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To use structural equation modeling to test research- and theory-informed models of potential predictors and outcomes of subjective experiences of employment and mobility participation in a national sample of people with physical disabilities. Cross-sectional survey. Canada. English or French-speaking adults with a physical impairment affecting mobility and restricting activities or participation, and who participated in employment (n=457) or mobility (n=711) life domains. N/A. Participants completed standardized measures of perceived health, and employment-specific and/or mobility-specific measures of perceived abilities, social support, accessibility and policies (predictor variables); the Measure of Experiential Aspects of Participation (MeEAP) in employment and/or mobility; and standardized measures of emotional well-being, social well-being and life satisfaction (outcome variables). Analyses using structural equation modeling showed that in both employment and mobility domains, perceived health, abilities, social support, and accessibility were positively related to experiential aspects of participation. Participation experiences were positively related to social well-being, emotional well-being, and life satisfaction. Results support and extend current theorizing on participation experiences among adults with physical disabilities. Intrapersonal and environmental factors may play a role in optimizing participation experiences in employment and mobility which, in turn, may lead to better well-being and life satisfaction. These results emphasize the importance of conceptualizing participation from an experiential perspective and provide a basis for advancing theory and practice to understand and improve the participation experiences and well-being of adults living with physical disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address a gap between spinal cord injury (SCI) research and practice by rigorously and systematically co-developing integrated knowledge translation (IKT) guiding principles for conducting and disseminating SCI research in partnership with research users. The process was guided by the internationally accepted The Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation (AGREE) II Instrument for evaluating the development of clinical practice guidelines. North American SCI research system (ie, SCI researchers, research users, funders). The multidisciplinary expert panel (n=17) and end users (n=35) included individuals from a North American partnership of SCI researchers, research users, and funders who have expertise in research partnerships. Not applicable. Clarity, usefulness, and appropriateness of the principles. Data regarding 125 principles of partnered research were systematically collected from 4 sources (review of reviews, scoping review, interviews, Delphi consensus exercise). A multidisciplinary expert panel held a 2-day meeting to establish consensus, select guiding principles, and draft the guidance. The panel reached 100% consensus on the principles and guidance document. The final document includes a preamble, 8 guiding principles, and a glossary. Survey data showed that the principles and guidance document were perceived by potential end users as clear, useful, and appropriate. The IKT Guiding Principles represent the first rigorously co-developed, consensus-based guidance to support meaningful SCI research partnerships. The principles are a foundational tool with the potential to improve the relevance and impact of SCI research, mitigate tokenism, and advance the science of IKT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport and exercise participation are associated with small, albeit positive changes in subjective well-being (SWB). Recent theorizing has emphasized the importance of distinguishing between performance aspects (i.e., frequency, intensity, time engaged) and the experiential aspects of sport and exercise participation among people with disabilities. This study assessed the relative contributions of time spent participating in sport and exercise (a performance measure) versus measures of participation experiences, in explaining variance in SWB. Participants were 535 adults with physical disabilities, recruited through a nation-wide survey, who participated in sport (n = 271; 62% male; 44 ± 14 years) or exercise (n = 264; 42% male; 57 ± 14 years). They completed measures of minutes/week of sport or exercise participation, experiential aspects of participation, and SWB (overall life satisfaction, satisfaction with physical, psychological and social life-domains, and positive/negative affect). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed minutes/week of sport did not explain significant variance in any SWB measure, but sport participation experiences explained significant variance (9.2%–20.9%) in all SWB measures (p < 0.05). Similarly, minutes/week of exercise explained significant variance only in physical life-domain satisfaction (ΔR2 = 2.6%, p = 0.026), but exercise participation experiences explained significant variance (4.8%–10.7%) in all SWB measures (p < 0.05). Experiences of belonging and mastery were particularly strong, consistent predictors across SWB outcomes. These results suggest participation experiences better explain relationships between sport and exercise participation and SWB than time spent performing sport and exercise. Findings have implications for designing future studies to test the effects of sport and exercise on SWB, and developing theories and interventions to explain and maximize the use of sport and exercise to improve SWB in adults with disabilities. • Sport/exercise participation is modestly related to subjective well-being (SWB). • This study distinguished participation time from participation experiences. • Experiences explained more variance in SWB than time spent on sport/exercise. • Belonging and mastery experiences were strong, consistent predictors of SWB. • Results have implications for theory and intervention development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Among samples of people with physical disabilities, the effects of physical activity (PA) interventions and the factors that influence intervention success are unknown. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to i) evaluate the overall effect of interventions on PA behaviour and ii) examine the influence of intervention characteristics, theory, and behaviour change techniques (BCTs) on PA intervention effects in persons with physical disability. Design Meta-analysis. Method Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, and AMED databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of a PA intervention in people with physical disability. Data were extracted regarding study and intervention characteristics and use of theory. Intervention descriptions were coded using the BCT Taxonomy version 1. Results A total of 24 articles met the inclusion criteria. Overall, interventions had a small to medium-sized effect on PA behaviour ( g  = 0.35, k = 22, 95% CI [0.21, 0.48]). Interventions that used theory ( g  = 0.53, k  = 12, 95% CI [0.38, 0.68]) had larger effects than interventions that did not, p  < 0.001. Interventions that included self-monitoring of behaviour produced larger effects ( g  = 0.45 k  = 12, 95% CI [0.28, 0.63], p  = .04) and interventions with monitoring of behaviour by others without feedback produced smaller effects ( g  = 0.05, k  = 3, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.32], p  = .02) than studies without these BCTs. Conclusion Interventions to increase PA behaviour in people with physical disability are effective, especially when theory is used to guide their development. Research is needed to examine a wider range of BCTs and the moderating effects of intervention characteristics on PA behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To create and compare individual and group-based cut-points for wrist accelerometry that correspond to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Participants completed a graded treadmill-wheeling test while being assessed for oxygen consumption, wrist-acceleration vector magnitude, and spoke acceleration. Oxygen consumption was converted to SCI metabolic equivalents (METs), and linear regression was applied to determine an individualized vector magnitude cut-point (counts per minute, VM-CPM) corresponding with MVPA (≥3 SCI METs). Multilevel linear regression was applied to determine a group MVPA cut-point. Participants then completed a 6-day monitoring period while wearing the accelerometers. Setting A local SCI research center. Participants Manual wheelchair users (N=20; aged 31–64y; injury levels, C5 to L2) with chronic (>1y) SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Mean total daily MVPA, wheeled MVPA, and nonwheeled MVPA were calculated using both the individual and group cut-points. Agreement on measures of minutes per day of MVPA between the individual and group mean cut-point method was assessed using Bland-Altman plots. Results Individual cut-points for MVPA ranged from 6040 to 21,540 VM-CPM, with a group cut-point of 11,652 (95% confidence interval, 7395–15,909). For total daily MVPA, Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of .22±33.0 minutes, with 95% limits of agreement from −64.5 to 64.9 minutes, suggesting a large discrepancy between total MVPA calculated from individual and group mean cut-points. Conclusions Individual calibration of wrist-worn accelerometry is recommended for effective habitual PA monitoring in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) counselling research has mainly focused on identifying which behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are delivered by a counsellor. Less is known about how BCTs are received by clients. State Space Grids (SSGs) is a dynamic system method that can be used to study counsellor-client interactions by examining frequencies, durations and sequences of BCT delivery and receipt. In this methods paper, we show how SSG methods can be pragmatically used to characterize counsellor-client interactions during a PA behavioural support intervention for adults with disabilities. Methods were demonstrated through a secondary analysis of data from adults with spinal cord injury (age: 45.79 ± 13.63; females: n = 5; males: n = 9) who received PA counselling. Transcripts of 30 audio-recorded counselling sessions (total duration: ∼8.3 h) were double-coded for BCT delivery and receipt statements using a reliable coding method (>84% agreement) and analyzed in two different ways using SSGs methods. Applying the SSG analyses to our data demonstrated that frequencies, durations, and sequences of BCT delivery and receipt varied largely within and between dyads. Across all sessions, the counsellor and client spent on average 32–34% of their time on talking about BCTs related to goals and planning, ∼29% of their time talking about other BCTs (e.g., self-belief, support strategies), and the remaining 27–29% of their time talking about other topics (not BCT-specific). This paper showed how dynamic system methods can be pragmatically used to characterize counsellor-client interactions and illustrate the variability of how BCTs are delivered by a counsellor and received by clients in a PA behavioural support intervention. We demonstrated that SSGs methods can facilitate the examination of frequencies, durations and sequences of BCT delivery and receipt can help advance our understanding of PA behavioural support for adults with and without disabilities. • First using State Space Grids in exercise counselling in clients with disabilities. • Demonstration of how behaviour change techniques are delivered and received. • Show how State Space Grids may advance science and practice of exercise counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to propose and test a mediation model of changes in physical self-efficacy, physical self-perceptions, and affect as mediators by which a single bout of exercise improves state body image. A secondary purpose was to identify how long improvements in state body image are sustained post-exercise. Sixty university-aged women (19.57 ± 1.37 y) with pre-existing body image concerns, and who exercised regularly, were randomized to perform 30 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise or quiet reading. State body image, physical self-efficacy, physical self-perceptions and affect were assessed. Mediational analyses revealed self-perceptions of body fatness (95% CI [0.03, 0.44], κ 2 = 0.13, ab ps = 0.20) and strength (95% CI [0.15, 0.60], κ 2 = 0.23, ab ps = 0.33) mediated improvements in state body image which were sustained at least 20 min post-exercise. These results contribute to the development of a model explaining the effects of exercise on body image and practical recommendations for the use of exercise to improve body image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To synthesize current knowledge of the modifiable psychosocial constructs associated with physical activity (PA) participation in people with multiple sclerosis. Data Sources A search was conducted through October 2015 in 8 electronic databases: CINAHL, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PsycINFO. Study Selection Cohort and intervention studies were included if they (1) included an objective or subjective measure of PA; (2) measured at least 1 modifiable psychosocial construct; and (3) reported bivariate correlations (or these could be extracted) between the PA and psychosocial construct measures. A total of 13,867 articles were screened for inclusion, and 26 were included in the final analysis. Data Extraction Meta-analyses of correlations were conducted using the Hedges-Olkin method. Where a meta-analysis was not possible, results were reported descriptively. Data Synthesis Meta-analyses indicated a pooled correlation coefficient between (1) objective PA and self-efficacy (n=7) of r =.30 ( P <.0001), indicating a moderate, positive association; (2) subjective PA and self-efficacy (n=7) of r =.34 ( P <.0001), indicating a moderate, positive association; (3) subjective PA and goal-setting (n=5) of r =.44 ( P <.0001), indicating a moderate-to-large positive association; and 4) subjective PA and outcome expectancies (n=4) (physical: r =.13, P =.11; social: r =.19, P <.0001; self-evaluative: r =.27, P <.0001), indicating small-moderate positive associations. Other constructs such as measures of health beliefs, enjoyment, social support, and perceived benefits and barriers were reported to be significantly correlated with PA in individual studies, but the number of studies was not sufficient for a meta-analysis. Conclusions Future PA interventions should continue to focus on the psychosocial constructs of self-efficacy and goal-setting. However, there is a need to explore the associations between other constructs outside those reported in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of physical disability, participation has typically been conceptualized in terms of one's performance of different roles and activities. This perspective, however, ignores the meanings and satisfactions that a person derives from participating. Without an accepted conceptualization of participation that accounts for people's subjective perceptions and experiences, it is challenging for decision-makers and service providers to design meaningful participation-enhancing services, programs, and policies. Accordingly, our objectives were (1) to conduct a review of definitions and conceptualizations of participation that extend beyond performance and capture people's subjective experiences of participating and (2) to identify key experiential aspects of participation that can be used as a basis for conceptualizing and operationalizing the concept more broadly. The project involved a systematic, configurative review of relevant literature. Ten relevant articles were identified. Information on characteristics associated with experiential aspects of participation was extracted and subjected to a thematic analysis. The following 6 themes emerged: autonomy, belongingness, challenge, engagement, mastery, and meaning. Drawing on these findings, it is recommended that the individual's subjective perceptions of autonomy, belongingness, challenge, engagement, mastery, and meaning associated with participating be incorporated into conceptualizations and operationalizations of the participation construct. This recommendation provides a starting point for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to conceptualize and measure the participation concept more consistently and more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To examine sex differences in theory-based predictors of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among men and women with spinal cord injury, and secondarily, to identify factors that might explain any sex differences in social cognitions. Design A secondary analysis of Study of Health and Activity in People with Spinal Cord Injury survey data. Setting Community. Participants Community-dwelling men (n=536) and women (n=164) recruited from 4 rehabilitation and research centers. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Subjective norms, attitudes, barrier self-efficacy, perceived controllability (PC), and intentions. Results Men had stronger PC and barrier self-efficacy than women. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that social support significantly predicted PC for both sexes, and health, pain, and physical independence also significantly predicted PC for men. Social support, health, and pain significantly predicted barrier self-efficacy for men. Social support was the only significant predictor of barrier self-efficacy for women. Conclusions Women felt significantly less control over their physical activity behavior and had lower confidence to overcome barriers to physical activity than did men. Although social support predicted PC and barrier self-efficacy in both men and women, men seemed to take additional factors into consideration when formulating their control beliefs for LTPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To create a parsimonious, psychometrically sound measure of experiential aspects of participation (MeEAP) for people with physical disabilities. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Online survey. Participants Respondents were a purposive sample of adults (N=228, n=118 female, mean age=49.66±14.71, range=19-83). Each respondent indicated having a physical disability and participating in employment, mobility, sport, and/or exercise life domains. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures The MeEAP was designed to be conceptually aligned with 6 experiential aspects of participation among people with physical disabilities: autonomy, belongingness, challenge, engagement, mastery, and meaning. 1 The measure was also designed to be relevant across employment, mobility, sport, and exercise life domains. Higher scores on MeEAP items were hypothesized to be associated with higher levels of life satisfaction. Results The final 12-item scale (2 items per subscale) had strong model fit (Satorra-Bentler scaled χ2 (39) =58.26, P <.001, comparative fit index=.98, Tucker-Lewis index=.96, root mean square error of approximation=.05, standardized root mean square residual=.03) and good reliability and validity estimates. Results of regression analyses indicated that the MeEAP explained 10%-29% of the variance in life satisfaction. Conclusions The MeEAP is the first measure to capture all 6 experiential aspects of participation for individuals with physical disabilities across 4 major life domains. The MeEAP can be used as an outcome measure or as a mediator to help explain broader outcomes (eg, life satisfaction). The MeEAP could also be used for program evaluation to provide insights about the types of interventions needed to promote full participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To investigate the role of spinal cord injury (SCI) peer mentorship on quality of life (QoL)/participation, and test a self-determination theory model that explains the role of SCI peer mentorship on these outcomes. Design A static group comparison design. Setting Community. Participants A convenience sample of mentees (individuals receiving peer mentorship) (n=68) and nonmentees (n=63) who had an SCI, were older than 18 years, and spoke either English or French. Interventions Mentees: at least 4 peer mentorship sessions over the past 5 years; nonpeer mentees: 0 or 1 brief introductory session. Main Outcome Measures QoL (ie, life satisfaction and positive and negative affect), participation (eg, autonomous indoor; family role), and the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Results No group differences were found, but years since injury was a moderator indicating that, generally, peer mentees living with SCI for longer (∼30y) appear to benefit more from peer mentorship interactions compared with nonmentees and mentees living with SCI for approximately 6 years. Competence and relatedness mediated the peer mentorship–outcome relationship for QoL and some participation variables, indicating that peer mentorship predicted competence and relatedness, which in turn were related to the outcomes. Conclusions Satisfaction of competence and relatedness needs requires greater attention in SCI peer mentorship. Years since injury modified the relationship between peer mentorship and outcomes, which provided new insights on the role of SCI peer mentorship. Further studies are needed to determine SCI peer mentorship–specific outcomes that are important across the years-since-injury spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this paper are to (1) document the generation and refinement of a quality participation strategy list to ensure resonance and applicability within community-based exercise programs (CBEPs) for persons with physical and intellectual disabilities, and (2) identify theoretical links between strategies and the quality participation constructs. To address purpose one, a list of strategies to foster quality participation among members was extracted from qualitative interviews with providers from nine CBEPs serving persons with physical disabilities. Next, providers from CBEPs serving persons with physical (n = 9) and intellectual disabilities (n = 6) were asked to identify the strategies used, and examples of their implementation, within their programs. Additional strategies noted by providers and in recent published syntheses were added to the preliminary list. A re-categorization and revision process was conducted. To address purpose two, 22 researchers with expertise in physical and/or intellectual disability, physical activity, participation and/or health behaviour change theory completed a closed-sort task to theoretically link each strategy to the constructs of quality participation. The final list of 85 strategies is presented in a matrix. Each strategy has explicit examples and proposed theoretical links to the constructs of quality participation. The strategy matrix offers a theoretically-meaningful representation of how quality participation-enhancing strategies can be practically implemented "on-the-ground" in CBEPs for persons with disabilities. • An empirical, multi-step process was undertaken to gather end user input. • A matrix maps a "menu" of practical strategies to quality participation constructs. • Findings offer "how" to foster quality experience in disability exercise programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been compelling debate about whether interval exercise should be promoted in public health strategies as a means of eliciting the health and fitness adaptations associated with physical activity behavior, particularly among individuals who are inactive. Despite a rapidly growing body of quantitative research, there is a notable absence of qualitative research on the topic. This study used a series of interviews conducted over time to develop a richer understanding of inactive adults' experiences and perceptions of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) over time and factors that may influence their participation in these types of exercise. Thirty inactive young adults (18 women, 12 men) completed three lab-based trials of cycling exercise in a random order on separate days: MICT, HIIT, and SIT, and subsequently logged their free-living exercise over four weeks. Interviews were conducted at five timepoints and subjected to a reflexive thematic analysis. Three overarching themes were constructed: (1) interval exercise sounds appealing, but is it for me? (2) exercise trade-offs – the value of interval vs. traditional exercise, and (3) real-world exercise adaptations to make it on your own. The findings emphasize that people respond differently to different forms of exercise and the factors that influence participation in interval or continuous exercise are far more complex than can be captured by quantitative methodologies alone. Results suggest there is indeed a place for interval exercise in exercise plans and programs for the general population and interval exercise can be used concurrently with continuous exercise. • People have different psychological responses to interval and continuous exercise. • Qualitative data unpacks factors impacting interval and continuous exercise behavior. • Participants reported challenges with completing free-living interval exercise. • Interval exercise can be used concurrently with continuous exercise. • New qualitative data supports the use of interval exercise for inactive people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sprint interval training (SIT) is time-efficient and can elicit meaningful health benefits among adults who are insufficiently active, one major drawback is that people can find it to be unpleasant. Consequently, researchers have begun to investigate the use of music to enhance people's pleasure during SIT. Presently, little is known about the application of music to SIT protocols designed for insufficiently active individuals. To investigate the psychological (affective valence, arousal, enjoyment), psychophysical (perceived exertion), and physiological (heart rate [HR], power output) effects of researcher-selected motivational music during a low-volume SIT protocol performed by insufficiently active adults. Using a randomized, fully-counterbalanced design, 24 insufficiently active adults (12 women, 12 men; 24.08 ±4.61 years) inexperienced with SIT completed three SIT trials (3 × 20-s "all-out" sprints with 2-min recovery periods) under different conditions: motivational music, podcast control, no-audio control. Post-exercise enjoyment was greater in the music condition (M = 89.58 ± 17.33) compared to podcast (M = 83.92 ± 19.49; p =.04, η p 2 = 0.18) and no-audio (M = 85.28 ± 17.92; p =.04, η p 2 = 0.17) controls. Over the course of the SIT trial, HR responses were elevated in the music condition in comparison to the podcast (p =.02, η p 2 = 0.23) and no-audio (p =.03, η p 2 = 0.21) controls, and peak power output was higher in the music condition when compared to the podcast (p =.02, η p 2 = 0.23) and no-audio (p =.01, η p 2 = 0.25) controls. Affective responses over the course of the SIT trial were more positive in the music condition when compared to the no-audio control (p =.03, η p 2 = 0.18), and tended to be more positive in the music condition when compared to the podcast control (p =.11, η p 2 = 0.11). Moreover, a rebound toward more positive affect was observed post-exercise in all conditions. The application of music during SIT has the potential to enhance feelings of pleasure, improve enjoyment, and elevate performance of SIT for adults who are insufficiently active, which may ultimately lead to better adherence to this type of exercise. • Motivational music enhanced affect and enjoyment of sprint interval training (SIT). • Heart rate and peak power output were elevated during SIT in the music condition. • Perceived exertion was similar across music, podcast, and no-audio SIT conditions. • Participants liked, and were motivated by, the researcher-selected music during SIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Through parasport, adults and young athletes with disability often report increases in well-being and related psychosocial perceptions. While researchers often attribute these benefits to the positive social experiences that go along with sport participation, optimal parasport experiences have not been comprehensively defined. Applying a conceptualization of the experiential aspects of ‘participation’ across disability settings (Martin Ginis, Evans, Mortenson, & Noreau, 2017) we sought to generate an evidence-informed framework of optimal parasport participation. Design/Method The framework was developed through a multi-step process that involved establishing the scope and purpose of the framework, synthesizing existing literature, and constructing the framework alongside stakeholder insights. The latter step entailed four phases based on AGREE-II reporting criteria: (a) Phase 1, where propositions about quality experiences were derived from the literature synthesis, (b) Phases 2 and 3, where we developed a provisional framework informed by stakeholders using an expert round-table ( n  = 16) and an online survey ( n  = 80), and (c) Phase 4, where the framework was refined through an online expert panel including researchers and sport administrators ( n  = 20). Results The resulting hierarchical framework focuses on 25 conditions across the physical environment, sport activities, and social environment of parasport organizations as precursors to quality experiences that, in turn, reinforce quality participation. Quality experience stands at the core, defined as a feeling state derived from athletes’ appraisals of whether their experiences satisfy one or more of their values and needs across six elements: belongingness, autonomy, challenge, mastery, engagement and meaning. Conclusions The ‘Quality Parasport Participation Framework’ directs future research examining parasport athletes' subjective experiences, and sets forth provisional guidelines for promoting quality experiences within parasport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Efforts to promote full participation in parasport are vital not only for the potential physical and psychosocial benefits, but also as a means of enacting social justice. Until recently, there has been little empirical consideration of the experiential aspects that make participation satisfying or meaningful throughout the life-course. The purpose of this study was to explore the meanings that athletes with physical disabilities attribute to their participation in parasport over time. Method Two-part life history interviews were conducted with 21 current or former athletes with a physical disability. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to a dialogical narrative analysis, which enabled an in-depth examination of the common stories told by athletes and the effects of these stories on their past, present, and future participation. Results Five distinct narrative types were identified, representing differential developmental trajectories and meanings of participation in parasport. Athletes drew on existing narratives of disability (i.e., restitution, quest) and sport involvement (i.e., performance, discovery, relational) to frame these narrative types. The core of each narrative type was formed by the specific meaning or value associated with parasport participation (e.g., sense of purpose, social acceptance). Conclusion The resulting narratives offer a unique understanding of the developmental pathways of parasport athletes and what it means for these athletes to participate. The narratives are useful for informing strategies and programmes that optimize participation and enhance participation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives An important consideration for physical activity (PA) participation for individuals with a physical disability, including veterans, is that opportunities exist for full participation. Full participation can be understood as both the quantity and quality of participation. The objective of this study is to explore perceptions of a quality PA experience for military veterans with a physical disability. Design Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore perspectives of a quality PA experience. Method Eighteen veterans (15 men, 3 women) with a physical disability were recruited using maximum variation sampling to take part in interviews. The interviews explored their PA experiences, with a focus on exploring participants' perspective of a quality PA experience. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Two overarching themes, elements of a quality experience and conditions enabling access to a quality experience, were identified. Within the overarching theme of elements of a quality experience, four key themes were identified: group cohesion, challenge, having a role, and independence and choice. A further three key themes (the physical and social environments, and program structure) were identified within the overarching theme of conditions for accessing the quality experience. Conclusion The findings both support and extend previous conceptualizations of quality participation. They provide insight into context-specific understandings of quality for PA and veterans. More broadly, the study contributes towards the literature on adapted PA participation, and provides a framework for practitioners aiming to foster quality PA experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To test a model of Social Cognitive Theory variables for predicting participation in higher versus lower levels of parasport competition. Information on modifiable factors associated with parasport competition would help parasport coaches and organizations transition recreational and developmental-level athletes to more competitive streams of participation. Design Cross-sectional survey. Method Participants were 95 parasport athletes with physical disabilities that cause mobility impairment (74% male; mean age = 34.36 ± 12.41). Measures of Social Cognitive Theory constructs were assessed via online questionnaires. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model. Results The model explained 12% of the variance in level of sport participation. Peer support for sport was a significant predictor of self-regulatory efficacy (β = .22, p < .05) which, in turn, was positively related to outcome expectations (β = .43, p < .001), and self-regulation (β = .43, p < .001). Self-regulatory efficacy was the only significant predictor of level of sport participation (β = .26, p < .05). There were no significant indirect effects between social support and competitive status ( p > .05). Discussion Social Cognitive Theory provides a reasonable basis for formulating a model of psychosocial factors related to parasport competitive status. Other relevant factors should be taken into consideration in subsequent studies. Parasport coaches and organizations may benefit from leveraging peer support to help bolster athletes' self-regulatory efficacy to levels conducive to participation in higher competitive sport streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies support the Transtheoretical Model's (TTM) ability to describe behavior change processes and guide interventions; however, the temporal sequencing of constructs is less understood. This cohort study tested five sequences to identify TTM construct changes related to physical activity. A random sample provided baseline data (n = 689; 63% female; M age (SD) = 47(17); 37% white), with 401 participants providing 24-month data, at six-month intervals. Structural equation models revealed processes to cognitions to stage (AIC = 29313.093, BIC = 29514.883, CFI = 0.999, RMSEA = 0.006, SRMR = 0.026); processes to stage to cognitions (AIC = 27788.651, BIC = 27973.268, CFI = 0.978, RMSEA = 0.024, SRMR = 0.038), self-efficacy/temptations to processes to decisional balance to stage (AIC = 13914.771, BIC = 14031.169, CFI = 0.981, RMSEA = 0.018, SRMR = 0.034), and stage to processes to cognitions (AIC = 22048.324, BIC = 22212.986, CFI = 0.976, RMSEA = 0.026, SRMR = 0.029) all fit well. However, cognitions to processes to stage did not fit the data well (AIC = 10353.555, BIC = 10444.179, CFI = 0.937, RMSEA = 0.038, SRMR = 0.035). Integrating results revealed a cyclical model so that intervention efforts should focus on processes to change cognitions related to barrier self-efficacy and decisional balance, which then lead to change in stage and then renew focus on the processes. • The temporal sequencing of Transtheoretical Model (TTM) constructs was tested. • Data on TTM constructs related to physical activity were collected over two years. • A cyclical model where processes change initially led to cognition change was supported. • Cognition change was followed by stage change, which led back to processes change. • Renewed focus on processes is needed to further promote cognition change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]