25 °C suggest the potential of CO-OTA@GZ-L in colorimetric active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To restore the abandoned fish ponds to "near natural" state, the wetland restoration was carried out in Gonghu Bay lakeside, and its long-term performance of controlling external load was studied for 5 years. The findings showed that water quality and biodiversity had been improved dramatically after the preliminary transformation. The concentrations of permanganate index (COD Mn), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) obviously decreased from 12.91 mg L−1 to 4.32 mg L−1, from 3.46 mg L−1 to 1.42 mg L−1, and from 0.27 mg L−1 to 0.04 mg L−1, respectively. The proportion of Cyanophyta was effectively reduced from 31.82% to 18.89%, and favored the growth of diatoms (31.82%–37.78%) to be the dominant algae species. Aquatic plant species and coverage gradually increased from 16 to 56 and from 5% to 60%, respectively. An in-deep monitoring done for 5 years (2013–2017) showed that the wetland achieved a satisfactory removal efficiency of 58.95% for TN, 64.60% for TP, and up to 77.83% for chlorophyll-a. Besides, three pollution scenarios, such as stormwater runoff, algal bloom, and continuous water transfer, were selected to explore the tolerance of the wetland to the suddenly increased pollution loads. The results dedicated that even if the inlet load was up to 1.0 × 105 m3 d−1, the removal rate coefficients of wetland for chlorophyll-a, TP, and TN were 0.135–0.239 d−1, 0.041–0.112 d−1, and 0.030–0.109 d−1, respectively, which were equivalent to the well-running wetlands. This study confirmed that the wetland was not only a promising ecological remediation technique to contaminated abandoned fish ponds, but also could withstand high pollution load, which had the prospect of sustainable utilization. [Display omitted] • The performance of wetland in the remediation of abandoned fish ponds was studied. • Water quality and biodiversity had been improved dramatically after transformation. • The proportion of cyanobacteria decreased, diatom rosed and became the dominant species. • The 5-year long-term removal efficiency of TN and TP were 58.95% and 64.60% respectively. • Even high load was fed, wetland can still effectively control nutrients and algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Strain controlled quasi in situ HCF at 77 K are conducted. • Deformation twinning and detwinning contribute greatly to fatigue performance. • Movement of in-coherent defects can promote migration of TBs, and delay cracking. The high-Mn austenitic steel exhibits better fatigue performance at 77 K than at RT. Especially when the stress amplitude is in the range of yield strength (YS) to 1.08YS, the fatigue life decreases slightly at 77 K, while decreases significantly at RT. Lowering the stacking fault energy and increasing the stress amplitude at 77 K promotes twinning, which is responsible for improving the tolerance of fatigue damage and cracking delay. Surprisingly, with the stress amplitude increases to 1.04YS and 1.08YS, migration of twin boundaries and detwinning are observed, respectively, which can enhance the resistance against intergranular fatigue cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to dissolved oxygen (DO) limited nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands (CWs), two representative oxygen-suppling CWs, i.e., tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) and intermittently aerated constructed wetlands (IACWs) were proposed to compare the effect of oxygen supply strategies on the nitrogen removal performance and mechanism. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of NH 4 +-N and COD in IACWs were as high as 90.35–97.14% and 91.14–92.44%, respectively. In terms of TN, TFCWs (83.82%) showed a significantly higher removal efficiency than IACWs, and this result was derived with the flooded/drained phase (FP/DP) ratio of 21 h:3 h in TFCWs, because rhythmic FP and DP formed a high oxygen gradient at different depths of the system, which intensified the nitrification and denitrification simultaneously. The potential nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Nitrospira , Azospira , Haliangium , Bradyrhizobium and Arenimonas) were enriched more significantly in TFCWs compared with IACWs, as well as Bacillus for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, which promoted nitrogen transformation together. Also, the results of molecular ecological network analysis showed that bacterial community structure in IACWs was more complex and robust than in TFCWs, because there were obviously more nodes and links as well as a higher proportion of negative interference. However, the relationship between genera in TFCWs was closer depending on shorter path distances, and the keystone genus (Nitrosomonas) in related to nitrification was considered to play an important role in nitrogen transformation performance. [Display omitted] • Optimal FP/DP time ratio of 21 h:3 h enhanced TN removal efficiency to 83.82% in TFCWs. • High removal efficiencies of NH 4 +-N and COD were obtained in both IACWs and TFCWs. • TFCWs intensified nitrification and denitrification simultaneously owing to high oxygen gradient. • TFCWs may be preferable for treating nitrogen from low-polluted wastewater compare to IACWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Pr 3+ , Ho 3+ , and Er 3+ single-doped Ca X Sr Y Ba 1−X−Y WO 4 phosphors were successfully prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. The hydrothermal process was conducted in aqueous condition without the use of any organic solvent, surfactant, or catalyst. The effects of doping-host composition and RE 3+ doping concentration on the emission intensity were investigated to optimize the luminescent properties of Ca X Sr Y Ba 1−X−Y WO 4 :RE 3+ phosphors. Experimental results demonstrate that the morphologies of the products vary gradually and regularly with the change of the host composition, in which the anisotropic growth played a key role. Moreover, the down-conversion emissions of Pr 3+ , Ho 3+ , and Er 3+ in Ca X Sr Y Ba 1−X−Y WO 4 host were successfully realized. After optimizing the luminescent properties, Ca 0.4 Sr 0.6 WO 4 :0.01Pr 3+ , Ca 0.8 Sr 0.2 WO 4 :0.01Ho 3+ , and Ca 0.6 Sr 0.4 WO 4 :0.005Er 3+ exhibited optimal luminescent property, with orange, yellowish-green, and green emissions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral metagenomic analysis detected a novel polyomavirus in a 6-month old female alpaca ( Vicugna pacos ) euthanized after a diagnosis of disseminated lymphosarcoma. The viral genome was fully sequenced, found to be similar to other polyomaviruses in gene architecture and provisionally named Alpaca polyomavirus or AlPyV. Viral nucleic acid was detected by PCR in venous blood, spleen, thymus, and lung. AlPyV phylogenetically clustered in the “Wuki” group of PyVs, which includes WU and KI polyomaviruses, commonly found in human respiratory samples. In an ISH analysis of 17 alpaca necropsies, 7 had detectable virus within the lung. In animals without pneumonia, probe hybridization was restricted to the nuclei of scattered individual bronchiolar epithelial cells. Three of the ISH positive alpacas had interstitial pneumonia of unknown origin, and in these animals there was viral nucleic acid detected in bronchiolar epithelium, type II pneumocytes, and alveolar macrophages. The pattern of AlPyV distribution is consistent with a persistent respiratory virus that has a possible role in respiratory disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intelligent bionic trilayer fibrous membrane is developed via electrospinning for the moisture-adjusting of a storage space. The trilayer is composed of a hydrophobic inner layer of cellulose acetate (CA), a super hygroscopic intermediate layer of gelatin (GA) and a hydrophilic outer layer of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). The hierarchical pore networks of EVOH/GA/CA (∼2.45/∼4.5/∼36.0 μm) and the asymmetry wettability endow the membrane with outstanding directional water transport capacity. Specifically, the membrane has an excellent accumulative one-way transport index (1293 %), a remarkable overall moisture management capacity (0.91) and a reasonably high water evaporation rate (0.59 g h−1). The target membrane can regulate the relative humidity (RH) from 75 % to 50 % without extra energy consumption, which is capable of extending the shelf-life of jerk beef by ∼100 % under surrounding temperature of 25 °C and humidity of 75 % RH. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin boundaries (TBs) are ubiquitous interfaces with specific structure in metallic materials. They possess special interactions with dislocations and the fatigue cracking behaviors are distinctive from that of conventional high-angle grain boundaries. A profound understanding on the fatigue cracking mechanisms of various TBs achieved over past decades is reviewed here for the first time. The dislocation slips in the matrix and twin grains determined by grain orientations are closely related to the inclinations of coherent and incoherent TBs. The variable TB-dislocation interactions generate tunable fatigue cracking behaviors of TBs. Besides the grain orientations, the stacking fault energy (SFE) also alters the piling-up of dislocations at TBs by influencing dislocation dissociation. Both factors synergistically affect the fatigue cracking behaviors of TBs with a linear relationship between the difference in Schmid factors and SFE at the threshold of TB cracking. Moreover, the TBs produced by deformation twins in face-centered cubic metals are strong to resist fatigue cracking by promoting deformation homogeneity while those linked with deformation twins in hexagonal-close-packed or body-centered-cubic metals are preferential sites for fatigue cracking with strain localization and stress concentration. These fundamental knowledges of TB fatigue cracking provide important guidance in interfacial design to enhance materials fatigue performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-layer nanogrid of thiol graphene/Prussian blue (tG/PB) composite film was constructed to realize the high electrocatalytic biosensing of various physiological substances under the low potential. In order to achieve this architecture, a single layer of deformed polystyrene (PS) beads was first prepared as the template for the PB deposition. The structure of PB film can be well controlled to build a nanogrid with uniform 500 nm cavities by the self-assembly approach. This film can capture the thiol graphene into its nanogrid cavities to form the composite nanostructure via a strong ionic bond between thiol group from the graphene and Au from the substrate. Both electrocatalysis and conductivity of the as-prepared tG/PB film can harvest the remarkable enhancements due to the synergic effects of PB and graphene. As demonstrated, biosensors constructed by this film exhibited the high sensitivities and accuracies in the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose, lactate and glutamate under the very low potential −0.05 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two families of element formulation for inverse elastostatic analysis in the literature. They employ different computation procedures at the element and material levels. It has been suggested that one of them can preserve material library while the other requires redeveloping the material functions. In this article, we show that these two formulations are completely equivalent. Under certain conditions both can preserve the material library while under other conditions neither can. We show that the modification of material functions is caused by the need of updating material symmetry in the inverse solution process. Several theoretical results were obtained while establishing the equivalence, including an identity relating the inverse and forward tangent tensors for isotropic materials. A comprehensive documentation of these two formulations is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new promising Liquid Organic Hydrogen Storage Carrier (LOHC): 2-methylindole in this paper, which has a hydrogen storage capacity of 5.76 wt%. The hydrogenation of 2-methylindole was carried out over a 5 wt% Ru/Al 2 O 3 catalyst in a temperature range of 120–170 °C and a pressure of 7 MPa. The results indicate that the hydrogenation reaction rate increases dramatically with the increase of reaction temperature. The apparent activation energy was found to be 21 kJ/mol. The dehydrogenation of the hydrogenated product 8H-2-methylindole was carried out over a 5 wt% Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst at 160–200 °C and 1 atm. Fully dehydrogenation was achieved within 4 h at 190 °C without any side reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]